International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine最新文献

{"title":"Therapeutic effects of <i>Foeniculum vulgare</i> and <i>Achillea millefolium</i> on ovarian function in a mouse model of polycystic ovary syndrome: An experimental study.","authors":"Mohadeseh Azizi Khareshki, Mohammad Hosseini-Sharifabad, Farzaneh Fesahat, Alireza Talebi, Azam Hassanpour Dehnavi","doi":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i2.21053","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i2.21053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder in women of reproductive age, characterized by hormonal imbalances, ovarian dysfunction, and impaired folliculogenesis.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated the therapeutic effects of <i>Foeniculum vulgare</i> (fennel) and <i>Achillea millefolium</i> (yarrow) on ovarian histomorphology, gene expression, and hormonal levels in a mouse model of PCOS.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this experimental study, 42 virgin adult female Balb/c mice (6-8 wk, 25 <math><mo>±</mo></math> 5 gr) were randomly divided into 7 groups: control, fennel-yarrow, PCOS group, PCOS groups treated with fennel, PCOS groups treated with yarrow, fennel-yarrow combination, and clomiphene citrate. PCOS was induced using letrozole (1 mg/kg/day). Hormonal levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histological analysis assessed follicular development, and molecular analysis evaluated the expression of insulin receptor, KIT ligand, chemerin, and chemokine-like receptor 1 genes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The PCOS group exhibited significantly lower estrogen (p = 0.001), progesterone (p = 0.001), and follicle counts (primary: p = 0.001, antral: p = 0.001) compared to controls. Testosterone levels were found to be elevated in the PCOS group (p = 0.001). Treatment with fennel-yarrow significantly increased estrogen (p = 0.001), progesterone (p = 0.002), and follicular counts while reducing testosterone levels (p = 0.001). Clomiphene citrate produced similar improvements in hormone levels and ovarian morphology. Gene expression analysis showed no significant changes in insulin receptor, KIT ligand, chemerin, and chemokine-like receptor 1 across groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fennel and yarrow, particularly in combination, demonstrated significant potential in improving ovarian function, hormonal balance, and folliculogenesis in PCOS mice. These findings suggest fennel and yarrow as promising complementary therapies for PCOS management.</p>","PeriodicalId":14386,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine","volume":"24 2","pages":"127-144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13111933/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personal, social, and economic determinants of voluntary single-childedness and childlessness among urban couples in Babol, Iran: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Zahed Rezaei, Hamid Sharif-Nia, Zeinab Gholamnia-Shirvani, Fereshteh Behmanesh, Neda Ahmadzadeh Tori","doi":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i2.21054","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i2.21054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Global fertility rates have declined in recent decades, with voluntary single-childedness and childlessness (VSCC) emerging as a major social and policy challenge.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to identify the personal, social, and economic factors influencing married couples' VSCC tendencies in Babol, northern Iran.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, 452 married individuals (women aged 18-49 yr, men aged 18-55 yr) from Babol, Iran, were recruited using convenience and snowball sampling methods between August and October 2024. Data collection was conducted online, where the participants were asked to complete the validated 22-item questionnaire on the contributing factors of tendency toward VSCC distributed via social media platforms (WhatsApp and Telegram).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean VSCC tendency score was 43.0 <math><mo>±</mo></math> 11.8. Among the 5 domains, the highest mean scores were observed for occupational and social insecurity for the child (63.4 <math><mo>±</mo></math> 17.6) and inappropriate familial context for childbearing (49.1 <math><mo>±</mo></math> 11.9), while the lowest was found for social modeling of childlessness (30.6 <math><mo>±</mo></math> 19.4). Women exhibited a significantly greater tendency toward VSCC compared to men (44.0 <math><mo>±</mo></math> 12.2 vs. 40.2 <math><mo>±</mo></math> 10.2; p <math><mo><</mo></math> 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>VSCC tendencies are shaped by a complex interplay of individual aspirations, relational dynamics, and structural concerns. Among younger couples and women, fears about balancing parenthood with educational and career goals, mistrust in marital relationships, and anxiety about children's future security are prominent. To support informed reproductive decision-making, policy interventions should prioritize affordable childcare, flexible career and education pathways, gender-equitable parenting support, and couple-based counseling services.</p>","PeriodicalId":14386,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine","volume":"24 2","pages":"145-156"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13111928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro exploration of the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium in endometriosis treatment by targeting apoptosis and cellular migration.","authors":"Hassan Hedayatnia, Naser Kalhor","doi":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i2.21052","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i2.21052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endometriosis, a common gynecological disorder involving ectopic endometrial tissue, leads to infertility and chronic pain. Dysregulated apoptosis and abnormal cell migration are key pathological features. Given current treatment limitations, novel strategies like mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived conditioned media (CM) are explored due to their rich secretome.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the effects of CM from healthy menstrual blood-derived MSCs (MenSCs-CM) and human adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ADSCs-CM) on apoptosis and migration in endometriotic MenSCs.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This in vitro study involved the isolation of endometriotic MenSCs from infertile women (25-35 yr) via menstrual blood. Mononuclear cells were cultured to passage 3, and characterized using flow cytometry (CD29, CD44, CD73, CD105 positive; CD34, CD38, CD45 negative). CM was prepared separately from healthy donor MenSCs and ADSCs. Endometriotic MenSCs were treated with healthy MenSCs-CM and ADSCs-CM independently. Cell migration (scratch assay), apoptosis (Annexin V), and <i>Bax</i> mRNA levels and <i>Bax/Bcl-2</i> ratio (real-time polymerase chain reaction) were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both ADSCs-CM and MenSCs-CM significantly increased during early and late apoptosis in endometriotic MenSCs (p <math><mo><</mo></math> 0.001). Scratch assays showed significantly decreased MenSCs migration at 24, 48, and 72 hr (p <math><mo><</mo></math> 0.001, p = 0.003, p <math><mo><</mo></math> 0.001, respectively). Gene expression revealed significant increases in <i>Bax</i> mRNA (p = 0.013) and the <i>Bax/Bcl-2</i> ratio (p = 0.044).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CM from ADSCs and MenSCs of healthy women enhances apoptosis and inhibits endometriotic MenSCs migration in vitro, suggesting potential therapeutic strategies for endometriosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14386,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine","volume":"24 2","pages":"117-126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13111932/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meiotic gene expression of <i>STAG3</i> and <i>DMC1</i> in blood: A novel non-invasive biomarker approach for diminished ovarian reserve: A case-control study.","authors":"Khosro Namjoo, Farzaneh Iravani, Fateme Montazeri, Mohammad Hassan Jafari Najaf Abadi, Seyed Mehdi Kalantar, Nasrin Ghasemi","doi":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i2.21050","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i2.21050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) is a major cause of female infertility, marked by reduced oocyte quantity and quality. <i>STAG3</i> and <i>DMC1</i> are meiosis-specific genes essential for chromosomal integrity and homologous recombination. While their downregulation in granulosa cells of DOR women has been reported, expression in peripheral blood remains unexplored.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate peripheral blood <i>STAG3</i> and <i>DMC1</i> expression as potential non-invasive biomarkers in DOR.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This case-control study included 50 women at Yazd Research Institute, Yazd, Iran, comprising 25 DOR women (anti-Müllerian hormone <math><mo><</mo></math> 1.1 ng/mL) and 25 age-matched controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, RNA extracted by column-based silica method, and gene expression analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using the 2 <math><mo>∧</mo></math> - <math><mi>Δ</mi></math> Ct method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Demographic analysis revealed no significant differences in age or body mass index between DOR women and controls. As expected, anti-Müllerian hormone levels (0.61 vs. 2.12 ng/mL) and antral follicle counts (3.52 vs. 8.64) were significantly lower in the DOR group. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed a significant downregulation of <i>STAG3</i> expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of DOR women compared with controls (p = 0.0011). <i>DMC1</i> expression showed a downward trend but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.1132). These results suggest a potential role of <i>STAG3</i> dysregulation in DOR pathogenesis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings indicate differential expression of meiotic genes in the peripheral blood of DOR women, supporting <i>STAG3</i> as a promising non-invasive biomarker for early detection of DOR and contributing to a better understanding of its molecular basis in reproductive medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":14386,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine","volume":"24 2","pages":"101-108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13111929/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the diagnostic efficacy of cervical length and angles in predicting delivery mode: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Soghra Khazardoust, Zeinab Zamanpour, Maryam Aliasgharpoor, Mohammad Ali Shafaat, Zahra Hamidi Madani, Maryam Ghalandari","doi":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i2.21049","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i2.21049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Predicting delivery mode is crucial to obstetric care and influences clinical decision-making and management strategies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of cervical length (CL) and cervical angles (CAs) measurements as predictors of delivery mode.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 pregnant women who underwent ultrasound assessments to measure CL and CAs. Participants were monitored until labor induction, with delivery mode categorized as successful vaginal deliveries or cesarean sections. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of cervical measurements in predicting these outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results demonstrate significant correlations between CL and both posterior and anterior CAs with the likelihood of cesarean sections, yielding odds ratios of 1.59, 0.68, and 1.48, respectively (p <math><mo><</mo></math> 0.05). Diagnostic accuracy assessments indicated that the CL cutoff of 28.55 mm achieved an area under the curve of 0.801; posterior and anterior CAs, with cutoffs of 102.15 and 85.15 , respectively, produced area under the curve of 0.743 and 0.745.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings indicated that CL and the anterior CA exhibit a direct significant correlation, whereas the posterior CA showed a significant reverse correlation with the occurrence of cesarean section. The diagnostic accuracy metrics reveal that CL possesses moderate predictive capability for labor outcomes. The posterior demonstrated high sensitivity, in contrast, anterior CA had high specificity but lower sensitivity levels. The small sample size and possible measurement inaccuracies may limit the reliability of our findings, highlighting the need for larger studies with standardized techniques to validate these results.</p>","PeriodicalId":14386,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine","volume":"24 2","pages":"89-100"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13111930/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ghost mothers: Ethical challenges in Iran as an emerging destination for cross-border surrogacy: A case report.","authors":"Maryam Modabber, Alireza Parsapour, Mohammadreza Jafari, Mahshid Malbakhsh, Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki","doi":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i2.21056","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i2.21056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Commercial surrogacy, as a method of assisted reproductive technology, raises profound ethical and legal challenges, exacerbated in developing countries due to economic disparities and the absence of comprehensive regulations. The purpose of this study is to examine the ethical, legal, and social challenges arising from a real case of international commercial surrogacy in Iran.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>This article analyzes a real-life case in Iran involving a surrogate mother who, at 32 wk pregnant with twins, underwent an emergency cesarean section due to severe vaginal bleeding. The case raised significant concerns due to the absence of the American genetic parents at the time of birth, delays in issuing birth certificates, the temporary transfer of the newborns to welfare services, and the erasure of the surrogate mother's identity from legal documents. These issues spotlight questions regarding autonomy, exploitation, discrimination, and children's rights.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Focusing on the ethical dimensions specific to this case in Iran, the study examines the broader challenges of surrogacy. The analysis reveals the impact of economic pressures on the surrogate's autonomy, discriminatory practices in recording the surrogate's identity in international cases, the lack of mechanisms to verify the eligibility of commissioning couples, and the urgent need for comprehensive legal and ethical frameworks to mitigate harm and ensure justice. The case positions Iran as an emerging destination for commercial surrogacy, highlighting the potential for exploitation due to the commercialization and erasure of surrogate mothers' identities. It is recommended that until precise regulations are enacted through public discourse and stakeholder participation, all commercial surrogacy, particularly international cases, be suspended.</p>","PeriodicalId":14386,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine","volume":"24 2","pages":"163-172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13111927/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147771155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication and characterization of decellularized human endometrial hydrogel as a scaffold for in vitro embryo implantation: An experimental study.","authors":"Elham Sadeghi, Seyedsajad Moazzeni, Mojdeh Salehnia","doi":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i1.20994","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i1.20994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endometrial-derived hydrogels are rich in extracellular matrix proteins as well as bioactive molecules that promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and angiogenesis.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigates the potential of recellularized human endometrial hydrogel, populated by mesenchymal cells, as a scaffold for mouse blastocyst implantation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this experimental study, we characterized the decellularization process of human endometrial tissue through morphological analysis, DNA quantification, and scanning electron microscopy. We then evaluated the morphology, ultrastructure, biocompatibility, biodegradation, and pH changes of the hydrogel incubated in phosphate-buffered saline. The hydrogel was recellularized with human endometrial mesenchymal cells, and mouse blastocysts were co-cultured on this recellularized hydrogel for 48 hr, observed via laser confocal scanning microscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Morphological and ultrastructural examinations of the decellularized tissue revealed structures similar to native endometrium, while the absence of cells and nuclei, confirmed through morphological staining and DNA analysis, validated the success of the decellularization process. The hydrogel exhibited excellent biocompatibility according to the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay results, demonstrated an appropriate biodegradation rate in vitro, and showed no significant pH alteration. Mesenchymal cells successfully attached to the hydrogel scaffold, and mouse embryos adhered to and invaded the recellularized hydrogel.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This novel implantation model, which integrates human endometrial mesenchymal cells, endometrial hydrogel, and mouse embryos, has significant implications for reproductive research and clinical applications. However, further investigation is necessary to fully explore and optimize its potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":14386,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine","volume":"24 1","pages":"23-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13054299/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147638688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Work-family balance and childcare: The missing link in the lives of working mothers: A letter to editor.","authors":"Naemeh Nouri, Farzan Madadizadeh","doi":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i1.21000","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i1.21000","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14386,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine","volume":"24 1","pages":"79-80"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13054298/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147638770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of licorice extract in combination with a low-calorie diet on sex hormones, sleep quality, depression, and appetite in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: An RCT.","authors":"Hadis Hooshmandi, Akram Ghadiri-Anari, Hossein Fallahzadeh, Ali Mohammad Ranjbar, Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh, Azadeh Nadjarzadeh","doi":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i1.20992","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i1.20992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are more likely to suffer from anovulatory infertility. Studies showed the effectiveness of licorice on the regulation of sex hormones and quality of life, with inconsistent findings.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to determine the effect of licorice extract on sex hormones, sleep quality, depression, and appetite in women with PCOS.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This randomized double-blind controlled trial included 66 overweight or obese women with PCOS. Participants were randomly divided into 2 groups: one receiving 1.5 gr/day of licorice extract alongside a low-calorie diet (n = 33) and the other receiving a placebo plus a low-calorie diet (n = 33) for 8 wk. Anthropometric measurements and general participant data were collected following standard protocols. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), sex hormone-binding globulin, and total testosterone were analyzed using enzymatic kits. The LH/FSH ratio was also calculated as a marker for PCOS diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean age and body mass index of participants were 40.76 yr and 32.26 kg/m², respectively. When baseline values were accounted for, the licorice extract plus low-calorie diet group showed significantly greater improvements in terms of FSH (p <math><mo><</mo></math> 0.001), LH/FSH ratio (p <math><mo><</mo></math> 0.001), total testosterone (p = 0.03), depression score (p <math><mo><</mo></math> 0.001), sleep quality (p <math><mo><</mo></math> 0.001), and appetite (p <math><mo><</mo></math> 0.001) compared to the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings showed that licorice extract supplementation led to improvements in sex hormones, sleep quality, depression, and appetite. Further studies are needed to confirm these results, considering the possible limitations of the current research.</p>","PeriodicalId":14386,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13054301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147638747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An unrecognized non-pathologic filling defect on hysterosalpingography: A case report.","authors":"Fereshteh Hosseini, Fatemeh Safi, Firoozeh Ahmadi","doi":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i1.20999","DOIUrl":"10.18502/ijrm.v24i1.20999","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite advancements in medical technology, hysterosalpingography (HSG) remains one of the most commonly used diagnostic tools in the evaluation of infertile women. Filling defects are a common abnormal finding in this technique and can be attributed to both pathological causes, such as polyps and submucosal fibroids, or nonpathological factors, such as air bubbles and mucus plaques. In this study, we used imaging techniques including HSG and saline-infused sonography.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>Here, we discuss a rare normal variation in HSG of a 35-yr-old woman with primary infertility, no history of underlying disease or surgery, that appears as filling defects for which no underlying cause can be found upon further investigation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Familiarity with this diverse range of filling defects helps radiologists avoid misdiagnoses and unnecessary follow-up imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":14386,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine","volume":"24 1","pages":"71-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13054300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147638720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}