{"title":"A Model Predictive Voltage Control using Virtual Space Vectors for Grid-Forming Energy Storage Converters","authors":"W. Alhosaini, Yue Zhao","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8722151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8722151","url":null,"abstract":"Sinusoidal output voltages with low harmonic distortion can be achieved using three-level converters along with LC filters, which have been proven to be suitable for energy storage systems (ESSs). Model predictive control (MPC) has been applied to such energy storage converters due to its simplicity and effectiveness. However, selecting the weighting factor of the additional neutral-point (NP) voltage balancing term in the cost function is time consuming and may also affect the main objective of MPC. To address this issue, in this paper, additional virtual space vectors (VSVs), which do not affect the NP capacitor voltages, are adopted in the proposed MPC. Both simulation and experimental results using controller hardware-in-the-loop are presented to show that NP capacitor voltages can be well controlled using a particularly small NP voltage balancing weighting factor in the cost function. In addition, the total harmonic distortion of the voltage at the point of common coupling is reduced while retaining the fast dynamic response of MPC.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121320218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prescott H. McLaughlin, Phyo Aung Kyaw, M. Kiani, C. Sullivan, J. Stauth
{"title":"Two-Phase Interleaved Resonant Switched-Capacitor DC-DC Converter with Coupled Inductors and Custom LC Resonator","authors":"Prescott H. McLaughlin, Phyo Aung Kyaw, M. Kiani, C. Sullivan, J. Stauth","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8722111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8722111","url":null,"abstract":"This work explores the design and implementation of a hybrid-resonant switched-capacitor (SC) dc-dc converter based on the stacked-ladder architecture. A particular focus is on improving efficiency and power-density through the use of coupled magnetics and a merged LC resonant structure that can reduce overall size and power loss. A two-phase interleaved 3-to-1 converter is implemented with 97.1% efficiency for both a coupled inductor and an integrated LC resonator with output power up to around 180 W. A study of resonant tank configurations is presented along with loss modeling, coupling effects, and design strategies.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132563329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Umetani, J. Acero, H. Sarnago, Óscar Lucía, E. Hiraki
{"title":"Simple Fully Analytical Copper Loss Model of Litz Wire Made of Strands Twisted in Multiple Levels","authors":"K. Umetani, J. Acero, H. Sarnago, Óscar Lucía, E. Hiraki","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8721827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8721827","url":null,"abstract":"The Litz wire has been widely utilized as a wire with a low copper loss under high-frequency operation. However, design optimization of the Litz wire is difficult because this wire generally has a complicated structure of thin strands twisted in multiple levels, which hinders both of the analytical and numerical prediction of the copper loss. To overcome this issue, recent studies have proposed the analytical models of the copper loss in the bundle of twisted strands, which is the basic components constituting the Litz wire. This paper constructs a simple analytical copper loss model of the Litz wire based on these preceding insights. In addition to these insights, the proposed model further considers the effect of the inclination angle of the strands to the Litz wire on the proximity effect loss. The proposed model was tested in comparison with the experimentally measured AC resistance of commercially available Litz wires. As a result, the predicted AC resistance showed good agreement with the measured ac resistance, suggesting the effectiveness of the proposed model.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132070605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Winter, J. Riedel, Z. Mohzani, Raphael Mencher, S. Butzmann
{"title":"Enhancing Inherent Flux Balancing in a Dual-Active Bridge Using Adaptive Modulation","authors":"C. Winter, J. Riedel, Z. Mohzani, Raphael Mencher, S. Butzmann","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8722054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8722054","url":null,"abstract":"The Dual-Active Bridge DC-DC converter (DAB) is capable of bidirectional power transfer and soft switching (ZVS) can be achieved over a wide operating area. Because of these attributes the DAB gains further attention. However a highly efficient converter design is sensitive to small mismatches in the PWM signals, which lead to large DC offsets in the transformer currents. These offsets can cause disadvantages as saturation of the transformer core and asymmetric switching currents, which will worsen further as switching frequencies are expected to increase further in the future. While conventionally DC offsets were prevented by additional circuitry or active flux control, this paper now enhances the inherent flux balancing of ZVS with a modified modulation strategy that strictly limits the turnoff current magnitude. Thereby the DC offset can be reduced without any additional components. The strategy is analyzed and experimentally verified for a wide operating range.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130824102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Series diode balancing and diode evaluation for high-voltage high-frequency power converters","authors":"Yiou He, D. Perreault","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8721875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8721875","url":null,"abstract":"Miniaturization of high voltage power converters is severely limited by the availability of fast-switching, low-loss high-voltage diodes. This paper explores techniques for using discrete low-voltage diodes in series as one high voltage diode. We identify that when series connecting diodes, the parasitic capacitance from the physical diode interconnections to common can result in voltage and temperature imbalance among the diodes, along with increased loss. We quantify the imbalance and propose two related compensation techniques. To validate the approaches, a full-bridge rectifier is tested with each branch consisting of four 3.3 kV SiC diodes in series. Experimental results showcase the imbalance and demonstrate the effectiveness of the compensation techniques. Additionally, we characterize the performance of a range of diodes for use in high-frequency, high-voltage converters. The proposed technique and evaluation results will be valuable for the design of lightweight and miniaturized high voltage power converters.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123473459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yousef Abdullah, Will Perdikakis, He Li, Ke Wang, Yue Zhang, Xiaodan Wang, Jin Wang, Liming Liu, S. Bala
{"title":"A Hybrid PWM Modulation for EMI Filter Size Reduction in a 10 kW GaN-Based Three Phase Inverter","authors":"Yousef Abdullah, Will Perdikakis, He Li, Ke Wang, Yue Zhang, Xiaodan Wang, Jin Wang, Liming Liu, S. Bala","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8722047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8722047","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a hybrid PWM modulation method is proposed to reduce the EMI filter size of GaN based inverters. Time-based PWM modulation and frequency-based modulation methods are combined to achieve a reduced EMI profile, which reduces the filter size required to meet EMI standards. An EMI test bed based on the CISPR EMI standard is built using a 10-kW GaN inverter and modeled using LTspice simulation. The simulation model parameters were finely tuned to represent the actual system. Experimental EMI tests were conducted to verify the simulation model. The hybrid method is simulated and tested achieving an attenuation of 7-12 dBs. It is shown that this method reduces the EMI filter size by 21% which helps to increases the power density of the inverter.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"320 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124535760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Christen, J. Smajic, A. Sridhar, T. Brunschwiler
{"title":"Design and optimization of a wide dynamic range Programmable Power Supply for data center applications","authors":"R. Christen, J. Smajic, A. Sridhar, T. Brunschwiler","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8722072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8722072","url":null,"abstract":"A point-of-load (PoL) voltage regulator module (VRM) with high efficiency, conversion ratio and power density can enable dense integration of CPUs in data centers, and subsequently increase the overall data center energy efficiency. State-of-the-art VRMs are already quite small and achieve high peak efficiencies. However, given the variable nominal load currents of these VRMs in response to changing computational loads of the data centers, a flat high-efficiency response is more desirable. This paper presents a programmable VRM with a flat < 90 % efficiency response over a wide load dynamic range. The proposed programmable VRM is based on multiphase interleaved synchronous buck topology with phase shedding. An extensive exploration of different power switch technologies has been performed in order to obtain the most suitable MOSFET technology for this topology. Our design space exploration also included sweeping the voltage conversion ratio, passive components and switching frequency. The finalized programmable VRM, using discrete Si-MOSFETs, performs a 12–1 V DC-DC conversion with an operating load range of 10 – 200 A and a switching frequency of 200 kHz. Experimental characterization of the VRM demonstrates an efficiency of 92.2 % across the wide load range of 10 – 200 A, confirming design simulations with a maximum relative error of 0.7 %.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"16 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113967491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Modular Multilevel Converter with Self Voltage Balancing","authors":"Yunting Liu, F. Peng","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8721876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8721876","url":null,"abstract":"The modular feature of modular multilevel converter (MMC) distinguishes itself from other topologies for medium-/high-voltage applications. However, as the count of sub-modules increases, the control complexity of voltage balancing for each sub-module sharply increases. Conventionally, the MMC is deemed to have no inherit voltage balancing property without voltage monitoring and control. This paper mathematically proves that MMC capacitor voltage is self-balanced by nature. This implies that MMC could achieve the sub-module capacitor voltage balancing without any monitoring or control. Based on the mathematical proof, a novel modulation, namely Y-Matrix Modulation (YMM), is proposed to transform the math analysis into modulation practice. With the proposed YMM, MMCs are secured self voltage balancing. Conventionally, either a complicated voltage balancing control, or extra components must be embedded to MMC to balance the capacitor voltage. Compared to conventional MMC capacitor voltage balancing strategies, YMM features extremely simple algorithms and good reachability to high-level MMCs while maintaining the original half-bridge sub-module topology.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121762863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Switching Sequence Synthesis for Minimizing RMS Current in a Single-Inductor-Multi-Output Converter","authors":"S. Maji, K. Hariharan, S. Kapat","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8722226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8722226","url":null,"abstract":"Single-inductor-multiple-output (SIMO) DC-DC converters offer a compact power management solution in low power applications for simultaneously powering multiple DC loads. While using a time-interleaved PWM control technique, there exist multiple feasible switching sequences in a SIMO converter. The primary research focus in the recent past remains in minimizing the cross regulation and coupling effects. However, there has been a little emphasis on the design of the switching sequence for minimizing the RMS inductor current in order to minimize the conduction losses. This paper is aimed in finding a suitable switching sequence for the reduction in the RMS value of the inductor current iL in a SIMO converter. The primary objectives are to (i) find the practically feasible switching sequences, (ii) identify the sequence with the lowest RMS value of iL at a given operating condition, and (iii) develop an optimal algorithm for dynamically varying operating conditions. A prototype of dual-output buck converter is made. A three-output simulated and a two-output experimental case studies are considered, and analytical predictions are found to be consistent with the results.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116604218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic Bus Voltage Configuration in a Two-Stage Multi-Phase Buck Converter to Mitigate Transients","authors":"Arnab Acharya, V. I. Kumar, S. Kapat","doi":"10.1109/APEC.2019.8722175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2019.8722175","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a dynamic bus voltage transition technique in a two-stage multi-phase buck converter for 48 V to point-of-load (PoL) applications. The proposed topology uses a bank of pre-charged switching capacitors at the output of the first-stage buck converter. This configuration helps to achieve an immediate intermediate bus voltage transition while supplying a (second-stage) multi-phase buck converter. This can substantially speed-up a large-signal transient recovery by adjusting the bus voltage to its highest voltage level. Thereafter, near steady-state, the bus voltage is set to its (lower) optimum value for improving the overall efficiency and also for ripple cancellation for the second-stage converter. A higher bus voltage helps in proportionally reducing the output capacitance for the second-stage while retaining the (voltage) undershoot within the desired limit. This helps to reduce recovery time and current overshoot during a step-reference transient. A hardware prototype of the proposed architecture is made, and improved performance is demonstrated using simulation and experimental results.","PeriodicalId":142409,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115147591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}