{"title":"Dual impact of radiation therapy on tumor-targeting immune responses.","authors":"Céline Mirjolet, Jérémy Baude, Lorenzo Galluzzi","doi":"10.1016/S1937-6448(23)00114-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1937-6448(23)00114-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"378 ","pages":"xiii-xxiv"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9816042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eros Di Giorgio, Roberta Benetti, Emanuela Kerschbamer, Luigi Xodo, Claudio Brancolini
{"title":"Super-enhancer landscape rewiring in cancer: The epigenetic control at distal sites.","authors":"Eros Di Giorgio, Roberta Benetti, Emanuela Kerschbamer, Luigi Xodo, Claudio Brancolini","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Super-enhancers evolve as elements at the top of the hierarchical control of gene expression. They are important end-gatherers of signaling pathways that control stemness, differentiation or adaptive responses. Many epigenetic regulations focus on these regions, and not surprisingly, during the process of tumorigenesis, various alterations can account for their dysfunction. Super-enhancers are emerging as key drivers of the aberrant gene expression landscape that sustain the aggressiveness of cancer cells. In this review, we will describe and discuss about the structure of super-enhancers, their epigenetic regulation, and the major changes affecting their functionality in cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"380 ","pages":"97-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10137799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cristóbal Fernández-Santiago, Rafael López-López, Roberto Piñeiro
{"title":"Models to study CTCs and CTC culture methods.","authors":"Cristóbal Fernández-Santiago, Rafael López-López, Roberto Piñeiro","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.07.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The vast majority of cancer-related deaths are due to the presence of disseminated disease. Understanding the metastatic process is key to achieving a reduction in cancer mortality. Particularly, there is a need to understand the molecular mechanisms that drive cancer metastasis, which will allow the identification of curative treatments for metastatic cancers. Liquid biopsies have arisen as a minimally invasive approach to gain insights into the biology of metastasis. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs), shed to the circulation from the primary tumour or metastatic lesions, are a key component of liquid biopsy. As metastatic precursors, CTCs hold the potential to unravel the mechanisms involved in metastasis formation as well as new therapeutic strategies for treating metastatic disease. However, the complex biology of CTCs together with their low frequency in circulation are factors hampering an in-depth mechanistic investigation of the metastatic process. To overcome these problems, CTC-derived models, including CTC-derived xenograft (CDX) and CTC-derived ex vivo cultures, in combination with more traditional in vivo models of metastasis, have emerged as powerful tools to investigate the biological features of CTCs facilitating cancer metastasis and uncover new therapeutic opportunities. In this chapter, we provide an up to date view of the diverse models used in different cancers to study the biology of CTCs, and of the methods developed for CTC culture and expansion, in vivo and ex vivo. We also report some of the main challenges and limitations that these models are facing.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"381 ","pages":"57-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41101107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Oncolytic viruses in hematological malignancies: hijacking disease biology and fostering new promises for immune and cell-based therapies.","authors":"Mário Sousa-Pimenta, Ângelo Martins, Vera Machado","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.05.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increased tropism for malignant cells of some viruses has been highlighted in recent studies, prompting their use as a strategy to modify the transcriptional profile of those cells, while sparing the healthy ones. Likewise, they have been recognized as players modulating microenvironmental immunity, namely through an increase in antigen-presenting, natural-killer, and T CD8+ cytotoxic cells by a cross-priming mechanism elicited by tumor-associated antigens. The immunomodulatory role of the oncolytic virus seems relevant in hematological malignancies, which may relapse as a result of a proliferative burst elicited by an external stimulus in progenitor or neoplastic stem cells. By reprogramming the host cells and the surrounding environment, the potential of virotherapy ranges from the promise to eradicate the minimal measurable disease (in acute leukemia, for example), to the ex vivo purging of malignant progenitor cells in the setting of autologous bone marrow transplantation. In this review, we analyze the recent advances in virotherapy in hematological malignancies, either when administered alone or together with chemotherapeutic agents or other immunomodulators.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"379 ","pages":"189-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9948624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Epigenetic regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition during cancer development.","authors":"Sunisa Yoodee, Visith Thongboonkerd","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.05.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.05.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays essential roles in promoting malignant transformation of epithelial cells, leading to cancer progression and metastasis. During EMT-induced cancer development, a wide variety of genes are dramatically modified, especially down-regulation of epithelial-related genes and up-regulation of mesenchymal-related genes. Expression of other EMT-related genes is also modified during the carcinogenic process. Especially, epigenetic modifications are observed in the EMT-related genes, indicating their involvement in cancer development. Mechanically, epigenetic modifications of histone, DNA, mRNA and non-coding RNA stably change the EMT-related gene expression at transcription and translation levels. Herein, we summarize current knowledge on epigenetic regulatory mechanisms observed in EMT process relate to cancer development in humans. The better understanding of epigenetic regulation of EMT during cancer development may lead to improvement of drug design and preventive strategies in cancer therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"380 ","pages":"1-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10159652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nouha Abdelaziz, Lubna Therachiyil, Hana Q Sadida, Ateeque Mohamed Ali, Omar S Khan, Mayank Singh, Abdul Q Khan, Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil, Ajaz A Bhat, Shahab Uddin
{"title":"Epigenetic inhibitors and their role in cancer therapy.","authors":"Nouha Abdelaziz, Lubna Therachiyil, Hana Q Sadida, Ateeque Mohamed Ali, Omar S Khan, Mayank Singh, Abdul Q Khan, Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil, Ajaz A Bhat, Shahab Uddin","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.04.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epigenetic modifications to DNA are crucial for normal cellular and biological functioning. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin remodeling are the most common epigenetic mechanisms. These changes are heritable but still reversible. The aberrant epigenetic alterations, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA (ncRNA)-mediated gene regulation, play an essential role in developing various human diseases, including cancer. Recent studies show that synthetic and dietary epigenetic inhibitors attenuate the abnormal epigenetic modifications in cancer cells and therefore have strong potential for cancer treatment. In this chapter, we have highlighted various types of epigenetic modifications, their mechanism, and as drug targets for epigenetic therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"380 ","pages":"211-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10159655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katiuska Passelli, David Repáraz, Fernanda G Herrera
{"title":"Opportunities and challenges of low-dose radiation to enable immunotherapy efficacy.","authors":"Katiuska Passelli, David Repáraz, Fernanda G Herrera","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies blocking different immune checkpoints, have demonstrated efficacy against a wide variety of solid tumors. The exclusion or absence of lymphocytes within the tumor microenvironment (TME) is one of the main resistance mechanisms to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based therapies. Therefore, there is a growing interest in identifying novel approaches to promote T cell infiltration on immune-deserted (cold) and immune-excluded tumors to turn them into inflamed (hot) tumors. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recently published studies showing the potential of low-dose radiation (LDRT) to reprogram the TME to allow and promote T-cell infiltration and thus, improve currently approved ICI-based therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"378 ","pages":"137-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9816037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zi-Zhan Li, Jing-Yu He, Qiuji Wu, Bing Liu, Lin-Lin Bu
{"title":"Recent advances in targeting myeloid-derived suppressor cells and their applications to radiotherapy.","authors":"Zi-Zhan Li, Jing-Yu He, Qiuji Wu, Bing Liu, Lin-Lin Bu","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a group of heterogenous immature myeloid cells with potent immune suppressive properties that not only constrain anti-tumor immune activation and functions, promote tumor progression, but also contribute to treatment resistance and tumor relapse. Targeting MDSCs may be a promising new cancer treatment method, but there is still a problem of low treatment efficiency. Combined application with radiotherapy may be a potential method to solve this problem. Drug delivery systems (DDSs) provide more efficient targeted drug delivery capability and can reduce the toxicity and side effects of drugs. Recent advance in DDSs targeting development, recruitment, differentiation, and elimination of MDSCs have shown promising effect in reversing immune inhibition and in overcoming radiotherapy resistance. In this review, we systematically summarized DDSs applied to target MDSCs for the first time, and classified and discussed it according to its different mechanisms of action. In addition, this paper also reviewed the biological characteristics of MDSCs and their role in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of cancer. Moreover, this review also summarizes the role of DDSs targeting MDSCs in radiosensitization. Finally, the future development of DDSs targeting MDSCs is also prospected.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"378 ","pages":"233-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9816039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Relationship between the tumor microenvironment and the efficacy of the combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy.","authors":"Chang Su, Jonathon E Himes, David G Kirsch","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Activating and recruiting the immune system is critical for successful cancer treatment. Since the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunotherapy has become the standard of care for many types of cancers. However, many patients fail to respond to immunotherapy. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of resistance and adjuvant therapies that can help sensitize patients to immunotherapies. Here, we will discuss how radiotherapy can change the tumor microenvironment and work synergistically with immunotherapy. We will examine different pre-clinical models focusing on their limitations and their unique advantages in studying the efficacy of treatments and the tumor microenvironment. We will also describe emerging findings from clinical trials testing the combination of immunotherapy and radiotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"378 ","pages":"201-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10710768/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10156211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Combining radiotherapy and NK cell-based therapies: The time has come.","authors":"Jérémy Baude, Emeric Limagne, Riad Ladjohounlou, Céline Mirjolet","doi":"10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.02.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells that play an essential role in the anti-tumor response through immunosurveillance, multiple mechanisms of cytotoxicity and the synthesis of cytokines modulating the immune tumor microenvironment (TME). After the dramatic advances in immunotherapy targeting T cells including the success of checkpoint inhibitors or autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) expressing T cells in clinical practice, NK cells have gained growing interest for the development of new therapies. Although NK cells have shown promising responses in leukemia patients, the effects of NK-targeted therapies are currently limited in the treatment of solid tumors. Thus, radiotherapy could provide a valuable solution to improve treatments targeting NK cells. Indeed, ionizing radiations represent a powerful immuno-modulator that can either induce a pro-inflammatory and anti-tumor TME, or conversely lead to immunosuppression of effector immune cells in favor of tumor growth and therapeutic escape, depending on how it is delivered and tumor models. However, the effects of ionizing radiation on NK cells are only partially understood. Therefore, we review the effects of radiotherapy on the NK cell-mediated anti-tumor response, and propose potential strategies to reinvigorate NK cells by combining radiotherapy with NK cell-targeted therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14422,"journal":{"name":"International review of cell and molecular biology","volume":"378 ","pages":"31-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9816040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}