Iranian Journal of Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"<i>Cytauxzoon felis</i> in Domestic Cats: A Molecular Study Using Real-Time PCR in Semnan, Iran.","authors":"Masoud Ebrahimi Toodarvari, Hesamedin Eskafian, Hamid Staji, Mahmood Ahmadi-Hamedani","doi":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i2.19033","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i2.19033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Cytauxzoon felis</i> is a protozoan parasite transmitted by ticks and affects felids. Acute infection in domestic cats is characterized by symptoms such as lethargy, anorexia, fever, and anemia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present study focuses on diagnosing and molecularly identifying <i>C. felis</i> using a real-time PCR method in cats from Semnan, Iran. During the winter and spring of 2024, two hundred cats were randomly selected from veterinary clinics in Semnan. Blood samples were collected from the cats for DNA extraction and molecular analysis. Samples were divided into 40 pooled of 5 samples, each consisting of a combination of 5 blood samples. Then, the genomic DNAs were extracted from blood specimens and screened by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) for the presence of <i>C. felis</i> infection by amplifying of ITS2 gene belonging to the <i>Cytauxzoon</i> genus.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated that 6 out of the 200 blood samples were infected (3%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study was conducted for the first time in Semnan and shows that the prevalence of <i>C. felis</i> in cats is significant.</p>","PeriodicalId":14669,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology","volume":"20 2","pages":"261-267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12307781/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of <i>Entamoeba</i> Species in Diarrheal Samples Using Sequence Analysis and Nested Multiplex PCR.","authors":"Zuhair Mohammed Abed, Raghda Mahmood Hamad","doi":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i2.19032","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i2.19032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Among the many <i>Entamoeba</i> species that infect humans, only <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> is considered pathogenic, being responsible for amoebiasis or amoebic dysentery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between June and October 2022, a total of 106 stool samples were collected from children under six years of age presenting with diarrhea at Paiji Hospital in the city of Paiji, Iraq. DNA was extracted from all stool specimens to detect the presence of parasitic organisms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 106 fecal samples, 4 (3.7%) tested positive for <i>Entamoeba</i> spp. using an initial PCR amplification targeting approximately 900 bp of the 18S rRNA gene. Among these, only one sample tested positive for <i>E. histolytica</i> using a nested multiplex PCR assay. In this study, neither <i>E. moshkovskii</i> nor <i>E. dispar</i> was detected. Sequence analysis of the partial 18S rRNA gene revealed that 0.9% of samples were positive for <i>E. histolytica</i>, while 2.8% were positive for <i>E. coli</i>. The sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers OP868733.1 for <i>E. histolytica</i> and OP868730.1, OP868731.1, and OP868732.1 for <i>E. coli</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Children were infected with different species of <i>Entamoeba</i>. Molecular methods are essential for distinguishing between <i>Entamoeba</i> species due to their significance in accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14669,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology","volume":"20 2","pages":"253-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12307773/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Canine Leishmaniasis in Sheltered Dogs in Bushehr Province, Southwest of Iran during 2022-2023.","authors":"Negar Zare, Abdollah Najm, Mehdi Mohebali, Alireza Sahebani, Mohammad Rayani, Zabihollah Zareei, Maryam Bemana, Afshin Barazesh","doi":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i2.19047","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i2.19047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Mediterranean form of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in some regions of Iran and is often seen in children under 10 years old. There is a 90% mortality in patients, if diagnosis and treatment are not done on time. Canids, as reservoirs, play an important role in the spread of the disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Bushehr Province, southern Iran is always mentioned as one of the endemic areas for VL, so for this purpose, as the first study in the region, 112 sheltered dogs in Bushehr City were evaluated for canine leishmaniasis (CanL) using serological Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) as well as detailed clinical examinations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 112 samples collected, 71.4% of cases had anti-<i>L. infantum</i> IgG antibody titers of 1:80 and higher and therefore considered as seropositive. Furthermore, from the 70 seropositive dogs with antibody titer of 1:320 and higher, 47 (42%) had at least one of the clinical symptoms associated with VL and considered as cases with CanL.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current seroprevalence situation of dogs in this region, is very noticeable and can be an important alarm for policymakers and health system practitioners. More comprehensive and complementary parasitological studies should be carried out on a number of reservoirs in the region for diagnosis and treatment and to accurately determine the statistics of the disease compared to the obtained seroprevalence status.</p>","PeriodicalId":14669,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology","volume":"20 2","pages":"280-288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12307777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential Risk Factors of Cystic Echinococcosis in Armenia.","authors":"Ani Manukyan, Gayane Grigoryan, Karine Gevorgyan, Gayane Melik-Andreasyan, Ara Keshishyan, Gayane Sahakyan","doi":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i2.19052","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i2.19052","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14669,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology","volume":"20 2","pages":"322-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12307779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of <i>Toxoplasma</i> and <i>Toxocara</i> Prevalence in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients Using Serologic and Molecular Technique in Selected Medical Centers of Tehran, Iran.","authors":"Bahare Razmand, Farid Tahvildar Biderouni, Alireza Abadi, Niloofar Taghipour","doi":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i2.19028","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i2.19028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis are two zoonotic diseases with global impact. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can lead to complications, associated with reduced immune responses that predispose them to frequent parasitic infections. We aimed to determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis in CKD patients to propose a new way to control them in dialyses duration in Tehran, Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three hundred and sixty-five CKD patients and 72 healthy individuals were tested for anti-<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> (IgG, IgM) and anti-<i>Toxocara</i> (IgG) antibodies using conventional ELISA technique. IgM positive samples underwent genetic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 437 samples studied (365 patients and 72 controls), 182 CKD patients (49.8%) and 20 controls (27.9%) were positive for <i>Toxoplasma</i> IgG, and 8 (2.2%) CKD samples were positive for <i>Toxoplasma</i> IgM, while none of the control samples were positive for <i>Toxoplasma</i> IgM. Molecular analysis of the 8 IgM positive samples with B1gene confirmed the presence of Toxoplasma antigen in all of them. <i>Toxocara</i> IgG antibodies showed a lower prevalence in CKD patients (5.7%) compared to controls (9.7%). The study revealed significant differences (<i>P</i> <0.05) in <i>Toxoplasma</i> IgG and IgM antibodies, as well as variables such as dialysis and dialysis duration between the two groups of patients and the control group. However, variables such as <i>Toxocara</i> IgG, age, gender, lupus, and pets showed no significant difference between the control group and the patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The collected data in this study could serve as a reference for future studies and may be useful for examination and evaluation of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis before and after starting dialysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14669,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology","volume":"20 2","pages":"227-235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12307789/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Presence and Interactions of <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> Lectin and <i>p53</i> Protein in Colorectal Cancer.","authors":"Leila Haghighi, Abdolhossein Dalimi, Majid Pirestani, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar","doi":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i2.19031","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i2.19031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We aimed to analyze the presence of <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> lectin light chain antigen and <i>p53</i> protein in colorectal cancer biopsies to uncover potential antigenic interactions between them.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Overall, 150 colorectal cancer biopsy samples were subjected to examination for the specific <i>E. histolytica</i> antigen and <i>p53</i> protein through the application of the immunohistochemical technique. To augment diagnostic precision, the western blotting method was employed and its results were compared with those obtained from immunohistochemistry (IHC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 150 colorectal cancer biopsy samples examined, 100 cases tested positive for the <i>p53</i> protein, while 19 cases exhibited positivity for the <i>E. histolytica</i> light chain lectin antigen. Notably, only 14 cases demonstrated a positive presence for both the <i>p53</i> protein and the <i>E. histolytica</i> protozoan.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong><i>Entamoeba histolytica</i>, a leading cause of parasitic infections, raises questions about its potential link to colorectal cancer, specifically in connection with the <i>p53</i> protein. The findings presented in this investigation signal the need for further research to comprehensively understand the implications of <i>E. histolytica</i> in colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14669,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology","volume":"20 2","pages":"245-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12307784/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Intestinal Microsporidia in Patients with Intellectual Disabilities in Rehabilitation Centers of Hormozgan Province, Southern Iran.","authors":"Fatima Kamrani, Mostafa Omidian, Habibollah Turki, Mahmoud Agholi, Bahador Sarkari","doi":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i2.19029","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i2.19029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of intestinal microsporidia in patients with intellectual disabilities in the rehabilitation centers of Hormozgan Province in south of Iran, using microscopic and molecular methods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The current cross-sectional study was conducted on 119 stool samples obtained from patients with intellectual disabilities. Acid-fast trichrome staining was used to detect parasites. Moreover, all of the stool samples were assessed for the presence of microsporidia DNA by the PCR method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the subjects was 29 (±12.3) years. All stool samples were examined for microsporidia infection, and only one case of <i>Enterocytozoon</i> was detected in one of the samples. The results of the nested-PCR test on 119 stool samples showed one case of infection with <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i>, corresponding to a prevalence of 0.84%. The nested-PCR test for <i>Encephalitozoon intestinalis</i> detected no infections in any of the stool samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The overall prevalence of microsporidia among patients with intellectual disabilities in Hormozgan rehabilitation centers is low and limited to <i>E. bieneusi</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":14669,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology","volume":"20 2","pages":"236-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12307788/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Current Status of Medical Parasitology in Iran: Developing a Roadmap, Structural Mapping, and Proposed Scenarios for the Future of This Field.","authors":"Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi, Mehdi Mohebali, Iraj Sharifi, Abdolhossein Dalimi Asl, Ali Haghighi, Abdollah Rafiei, Mostafa Rezaeian, Gholamhossein Edrissian, Hossein Keshavarz Valian, Mohammad Bagher Rokni, Mohammad Fallah, Hossein Yousefi Darani, Elham Razmjoo, Mehrzad Saraei, Ali Haniloo, Hossein Hooshyar, Ali Ehsan Heidari, Shirzad Gholami, Mahmoud Mahami Oskouei, Farnaz Kheirandish, Tahereh Mohammadzadeh, Yosef Sharifi","doi":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i2.19020","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i2.19020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We aimed to review and analyze the status of Medical Parasitology course including current problems and challenges on human resources, infrastructure, research capacities, educational and investigative priorities in Iran, and to develop a roadmap and future development in this field.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A questionnaire was prepared to obtain information on Medical Parasitology departments in the country followed by field visits in many cases to collect data on the status of the faculty members, laboratory experts, physical spaces, laboratory equipment, microscopic slides, training Parasitology techniques, research projects and theses, published articles and books, access to Parasitology journals, books and e-books during 2022-2023. A roadmap and future development for Medical Parasitology in Iran and the formulation of a desirable status concerning short term to long-term goals was compiled.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>While prominent strengths such as capable research laboratories, experienced faculty, suitable educational spaces, active research centers, the existence of centers for keeping and working with laboratory animals, international and national collaborations are seen in a number of medium to large centers, shortcomings related to expert human resources, lack of educational equipment and slides, the need to upgrade especially in practical subjects, journal clubs, and lab meetings, research infrastructure such as laboratory animal houses, budget for theses and research projects urgently need attention. Among 132 universities, faculties, and educational-research centers training personnel in allied medical sciences disciplines, a considerable number lack Parasitology specialists.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Iran has a strong foundation in Medical Parasitology. However, using non-permanent faculty paid per course in medical education undermines quality and strains resources, exacerbating shortages. Universities must implement tailored strategic plans for parasitology, regularly updated to strengthen education, research, and health services, ensuring sustained excellence in training and public health contributions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14669,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology","volume":"20 2","pages":"161-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12307775/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144760106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Metacaspases and Other Proteins Involved in the Apoptosis of <i>Leishmania:</i> Review Article.","authors":"Maryam Aghaei, Shahrzad Aghaei, Zabihollah Shahmoradi, Seyed Hossein Hejazi","doi":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i1.18100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v20i1.18100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Apoptosis, a determined form of programmed cell death (PCD), occurs in multi-cellular and single-celled organisms. Given that a general understanding of apoptosis in single-cell <i>Leishmania</i> is crucial for designing disease control policies, we reviewed the apoptosis mechanism and the proteins involved.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The information was obtained from articles published in PubMed, SciELO, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases (1998-2021). Search terms used were\" apoptosis\" or\" Leishmaniasis\".</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 77 subjects were included in the study that revealed the significance of the apoptosis process for <i>Leishmania</i> survival. Although, various stimuli induce <i>Leishmania</i> apoptosis, the proteins involved in apoptosis have been poorly understood. Metacaspases in <i>Leishmania</i> instead of caspase and death receptors in mammals play the same role in the PCD pathways. Also, other apoptotic proteins in <i>Leishmania</i> such as endonuclease G (EndoG), caspases- like cysteine proteases, TSN (Tudor Staphylococcal Nuclease), and Zinnia endonuclease 1 (ZEN1) lead to phenotype similar to mammalian apoptosis. Furthermore, there are differences in these mechanisms between the different species of <i>Leishmania</i> and studies to illustrate downstream events related to the serine phosphatidylcholine exposure, cytochrome C secretion, etc. remain an ongoing challenge.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Determining the essential regulatory proteins in the <i>Leishmania</i> apoptosis and the specific present of metacaspases in parasite, is effective for designing new therapeutic strategies against leishmaniasis and vaccine development.</p>","PeriodicalId":14669,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11978213/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfluidic-Synthesized Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Azithromycin: Impact on <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> Tissue Cysts in Mouse Model.","authors":"Mohammad Mahdi Heidari, Asghar Fazaeli, Samad Nadri, Negin Torabi, Mehrzad Saraei","doi":"10.18502/ijpa.v20i1.18105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18502/ijpa.v20i1.18105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We aimed to investigate the effect of chitosan nanoparticles loaded azithromycin on reducing the number of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> tissue cysts in the brain of a mouse model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Chitosan nanoparticles and azithromycin loaded nanoparticles were synthesized using microfluidic system and characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and TEM images. Forty BALB/c mice after infection with a cyst forming <i>T. gondii</i> strain, were divided into four groups daily receiving PBS, 10 mg/kg azithromycin, 10 mg/kg chitosan nanoparticles, and 10 mg/kg chitosan nanoparticles loaded azithromycin, respectively, for 10 days. Immediately after end of the treatment, the mice were sacrificed and the tissue cyst burden in their brain was investigated using an optical microscope and compared by ANOVA statistical test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average particle size and dispersion index for chitosan nanoparticles were 193.66 nm and 0.43, and for nanoparticles containing azithromycin drug, they were 233.66 nm and 0.21, respectively. The amount of drug loading was 1.8% and the drug release was more than 90% after less than 48 hours. The stability of nanoparticles did not change significantly after 28 days of observation. <i>Toxoplasma</i> tissue cyst numbers obtained in a range of 1.48 to 1.95 in 10 ul brain suspension with no significant differences among the groups of treated mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with azithromycin by microfluidic system could make the particles with more uniformity and stability and high loading of the drug with low cost and more convenient conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14669,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Parasitology","volume":"20 1","pages":"54-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11978200/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144003602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}