International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X最新文献

{"title":"Co-assembling de novo designed peptide with high-payload drug protein for noninvasive treatment of corneal neovascularization","authors":"Yuhua Tong ,&nbsp;Sijie Zhou ,&nbsp;Yongjie Guo ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Jin ,&nbsp;Meiting Yu ,&nbsp;Chunyun Feng ,&nbsp;Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Xingjie Zan ,&nbsp;Jinyang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The specificity and low toxicity of protein drugs are significant for disease treatment but are strongly limited by their weak tissue penetrative capacity. Although formulating proteins with nanoparticle is an alternative strategy, the low encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC) of protein drugs and their potential for protein inactivation remain significant challenges. Herein, the de novo designed peptide (Arg-His-Cys-Arg-His-Cys-Arg-His-Cys) (RHC)₃, zinc ions (Zn²⁺), and the anti-neovascular protein drug Bevacizumab (Beva) were co-assembled to form PZA@Beva (peptide and Zn²⁺ assemblies encaspsulated Beva) nanomedicine, aiming to overcome the challenges associated with corneal neovascularization (CNV) model. The optimized size of PZA@Beva is approximately 162.5 nm, with EE% and LC% of Beva 92.7 % and 55.8 %, respectively. The bioactivity of encapsulated Beva was preserved, protecting it from proteolytic degradation, and the release of Beva from PZA@Beva exhibited pH-dependent kinetics. In vitro, PZA@Beva demonstrated effective penetration across the ocular barrier via both the paracellular pathway (by opening corneal tight junctions) and the transcellular pathway (through rapid cellular endocytosis). Additionally, PZA@Beva exhibited no cytotoxicity in vitro or in vivo, coupled with prolonged ocular retention, collectively yielding promising results for the treatment of CNV. This study contributes to non-invasive protein delivery across ocular bio-barriers for the treatment of diseases in the anterior segment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100410"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of advanced nanocarrier systems for Ibrutinib delivery: overcoming pharmacokinetic barriers and enabling targeted cancer therapy","authors":"Akshay Shetty,&nbsp;Mahesha Keerikkadu,&nbsp;Pragathi Devanand Bangera,&nbsp;Vamshi Krishna Tippavajhala,&nbsp;Mahalaxmi Rathnanand","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ibrutinib (IBR), a covalent inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), has transformed the treatment of B-cell malignancies like chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. With its clinical success, IBR is faced with enormous challenges like low aqueous solubility, low oral bioavailability, extensive first-pass metabolism, off-target toxicities, and resistance development. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have been reported to be effective solutions for these issues. This review offers a comprehensive and critical examination of new trends in IBR-loaded nanocarriers, including PEGylated liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and hybrid nanoplatforms. These nanocarriers showed improved drug solubility, prolonged circulation, controlled release, cancer-specific targeting, and reduced systemic toxicity. Emphasis on advanced approaches such as ligand-mediated targeting, stimuli-sensitive release, and co-delivery systems designed to optimize therapeutic effects and avoid resistance mechanisms. Preclinical models demonstrated improved bioavailability, improved tumor accumulation, and improved safety profiles of the IBR nanocarriers. This review covers the translational hurdles, regulatory aspects, and commercial tractability of nanocarrier-mediated inhibition of BTK. In summary, nanotechnology provides a revolutionary pathway for maximizing IBR therapy that could facilitate more efficient, safer, and targeted care for patients with hematologic cancers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100417"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145323274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boosting buccal drug absorption: Mechanistic insights into bilosome-mediated delivery","authors":"Eleftheria Pantazoglou ,&nbsp;Scarlett Zeiringer ,&nbsp;Matteo Tollemeto ,&nbsp;Nazanin Zanjanizadeh Ezazi ,&nbsp;Zhongyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Leticia Hosta-Rigau ,&nbsp;Jette Jacobsen ,&nbsp;Ramona Jeitler ,&nbsp;Eva Roblegg ,&nbsp;Line Hagner Nielsen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective buccal drug delivery is limited by the barrier properties of the mucosa, necessitating innovative systems to enhance permeability without compromising tissue integrity. In this study, bilosomes composed of sodium glycodeoxycholate and phosphatidylcholine were evaluated as a nanoparticulate platform for buccal drug delivery. Their in vitro uptake was investigated using the TR146 buccal cell line. The bilosomes demonstrated stable physicochemical properties and no aggregation. Functional assays indicated that they transiently opened cell-cell junctions, promoting transport across the mucosal barrier while minimizing toxicity. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring confirmed specific interactions with barrier components, supported by observed modulation of desmosomal junctions and cellular uptake. <em>Ex vivo</em> studies using porcine buccal mucosa further showed concentration-dependent distribution. Collectively, these results suggest that bilosomes are a safe and effective platform for enhancing buccal drug absorption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100444"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145516736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A blood-brain barrier-penetrating nanoreactor for tumor microenvironment modulation, precise MR imaging and synergistic therapy of glioma","authors":"Peipei Dou ,&nbsp;Liang Chen ,&nbsp;Yiyang Xie ,&nbsp;Wenbei Xu ,&nbsp;Xinran Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaomei Deng ,&nbsp;Haiqing Xu ,&nbsp;Jingran Li ,&nbsp;Vincent Kawuribi ,&nbsp;Shaohui Zheng ,&nbsp;Kai Xu ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanomaterials-based theranostic strategy have emerged as innovative techniques for gliomas treatment. However, the existence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) hinders efficient drug delivery to glioma, and the hypoxic condition of tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly reduces therapeutic efficacy. Thus, in this study, we developed a novel reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating nanoplatform responsive to the TME. This platform utilized mesoporous PtNi nanoparticles (NPs) as carriers, loaded with chelated gadolinium porphyrin (Gd-HMME), to enable combined sonodynamic and chemodynamic therapy under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance. Employing a transferrin (Tf)-mediated trans-BBB strategy, Tf-PtNi@Gd-HMME-PEG (TPGP) precisely targeted and penetrated glioma tissues, facilitating T1-weighted enhanced imaging of tumor regions. The MRI enhancement signal achieved was 1.64-fold of the control group. Concurrently, the intrinsic acoustic sensitivity and enzyme-like catalytic activity of TPGP produce substantial ROS under ultrasound stimulation. These ROS interact with hydrogen peroxide in the TME to generate toxic free radicals, collectively acting on tumor cells to deliver a dual assault via sonodynamic and chemodynamic mechanisms to effectively inhibit tumor growth and ameliorate the tumor microenvironment. This study underscores the potential of TPGP as a multifunctional nanoplatform for targeted glioma therapy, combining diagnostic imaging with synergistic therapy to overcome the BBB and hypoxic TME.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100448"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145568584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing: A comparative analysis and systems model integration framework","authors":"Flora Bouchier ,&nbsp;Astrid Boje ,&nbsp;Gavin Reynolds","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmaceutical drug products in the form of tablets are produced via a series of manufacturing steps, transforming powder blends to compacted granules with carefully selected properties such as tensile strength and dissolution time. Typical oral solid dosage form (OSD) manufacturing processes include direct compression (DC), roller compaction (RC), high shear granulation (HSG) and continuous direct compression (CDC). Design of each process step is required to achieve end-product quality for the specific material properties and available equipment, although design decisions are typically made without a quantitative understanding of the impact on product environmental footprint. Using a ‘cradle-to-gate’ life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, a quantitative sustainability comparison has been made between standard OSD manufacturing platforms across different production scales. The results demonstrate that for small batch sizes, DC produces tablets with the lowest carbon footprint, however at larger batch sizes, CDC is the most carbon efficient manufacturing platform. Due to the high carbon footprint of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), formulation process yields had the greatest impact on overall carbon footprint, although emissions from equipment energy, cleaning and facility overheads were also analysed. Data from these LCA models has been combined with systems models of the CDC manufacturing processes. These combined models are used to demonstrate the optimisation of processes to meet robust product quality attribute targets whilst identifying opportunities to minimise the drug product carbon footprint.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100395"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of differences in mechanisms of die filling between a compaction simulator and a rotary press","authors":"Ben Kohlhaas ,&nbsp;Jan Henrik Finke","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Die Filling is the critical process step in tableting as it determines the tablet weight and its variability as well as impacting tablet strength and defect propensity. Several studies have focused on modeling die filling on rotary presses, however none have investigated the matter on a compaction simulator. Therefore, the aim of this study is to characterize the die filling behavior on a compaction simulator and compare it to a laboratory scale rotary press. Special attention is paid to the complex interplay of process parameters, machine geometry and material properties. Experimental results are supported by a newly introduced physics-based calculation of the course of the exerted differential pressure as a main driver of die filling. On the compaction simulator, suction filling is shown to be more intense due to its geometry and elevated lower punch velocities, rendering paddle speed of the feed frame less crucial. On the rotary press, paddle rotation is necessary to ensure sufficient powder flow into the dies, especially at high production speed, due to a shorter filling time. An alternative fill cam geometry, where the punch is already pulled down to a certain extent before entering the feed frame, reduces the exerted suction pressure in the filling zone, giving generally lower filling yield for materials of limited flowability. The study offers a solid understanding of die filling on a compaction simulator and the underlying mechanisms. Together with the comparative experiments, the foundation for a model for rational scale transfer towards rotary presses is established.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100405"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145324536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HSPiP and QbD oriented optimized nanocubosomes for ameliorated absorption of tolterodine tartrate: In vitro and in vivo evaluations","authors":"Afzal Hussain ,&nbsp;Tasneem Khan ,&nbsp;Mohd Usman Mohd Siddique ,&nbsp;Danishuddin ,&nbsp;Mohammad A. Altamimi ,&nbsp;Mohhammad Ramzan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100378","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100378","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study explored HSPiP and QbD-(quality by design) enabled optimized cubosomes for sustained drug release, improved permeation, and enhanced oral bioavailability. OCUB1 (the optimized product) was characterized for size, zeta potential (ZP), thermal analysis, and surface roughness. <em>In vitro</em> drug release and hemolysis studies were carried out using a dialysis membrane and rat erythrocytes (4 % suspension), respectively. An <em>ex vivo</em> non-everted intestinal permeation study (180 min) compared permeation potential between DS (suspension) and OCUB1. <em>In vivo</em> pharmacokinetic (PK) study investigated PK parameters in rats whereas hematological and biochemical assays ensured the safety of OCUB1. HSPiP predicted glyceryl monooleate (GMO), poloxamer−188, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as optimal excipients based on minimum RED (relative energy difference) values while QbD identified OCUB1 as the most optimized formulation with desirable attributes such as low size (169 nm), high ZP (−29.2 mV), low polydispersity index (0.23), and maximum entrapment efficiency (85.3 %). Thermal analysis confirmed solubilization of TOTA in OCUB1, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique confirmed its cubical shape. OCUB1 showed extended drug release (98.1 % over 48 h) and sustained <em>ex vivo</em> permeation (<em>J</em>_<em>ss</em> = 6.69 μg/cm²/min, steady state flux) across rat intestine as compared to DS (<em>J</em>_<em>ss</em> = 9.172 μg/cm²/min). <em>In vivo</em> PK parameters exhibited significant improvement, with 3.2-fold increase in C_max as compared to the DS. <em>In vitro</em> hemolysis, along with biochemical and hematological assays, ensured the safety of OCUB1 for oral delivery. Conclusively, OCUB1 presents a promised alternative to conventional capsule, offering reduced side effects and enhanced patient compliance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100378"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional gold nanoclusters as next-generation theranostic platforms for disease management","authors":"Yan Sun ,&nbsp;Yining Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Hu ,&nbsp;Ai Liu ,&nbsp;Lizhong He ,&nbsp;Afang Dai ,&nbsp;Tiansheng Wei ,&nbsp;Shoucui Wang ,&nbsp;Zibao Gan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gold nanoclusters (GNCs), typically consisting of a few to a few hundred gold atoms with a core size below 3 nm, have emerged as revolutionary nanomaterials due to their diverse and tunable molecule-like properties, high photostability, and excellent biocompatibility. These advantages establish GNCs as next-generation theranostic platforms for precise nanomedicine applications. In this review, we summarize the typical synthesis methodologies, focus on their latest cutting-edge applications in disease management, including bioimaging, sensing, drug delivery, cancer, and other diseases. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with GNCs as theranostic agents. It is envisioned that this review aims to guide the rational design of GNC-based smart platforms and stimulate interdisciplinary innovation in personalized medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100361"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an inhalable dry powder formulation for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Justin Stella ,&nbsp;Anja Germann ,&nbsp;Oliver Janka ,&nbsp;Sylvia Wagner ,&nbsp;Marc Schneider","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, can cause significant lung damage and may result in multiple organ failure. The severity of COVID-19 is determined by the virus's entry into lung tissue and subsequent replication. This entry is facilitated by the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in combination with the serine protease TMPRSS2, which is a critical step. To reduce viral replication, it is necessary to prevent the uptake of the virus directly at the main route of transmission, which is the deposition of the virus as an aerosol in the respiratory tract. To reduce viral uptake into lung cells, an inhalable dry powder formulation was developed. The formulation contains camostat, a clinically proven serine protease inhibitor that inhibits the cellular uptake mechanisms on the lung surface. Camostat was spray-dried together with the mucolytic agent <em>N</em>-acetylcysteine to produce co-amorphous microparticles with sufficient solubility after deposition. Microparticles with properties suited for deposition in the deep part of the respiratory tract can be produced by using appropriate spray-drying parameters. The use of L-leucine enabled suitable aerodynamic properties and storage stability due to reduced interaction with environmental water. The geometric particle diameter, determined using laser light diffraction, decreased with L-leucine content which was found forming a partially crystalline L-leucine shell. The disintegration behavior of the microparticle formulation simulated under lung-like conditions indicated fast disintegration. A pseudo-viral <em>in vitro</em> assay demonstrated low acute toxicity in combination with a high activity. Cell viability and proliferation were not affected by camostat concentrations up to 11.1 μg/mL. The IC₅₀ values of the two dry powder formulations tested on a HEK293T/ACE2-TMPRSS2 cell line were 0.008 μg/mL and 0.019 μg/mL, respectively, which is at least 100 times lower than the cytotoxic concentration. This dry powder formulation serves as a prototype microparticle matrix for incorporating nanoscale drug carriers in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100346"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study on two kinds of brain-targeted liposomes co-modified by RVGP and R9 in different ways","authors":"Yu Hei ,&nbsp;Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Yang Chen ,&nbsp;Zi Mei ,&nbsp;Xuebing Yang ,&nbsp;ZhaoShuai Ji ,&nbsp;Ying Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the global aging population and rising tumor incidence, central nervous system degenerative diseases and brain tumors have emerged as critical threats to human health. Leveraging the biological properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the development of dual-mediated brain-targeted liposomes via receptor-mediated and adsorption-mediated mechanisms holds promise for overcoming limitations such as lysosomal entrapment and saturation in single-receptor systems, thereby enabling efficient brain drug delivery. In this study, we constructed two types of dual-mediated liposomes using the BBB-specific ligand RVGP and cell-penetrating peptide R9 through distinct strategies: the monoligand liposome RVGPR9-SSL (incorporating both ligands as a single conjugate) and the biligand liposome RVGP-R9-SSL (displaying ligands as separate moieties). An in-depth comparative analysis of their BBB permeability and transport mechanisms was performed. Results demonstrate that RVGPR9-SSL circumvents lysosomal degradation via an endoplasmic reticulum-mediated transport pathway, exhibiting superior brain-targeted delivery efficiency and an excellent safety profile. These findings establish RVGPR9-SSL as an efficient brain-targeted drug delivery system with broad therapeutic potential for central nervous system disorders. Moreover, this study provides critical insights for the rational design of next-generation dual-mediated brain-targeted liposomal systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100352"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}