{"title":"Introduction to microbiomes in health and diseases.","authors":"Prachi Agrawal, Prachi Mendhey, Robins Kumar, Subham Patel, Prakash Kumar Kaushik, Abhishek Dadsena, Santosh Kumar","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.12.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human microbiome is a complex ecological system of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms that plays a crucial role in human health and disease. The microbiome includes both the living microorganisms also called microbiota and their synthesized metabolites and structural components. It is distributed to the gastrointestinal tract, skin, respiratory system, and oral cavity, each with a distinct microbial composition. Dysbiosis, or imbalance in the microbiome is linked to numerous diseases such as eczema, gastric ulcers, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The axes of microbial activity and their connections to disease, including the gut-skin, gut-lung, gut-brain, and gut-kidney play a crucial role in health and disease conditions. Also, the role of the microbiome in cancer development and response to therapy is examined. This book chapter underscores the importance of maintaining a balanced microbiome for overall health and the potential for microbiome-based interventions in disease prevention and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"394 ","pages":"1-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144583901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naimah Turner, Jocelynn Colunga-Minutti, Sayan Alekseev, Robert R Jenq, Roza Nurieva
{"title":"Link between dysbiosis and cancer: Contributing mechanisms and factors.","authors":"Naimah Turner, Jocelynn Colunga-Minutti, Sayan Alekseev, Robert R Jenq, Roza Nurieva","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.12.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human microbiota is a complex ecosystem that dynamically interacts with the host systemically. Perturbations in the delicate balance of this ecological niche, termed dysbiosis, can make individuals susceptible to a multitude of diseases, including cancer. Specific microbes have been implicated in carcinogenesis through direct effects, modulation of the host immune system, and by promoting inflammation. Furthermore, the microbiota alters the response to and efficacy of anti-cancer therapeutics. Here, we highlight mechanisms by which dysbiosis contributes to cancer development, progression, and therapy as well as how the microbiota can be targeted to enhance cancer outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"394 ","pages":"43-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144583902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of diet and lifestyle on microbiome composition.","authors":"Rishibha Gupta, Smriti Gaur","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.12.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microbes are major drivers of many important physiological pathways in the human body. A well-adapted and established microbial community at key body sites performs a wide range of functions, including digestive and immunological roles. However, the structure of these microbial communities depends on numerous factors, both genetic and external. Diet and lifestyle are the most common external factors influencing microbiome composition. A healthy diet and lifestyle promote the growth of beneficial microbes, while disturbances in these factors can alter the entire microbial dynamics, potentially leading to pathogenesis. These perturbations can occur at any stage of life, from birth to old age, and may result in serious clinical conditions such as obesity, diabetes, cancers, metabolic syndromes, and many others. Therefore, it is essential to identify the dietary and lifestyle factors that support a healthy microbiome and prevent dysbiosis. This chapter aims to discuss the role of various component of diet and life style that can ultimately shape the human microbiome.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"395 ","pages":"157-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144626345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriel Gallo-Oller, María Isabel Guillén-Antonini, Javier Dotor
{"title":"Clinical development complexity of TGF-β inhibition: From fibrosis to cancer immunotherapy.","authors":"Gabriel Gallo-Oller, María Isabel Guillén-Antonini, Javier Dotor","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2025.01.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2025.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>More than four decades have passed since the discovery of Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) in 1981, a pivotal cytokine with profound implications in cell biology and potential clinical interventions for physio-pathological processes including fibrosis, immune-related disorders, chronic infections, vascular alterations, and the progression of tumour growth through invasiveness and metastasis. However, the introduction of a specific inhibitor targeting this cytokine into the pharmaceutical market remains elusive. Various molecular entities and therapeutic strategies, including small molecules, peptides, recombinant proteins (such as specific antibodies), oligonucleotides, and cellular-based therapies have been devised and subjected to clinical trials. These target the specific TGF-β molecular pathway, either directly or indirectly. The combination of different drug types, routes of administration, and clinical indications has generated substantial data, emphasizing significant variability in patient outcomes. Efforts to enhance the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy by combining TGF-β inhibitors with other drugs and modulating complementary molecular targets have been explored over the past few decades. This approach aims to translate the promising preclinical efficacy of TGF-β blockade into commercially available drugs that are suitable for a broad spectrum of clinical indications. However, a clear path to address the lack of discernible efficacy and overcome the associated marketing challenges has not yet emerged. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical development and emerging trends in TGF-β inhibitors and modulatory strategies, offering novel perspectives for addressing this persistent challenge.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"396 ","pages":"139-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aline Risson, Leire Arrizabalaga, Miriam Ezcurra-Hualde, Román García-Fuentes, Pedro Berraondo, Fernando Aranda
{"title":"Dichotomy of IL-27 in tumor immunity.","authors":"Aline Risson, Leire Arrizabalaga, Miriam Ezcurra-Hualde, Román García-Fuentes, Pedro Berraondo, Fernando Aranda","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>IL-27, a cytokine with pleiotropic immunomodulatory functions, has garnered increasing attention in the context of tumor immunity, and its role in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is complex and just beginning to unravel. IL-27 is pivotal in polarizing immune responses toward an antitumor phenotype, promoting T-cell differentiation, enhancing cytotoxicity, and reducing the number of immunosuppressive elements within the tumor microenvironment. It also directly affects cancer cells, inducing apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. However, IL-27 is a double-edged sword that can also promote mechanisms of action, inducing the expression of inhibitory molecules such as PD-L1 or IL-10 and inhibiting the maturation of dendritic cells. Here, we recapitulate the intricate mechanisms of IL-27, providing a comprehensive understanding of its immune-stimulating and immune-suppressing functions in the TME. This challenge is crucial for designing immunotherapies based on IL-27 in cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"396 ","pages":"189-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CTCs and liquid biopsies in patients with colorectal cancer.","authors":"Areeb Lutfi, Maaz Khan Afghan, Pashtoon Murtaza Kasi","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liquid biopsy, which includes both circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has become a valuable tool for cancer diagnosis and monitoring. It offers a less invasive approach than traditional tissue biopsy and recent technological advancements have enabled their use in comprehensive analysis of tumor molecular characteristics. By capturing the dynamic nature of tumors through repeated sampling, liquid biopsy addresses the limitations of tissue biopsy and provides insights into tumor heterogeneity over time. It is being extensively studied in patients with advanced colorectal cancer because it can aid in diagnosis, predict disease course, and guide treatment selection. Furthermore, as personalized medicine becomes more common, identifying genetic changes that cause cancer cells to become resistant to treatment is crucial. This chapter explores the emerging field of liquid biopsy, with a particular focus on the role and potential of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the context of colorectal cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"392 ","pages":"101-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143995519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natália Marcéli Stefanes, Maria Eduarda Cunha-Silva, Lisandra de Oliveira Silva, Laura Otto Walter, Maria Cláudia Santos-Silva, Manas Ranjan Gartia
{"title":"Circulating biomarkers for diagnosis and response to therapies in cancer patients.","authors":"Natália Marcéli Stefanes, Maria Eduarda Cunha-Silva, Lisandra de Oliveira Silva, Laura Otto Walter, Maria Cláudia Santos-Silva, Manas Ranjan Gartia","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.08.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.08.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer presents a significant challenge to global health, driving worldwide concerted efforts to advance early detection, predict therapeutic response, and identify novel targeted therapies. Liquid biopsies emerge as promising avenues for discerning cancer biomarkers, offering less invasive approaches compared to conventional methods. Utilizing increasingly robust technologies, diverse bodily fluids can unveil genetic variants, epigenetic modifications, transcriptional alterations, and metabolomic signatures associated with cancer, thereby furnishing valuable insights for clinical management. This chapter intends to review the sources of cancer-related biomarkers found in circulation, prevalent techniques utilized for their identification, and the potential implications of different biomarker types on the management of cancer. Certain biomarkers currently used in clinical practice will be addressed, as well as potential biomarkers still in the study phase, and the inherent challenges in their practical implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"391 ","pages":"1-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11969414/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143407963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Circadian rhythms in muscle health and diseases.","authors":"Jeffrey J Kelu","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.10.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>All major life forms from bacteria to humans have internal clocks that regulate essential biological processes in a roughly 24-h cycle. In mammals, the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is historically considered the top of a hierarchical organisation that dominates subordinate clocks in peripheral tissues and dictates the circadian behaviours of an organism. Recent studies, however, underscore the importance of the local circadian oscillators, such as the skeletal muscle clock, in regulating local metabolism and physiology. Studies in animal models show that the muscle peripheral clock per se is required for the expression of genes involved in glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. Disruption of the muscle clock leads to glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and alterations in muscle size and force. This highlights the vital role of the muscle clock in controlling muscle physiology and metabolism. In humans, a perturbation in the muscle circadian rhythms is seen in metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, and muscle diseases such as dystrophies. Disruption of muscle metabolism is also seen when the internal rhythms are misaligned with the external rhythms (circadian misalignments) as in shift work. Understanding the mechanisms by which the muscle clock regulates circadian functions may help the development of new strategies, such as chronotherapy, to potentially prevent or treat muscle pathologies and maintain muscle health.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"393 ","pages":"45-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144101841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Emerging interactions between circadian rhythms and extracellular vesicles.","authors":"Jacob G Smith","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Circadian rhythms are present across species, tuning internal processes to daily changes in the environment. Driven by genetically encoded circadian clocks present throughout the body, and modulated by external inputs, the circadian system is a key player in metabolic control. However, the molecular mediators underlying coordination between cells and tissues are not well known. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged over recent years as important players in cell-cell and organ-organ communication, however the influence of circadian rhythms on EVs is not yet understood. Research into this area is still scarce, yet already offers glimpses into the potential impact of circadian rhythms on EV biology. In this review, recent discoveries that reveal, directly or indirectly, a potential role for circadian rhythms in EV abundance, properties, cargo and signalling functions are first discussed. Next, the feedback of EV signalling on circadian clocks is considered. Last, unanswered questions regarding the interaction between circadian rhythms and EVs are examined alongside potential approaches to address them. Overall, the circadian impact on EV signalling is an exciting yet understudied aspect that warrants further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"393 ","pages":"73-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144101856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Liver as a nexus of daily metabolic cross talk.","authors":"Christopher Litwin, Kevin B Koronowski","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the course of a day, the circadian clock promotes a homeostatic balance between energy intake and energy expenditure by aligning metabolism with nutrient availability. In mammals, this process is driven by central clocks in the brain that control feeding behavior, the peripheral nervous system, and humoral outputs, as well as by peripheral clocks in non-brain tissues that regulate gene expression locally. Circadian organization of metabolism is critical, as circadian disruption is associated with increased risk of metabolic disease. Emerging evidence shows that circadian metabolism hinges upon inter-organ cross talk involving the liver, a metabolic hub that integrates many facets of systemic energy homeostasis. Here, we review spatiotemporal interactions, mainly metabolite exchange, signaling factors, and hormonal control, between the liver and skeletal muscle, pancreas, gut, microbiome, and adipose tissue. Modern society presents the challenge of circadian disturbances from rotating shift work to social jet lag and 24/7 food availability. Thus, it is important to better understand the mechanisms by which the clock system controls metabolic homeostasis and work toward targeted therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"393 ","pages":"95-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12092977/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144101857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}