International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献

{"title":"Surface characterization of copper metal matrix composites reinforced with tungsten and molybdenum (Cu-W-Mo) through Microwave hybrid heating: A sustainable approach","authors":"Khalid Bashir,&nbsp;Dheeraj Gupta,&nbsp;Vivek Jain","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the innovative application of microwave hybrid heating (MHH) as a cost-effective and efficient method for fabricating advanced copper (Cu) powder-based metal matrix composites (MMCs). These composites are reinforced with tungsten (W) and molybdenum (Mo) powders at varying weight fractions (5 %, 10 %, and 15 %). The novelty of this research lies in the use of MHH, which combines microwave and conventional heating to achieve uniform, rapid processing, significantly reducing melting times and enhancing material properties. Using a microwave frequency of 2.45 GHz and a power setting of 900 W, pure Cu was successfully cast in just 7 min, while the reinforced composites melted even faster, within 4 min. Phase analysis was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed the formation of Cu₆₄O phases due to the process taking in the atmospheric environment. Microstructural studies further highlighted the presence of equiaxed grains and uniform dispersion of the W and Mo reinforcement particles throughout the Cu matrix. Increasing W and Mo content in Cu enhances the tensile strength and resistivity of the composite material. The MMC containing 15 % W and 15 % Mo achieved a Vickers microhardness value of 302.78 ± 15.13 HV which is 5.09 times higher than that of pure Cu. The composites exhibited excellent physical properties, including minimal porosity (less than 1.5 %). The Cu + 15 %W + 15 %Mo composite achieved an impressive relative density of 98.56 %, indicating excellent compaction and low defect levels. Moreover tensile strength of Cu + 15 %W + 15 %Mo was found 301 ± 15.05 MPa which was 1.65 times higher than that of pure Cu.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107147"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of annealing temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al15Ti35V20Nb15Zr15 alloy","authors":"Yatao Zhu ,&nbsp;Chenglei Wang ,&nbsp;Manchao Liang ,&nbsp;Zhantao Wang ,&nbsp;Mei Huang ,&nbsp;WeiJie Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the effects of annealing temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al₁₅Ti₃₅V₂₀Nb₁₅Zr₁₅ lightweight high-entropy alloy were systematically investigated. Results indicate that the Al₁₅Ti₃₅V₂₀Nb₁₅Zr₁₅ alloy exhibits a dual-phase structure consisting of body-centered cubic (BCC) and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phases. As the annealing temperature increases, the HCP phase grows along the grain boundaries, accompanied with the precipitation of a needle-like phase. The alloy primarily demonstrates a dendritic structure, and the rise in annealing temperature promotes dendrite refinement, reducing the grain size from approximately 227.21 μm to 88.28 μm. This refinement remarkably enhances the alloy's strength, hardness, and wear resistance. The yield strength of the alloy increases from ∼1718 MPa to ∼1941 MPa with the increase of annealing temperature. However, this enhancement partially affects plasticity primarily because of the precipitation of acicular phases, which hinders dislocation motion and the increase in internal stress within the alloy, thereby leading to reduced ductility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107154"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wear mechanisms and crack-healing mechanisms of Ti(C,N)-(W,Ti)C-TiSi2 gradient cermet tool in dry turning of 17-4PH stainless steel","authors":"Xinyao Cui ,&nbsp;Chuanzhen Huang ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Shi ,&nbsp;Hanlian Liu ,&nbsp;Chongzhen Du ,&nbsp;Shijie Li ,&nbsp;Zhen Wang ,&nbsp;Longhua Xu ,&nbsp;Shuiquan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Ti(C,N)-(W,Ti)C-TiSi₂ gradient cermet tool (GT5) fabricated by vacuum hot pressing sintering was used for continuous dry turning of 17-4PH stainless steel at different cutting speeds, and its cutting performance and crack-healing mechanisms were explored in comparison with those of Ti(C,N)-(W,Ti)C-TiSi₂ homogeneous cermet tool (TWS20) and Ti(C,N)-(W,Ti)C homogeneous cermet tool (TW15). The results showed that the wear resistance and cutting performance of the GT5 tool were significantly better than those of TWS20 and TW15 tools. At the cutting speed of 150 m/min, the tool life of the GT5 tool was approximately 1.32 times and 2 times that of TWS20 and TW15 tools, respectively. Flank wear, crater wear, chipping and tool material flaking were the main failure modes of the GT5 tool. The main wear mechanisms of the GT5 tool were adhesive wear, oxidative wear and slight abrasive wear, of which oxidative wear was conducive to crack-healing. The contributions of gradient structure to the residual compressive stress, hardness and toughness of its surface layer tool material and the strengthening of tool material by crack-healing mechanisms were responsible for better cutting performance of the GT5 tool. During the dry cutting, the thermal cracks were repaired and filled by the particle TiO₂ and glass phase SiO₂ generated from the oxidation reaction of TiSi₂ and a small amount of WSi₂. In addition, the crack tip was passivated by glass phase oxides, which contributed to inhibition of crack propagation and avoidance of tool material flaking. It was confirmed that the crack-healing mechanism could improve the cutting performance and prolong the tool life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107153"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tantalum coatings formed on titanium by electrospark deposition with computer numerical control in a controlled gas environment","authors":"Vladimir Aleksandrovich Koshuro,&nbsp;Marina Alekseevna Fomina,&nbsp;Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Fomin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tantalum coatings were obtained on commercially pure titanium by electrospark deposition (ESD) at normal (760 Torr) and reduced (380 Torr) pressure in air or argon atmosphere. A monolayer of ESD tantalum coating with the thickness from 3.6 to 6.5 to 13.2–22.0 μm was applied at the working current of 0.5–2.0 A and constant speed of movement of the tool electrode equal to 60 mm/min along the trajectory, which was set using a complex with computer numerical control (CNC). The width of the deposited tracks in air atmosphere varied from 0.27 to 0.49 to 0.41–0.89 mm and in argon the track width stabilized in the range of 0.73–0.85 mm at an operating current of 1.0–2.0 A. The coatings formed in air were characterized by a high oxygen content from 17.36 to 19.38 to 40.81–47.15 at.% and nitrogen from 2.07 to 2.61 to 3.73–4.17 at.%, an average splat value from 72.6 to 74.4 to 118.1–202.4 μm, and microhardness from 5.4 to 7.7 to 12.1–12.3 GPa. The use of an argon environment allowed limiting the oxygen content in the range of 17.99–41.00 at.%, lowering the nitrogen content to 1.65–2.20 at.%, stabilization of the average splat size in the range of 89.0–121.9 μm, and reduction in the microhardness to 5.3–9.0 GPa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107151"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143620018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The CuNb alloys prepared by laser directed energy deposition: Effect of Ti addition on microstructure and properties","authors":"Congwen Tang ,&nbsp;Dengzhi Wang ,&nbsp;Pengfei Sun ,&nbsp;Tao Lai ,&nbsp;Heng Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Zhou ,&nbsp;Gang Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Preparing Cu<img>Nb alloys on copper substrate by laser directed energy deposition (LDED) can improve the ablative resistance effectively. However, the mechanical properties of the Cu<img>Nb alloys deteriorate due to the weak Cu<img>Nb interfacial bonding. To address this challenge, we propose a strategy that an interphase TiO is introduced to optimize the interface structure. Adding Ti element can significantly transform the morphology of the Nb from cellular structure to fine dendrite. It was found that the formation of TiO interphase can transform the incoherent Cu/Nb interface into the semi-coherent Cu/TiO/Nb interface that the dislocations can transmit across more easily. Therefore, the Cu-Nb-Ti deposited alloys exhibit higher total elongation. In addition, the Cu-Nb-Ti deposited alloys exhibit higher strength due to the grain boundary strengthening and solute solution strengthening, and the Cu-Nb-1.5Ti deposited alloy achieves the most excellent synthetic performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107152"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of residual stress distribution in wire-arc directed energy deposited refractory molybdenum alloy utilizing numerical thermo-mechanical analysis and neutron diffraction method","authors":"Saiful Islam ,&nbsp;Md Abdul Karim ,&nbsp;Sainand Jadhav ,&nbsp;E. Andrew Payzant ,&nbsp;Jeffrey R. Bunn ,&nbsp;Yousub Lee ,&nbsp;Dong-Gyu Ahn ,&nbsp;Duck Bong Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Directed energy deposition (DED), a metal additive manufacturing (AM) technique, offers higher deposition rates and energy efficiency, making it suitable for fabricating components from refractory molybdenum alloys, such as molybdenum‑titanium‑zirconium (TZM). However, large thermal gradients and non-equilibrium thermal cycles in DED could generate high residual stress in the component, potentially deteriorating quality and performance. Thus, this study aims to investigate residual stress generation and its distribution in wire-arc DED of TZM thin-wall, utilizing thermo-mechanical analysis and high-fidelity neutron diffraction (ND) method. Two interpass temperatures (50 °C and 200 °C) have been considered to investigate their impact on residual stress formation. During experiments, in-situ thermal data has been recorded using thermocouples, which have been utilized for calibrating the thermal model. Thermocouple data shows a good agreement with the simulation results, having a difference of less than 10 %. Post-deposition part deformation has been observed, which is measured using a coordinate measuring machine, showing maximum values of 0.93 mm and 0.78 mm for interpass temperatures of 50 °C and 200 °C, respectively. Numerical predictions of distortion deviated by less than 15 % from the experimental results. ND measurement and simulation results indicate that residual stress magnitude and evolution vary across the TZM deposits, revealing microstructural anisotropy in both conditions. Notably, lower interpass temperatures resulted in higher residual stresses, confirmed by experimental and simulation data. This study demonstrated that an integrated experimental and thermo-mechanical analysis can potentially reveal the temperature history, part deformation, and residual stress formation in wire-arc DED TZM alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107149"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shape, microstructure and properties of diamond/copper composites prepared by binder jet additive manufacturing","authors":"Meng-meng Ding ,&nbsp;Hao Fu ,&nbsp;Yun-fei Tian ,&nbsp;Jian Sun ,&nbsp;Xue Yang ,&nbsp;Lai-ma Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, in order to achieve the net near forming of diamond/copper composites, the binder jet 3D printing (BJ3DP) was employed to prepare and the printing parameters and sintering temperature were optimized. Subsequently, in order to further improve the relative density and thermal conductivity of the printed parts, tungsten metallization of diamond was carried out and its effects on the interfacial bonding between diamond and copper were discussed. The experimental results showed that the green parts with best quality was obtained when the print layer thickness and binder saturation were 100 μm and 50 %, respectively. After sintering at 1250 °C, the diamond/copper composites prepared by BJ3DP achieved the highest relative density of 92.16 % along with the most excellent heat dissipation performance, in detail, a thermal conductivity of 229 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹. After tungsten plating on the diamond surface, the relative density and thermal conductivity of the samples were improved and reached to 94.95 % and 343 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹, respectively. This may be attributed to that the interfacial bonding between diamond and copper was enhanced by formation of WC and W₂C phase during sintering. This work provides a process basis and data reference for the preparation of diamond/copper composites by BJ3DP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107148"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of different shaped three-dimensional preforms on the microstructure and wear resistance of WC/Iron-based configuration composites","authors":"Di Wu ,&nbsp;Haojie Gou ,&nbsp;Yifan Shi ,&nbsp;Lin Yang ,&nbsp;Fei Zhang ,&nbsp;Zulai Li ,&nbsp;He Wei ,&nbsp;Quan Shan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical properties of metal matrix composites are frequently reduced due to the uneven distribution of reinforcement particles. In this article, the effects of three-dimensional preforms with different shapes on the microstructure of WC/ Iron-based configuration composites were examined, and the hardness, friction coefficient and wear properties of WC/ Iron-based configuration composites in different regions were measured. The findings reveal that the microstructure of the composites is mainly composed of WC, W₂C, Fe₆W₆C, and M₇C₃ carbides. Compared with the triangular and quadrilateral configurations, the composite materials prepared by hexagonal configuration have better hardness and wear resistance, the matrix hardness is 921.7HV, the composite layer hardness is 1450.4 HV, the friction coefficient is the lowest (0.51), and the wear weight is the least (0.21 g). The temperature-time curves obtained by finite element simulation also confirm that the designed three-dimensional preform has a favorable metallurgical reaction with the matrix, especially the hexagonal configuration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107132"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on the progress in cobalt removal for PDC","authors":"Songcheng Tan ,&nbsp;Ying Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaohong Fang ,&nbsp;Xiaojun Zhao ,&nbsp;Longchen Duan ,&nbsp;Yule Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As an excellent super-hard composite cutting tool material, polycrystalline diamond composite (PDC) is widely utilized in various fields such as coal geology, oil drilling and gas extraction. However, one of the main reason for its subsequent failure is the use of cobalt, which is the most commonly used metal binder during its sintering process. In recent years, researchers have conducted studies on the methods and effects of cobalt removal after sintering. This review summarizes the studies on the role and influence of cobalt in the PDC's fabrication process as well as the researches on the progress of cobalt removal from the upper layer of PDC through acid leaching or electrolysis methods. Moreover, the effects after cobalt removal on wear resistance, thermal stability and impact toughness have been discussed. The review provides a comprehensive overview of experimental results and insights derived from studies on cobalt removal of PDC over the past dozen years. The focus is on the technologies, solution formulas of cobalt removal, and the relationship between the depth and performance of PDC after cobalt removal. It is crucial to optimize these parameters for achieving efficient and precise cobalt removal, thereby optimizing the performance of PDC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107136"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143578034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure, fracture behavior and mechanical properties of cellular Ti(C,N)-based cermets with varying Ni contents fabricated by multiphase-flow agglomeration and subsequent vacuum sintering","authors":"Zhiyi Jiang ,&nbsp;Yong Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Xu ,&nbsp;Wei Zhou ,&nbsp;Bo Li ,&nbsp;Min Yang ,&nbsp;Yijie Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cellular Ti(C,N)-based cermets were fabricated using multiphase-flow agglomeration followed by liquid phase sintering. The influence of the Ni binder phase content on the microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of cermets was investigated. A distinct interface between the matrix and the agglomerates was observed. As the Ni content increased, the volume percentage of the agglomerates dropped and some agglomerates began to dissolve, compromising the integrity of the structure. The TRS of cellular cermets initially elevated before decreasing. Hardness consistently declined, and toughness exhibited the opposite trend. Moreover, the relationship between the volume percentage of agglomerates and the mechanical properties of cellular cermets was modeled mathematically. From cermets A to E, there was a noticeable increase in the proportion of tearing ridges and dimples in both the matrix and agglomerates. Cracks passing through the interface were more likely to bridge or deflect, significantly consuming fracture energy. Furthermore, a larger fractal dimension indicated that the fracture behavior of cellular cermets was highly complex and irregular, contributing to superior fracture toughness. In summary, cellular cermet D containing 22 wt% Ni binder phase exhibited the highest TRS value and better hardness and fracture toughness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107133"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143578032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}