International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献

{"title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of NbMoTaW porous refractory high entropy alloy processed by powder metallurgy","authors":"Baoguang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuanping Huang ,&nbsp;Zhifu Huang ,&nbsp;Jian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porous NbMoTaW refractory high entropy alloys (RHEAs), which possess an outstanding balance between mechanical properties and lightweight, were manufactured via powder metallurgy. Even sintering at 2200 °C, the average grain size can still be maintained at about 5 μm owing to the hysteresis diffusion effect. The present porous NbMoTaW RHEA exhibits a remarkable specific compressive strength of 60.7 MPa·g⁻¹·cm³, which is mainly ascribed to the combined action of strong solid solution strengthening and grain boundary strengthening. This work reveals the potential of replacing porous tungsten (W) with RHEAs in some applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107063"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-temperature stability and thermal expansion behavior of equi-atomic refractory multi-principal element alloys based on MoNbTi system for Gen IV reactor applications","authors":"Anilas Karimpilakkal ,&nbsp;Joseph W. Newkirk ,&nbsp;Jason L. Schulthess ,&nbsp;Frank Liou ,&nbsp;Visharad Jalan ,&nbsp;Haiming Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigates the thermal stability and thermal expansion behavior of seven equi-atomic refractory multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) based on the MoNbTi ternary system composed of low neutron absorption cross section elements. Through an integrated approach utilizing in-situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) in conjunction with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dilatometry and ageing heat treatment, the thermal stability of the MPEAs was comprehensively analyzed. In-situ HT-XRD experiment confirmed the stability of the room temperature phases up to 1000 °C with no peaks observed corresponding to additional phases in the HT-XRD patterns at 500, 800 and 1100 °C. DSC thermograms showed the absence of peaks up to 1000 °C, while peaks and valleys corresponding to exothermic and endothermic events were observed above 1000 °C. Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) derived from second order polynomial fitting of linear thermal expansion data from the dilatometry experiment showed linear increment up to 1000 °C for all the alloys except those containing Zr. The Cr containing alloys exhibited notably higher CTE values, particularly the Al containing alloy exhibited the highest value. Ageing heat treatment at 800 and 1000 °C for 96 h and subsequent microstructural analysis revealed significant precipitation of secondary phases in MoNbTiZr, MoNbTiZrV and MoNbTiCrAl. A substantial increase in hardness was observed in MoNbTiZr and MoNbTiCrAl due to secondary phase precipitation, while the other alloys maintained hardness values comparable to their as-cast and homogenized states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107064"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and performance study of cBN/AlN/Al thermal conductive composites under high temperature and high pressure","authors":"Xuefeng Yang ,&nbsp;Dandan Li ,&nbsp;Shuo Yang ,&nbsp;Enhui Chen ,&nbsp;Zhengxin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To solve the problem that traditional heat dissipation materials cannot meet the heat dissipation requirements of highly integrated electronic devices under high heat flux density, this paper uses the performance characteristics of cubic boron nitride with high thermal conductivity, high-temperature resistance, oxidation resistance, and good chemical stability, and uses a cubic press to prepare cBN/AlN/Al thermally conductive composites under high temperature and high-pressure conditions. The effects of the added phase system and content, sintering temperature, and other factors on the preparation and properties of cBN/AlN/Al thermally conductive composites were studied. The results show that under the sintering conditions of 5.0 GPa and 1500 °C, the cBN/AlN/Al thermal conductivity composites with the best performance are obtained by adding AlN/Al binder with a mass fraction of 20 %, with relative density and thermal conductivity of 98.8 % and 259 W/(m·K, respectively), which can be used as an ideal material for the preparation of heat dissipation substrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107065"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of tantalum (Ta): Mechanisms, properties, and applications","authors":"Arash Fattah-alhosseini ,&nbsp;Razieh Chaharmahali ,&nbsp;Burak Dikici ,&nbsp;Mosab Kaseem","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) significantly enhances the surface properties of tantalum (Ta), making it more suitable for applications that demand high corrosion resistance, wear protection, and biocompatibility. Ta is known for its excellent corrosion resistance due to the formation of a stable oxide layer. The PEO process enhances this property by producing a dense and stable oxide layer, primarily composed of tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂O₅), which provides superior chemical stability in harsh environments. These oxide coatings significantly improve wear resistance by increasing surface hardness and minimizing porosity. The reduced defect density enhances crack resistance and stress distribution, while the smoother coating surface lowers friction during contact. Additionally, ceramic-like coating that protects against mechanical damage, thereby making it ideal for aerospace and industrial applications. In the biomedical field, PEO-coated Ta demonstrates enhanced biocompatibility and promotes bone integration due to its porous structure, which facilitates mechanical interlocking with surrounding tissues. The process can be tailored to incorporate bioactive materials, further improving implant performance. However, challenges remain, particularly in controlling the porosity of the coatings and optimizing PEO parameters to ensure consistent quality. The efficacy of the PEO process is highly dependent on factors such as electrolyte composition, voltage, and current density, all of which influence the morphology, thickness, and phase composition of the oxide layer. By fine-tuning these parameters, it is possible to achieve coatings with tailored properties that meet the specific requirements of various applications. In summary, PEO coatings significantly extend the applicability of Ta by improving its resistance to wear and corrosion while enhancing its biological properties for medical use, though further optimization is necessary to maximize these benefits. In this context, this review paper discusses the advancements and implications of PEO on Ta for various applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107059"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of alloying elements (Ti, Zr, Ta, W) on the thermodynamic and elastic properties of HfC at high temperature and high pressure","authors":"C.P. Liang,&nbsp;R.M. Wen,&nbsp;W.Y. Liang,&nbsp;L. Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of alloying elements Ti, Zr, Ta, and W on the thermodynamic and mechanical properties of HfC were investigated at temperatures ranging from 0 to 3000 K and pressures from 0 to 100 GPa using first-principles calculations and quasi-harmonic approximate Debye model. The results show that Ti and W decrease the thermal expansion coefficient of HfC at elevated temperatures, while Ta and Zr increase this coefficient. In terms of melting point, Ti and Zr lower the melting temperature of HfC, whereas Ta and W raise it. All four alloying elements enhance the Debye temperature of HfC at elevated temperatures and higher pressures. Their impact on heat capacity is negligible at high temperatures, but results in a reduction at high pressures. In terms of elastic properties, Zr reduces the elastic modulus of HfC, while Ta and W significantly enhance it. Additionally, at high temperatures, Ti weakens the elastic anisotropy of HfC, while Zr and Ta enhance it; the effect of W is small. At high pressures, however, the influence of the alloying elements on the elastic anisotropy of HfC is relatively weak.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107058"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing room and high temperature performance on WC-Co cemented carbide via nitrogen modification","authors":"Jianxiong Zhang,&nbsp;Jinwen Ye,&nbsp;Xiangkun Li,&nbsp;Zhiyao Ouyang,&nbsp;Mengze He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Incorporating nitrogen-containing inhibitors has been shown to significantly improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of cemented carbides at room temperature. However, research on the role of nitrogen itself and its impact at elevated temperatures is still limited. In this study, a series of cemented carbides with varying nitrogen content were synthesized by introducing (Cr_0.9V_0.1)₂(C, N) as an inhibitor. The addition of nitrogen results in a continuous refinement in the grain size of WC, thereby increasing hardness. Moreover, the transverse rupture strength (TRS) and fracture toughness initially increase and subsequently decrease. Building on these findings, the paper further investigates the role of nitrogen on the high-temperature mechanical and thermal characteristics of cemented carbides. At temperatures below 600 °C, nitrogen incorporation notably improves the hardness of cemented carbide while mitigating its rate of softening. Furthermore, nitrogen-modified cemented carbide exhibits favorable thermal conductivity.</div><div>Nitrogen-modified cemented carbide demonstrates excellent mechanical properties (<span><math><mi>TRS</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>5461.6</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>MPa</mi></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mi>HV</mi><mn>30</mn></msub><mfenced><mi>room temperature</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mn>1968.6</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>kg</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mi>mm</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>IC</mi></msub><mfenced><mi>room temperature</mi></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mn>10.51</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>MPa</mi><mo>·</mo><msup><mi>m</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, <span><math><msub><mi>HV</mi><mn>5</mn></msub><mfenced><mrow><msup><mn>800</mn><mo>°</mo></msup><mi>C</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mn>1446.1</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>kg</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mi>mm</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mi>K</mi><mi>IC</mi></msub><mfenced><mrow><msup><mn>800</mn><mo>°</mo></msup><mi>C</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>=</mo><mn>17.10</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>MPa</mi><mo>·</mo><msup><mi>m</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> at 0.03 wt% nitrogen. The results of our research demonstrate the significant potential of nitrogen-containing inhibitors in the fabrication of high-performance cemented carbide cutting tools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107057"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microscopic characterization and tribological properties of boron-doped microtextured spherical diamond composite coatings","authors":"Daohui Xiang,&nbsp;Jun Zhang,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Zhang,&nbsp;Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Zhong Cheng,&nbsp;Chaosheng Song,&nbsp;Yanqin Li,&nbsp;Guofu Gao,&nbsp;Jinglin Tong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the poor abrasion resistance and adhesion strength of ordinary CVD diamond coatings and the single shape of the substrate have seriously limited the development of diamond surface coating technology in the machining industry, the study of the adhesion and tribological properties of diamond coatings under different shapes of substrates is necessary to solve this problem. In this study, diamond coatings were prepared on the spherical surface of cemented carbide, combining surface micro-texturing, boron doping, and composite coating techniques to investigate diamond coatings' adhesion strength and friction properties. Research Methodology: Diamond spherical films with different micro-texturing and coating types were processed on the spherical surface of WC-Co cemented carbide by laser etching and hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD). Adhesion and tribological properties of spherical diamond films were studied by indentation and friction experiments. Study results: The optimum boron doping concentration was near 4000 ppm; Concentric square groove boron doped micro/nanodiamond (SGBDM/NCD) spherical films showed the smallest maximum crack diameter of 413 μm after indentation experiments and the best bonding strength to the substrate; The average friction coefficients of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) spherical films, micro/nanocrystalline diamond (M/NCD) spherical films, boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond (BDNCD) spherical films, boron-doped micro/nanocrystalline diamond (BDM/NCD) spherical films, concentric grooves of boron-doped micro/nanocrystalline diamond (CGBDM/NCD) spherical films, and SGBDM/NCD spherical films were reduced in the order of magnitude. Compared with ordinary NCD ball film, SGBDM/NCD ball film has improved wear resistance and increased the removal performance of mold steel by about 23.5 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107054"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation of residual stress in TiAlN coatings by WC-co substrate surface treatment","authors":"Wenfeng Yang ,&nbsp;Guangming Zheng ,&nbsp;Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Xiang Cheng ,&nbsp;Huanbao Liu ,&nbsp;Xianhai Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The surface properties of coatings, especially the residual stress, have a direct impact on the cutting performance and service life of coated tools. In this work, TiAlN coatings are deposited on WC-Co cemented carbide by cathodic arc method. Four surface treatments are carried out on the substrate before deposition, including un-treatment (UT), micro-blasting treatment (MBT), diamond grinding treatment (DGT), mechanical polishing treatment (MPT). The effects of substrate treatment on the surface morphology, mechanical properties and cutting performance of coated tools are studied. The surface morphology of the substrate determines the nucleation sites, which in turn changes the residual stress in the coatings. The order of residual compressive stress (absolute value) in the coatings is MBT &gt; UT &gt; DGT &gt; MPT. In the depth direction, the residual compressive stress gradually increases from the coating surface to the coating-substrate interface. The MBT tools with high residual compressive stress have the high coating adhesion and nano-hardness, which can obtain the longest service life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107049"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143173450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced density and fine W particles of W-7Ni-3Fe alloys prepared by binder jetting additive manufacturing with a two-step sintering strategy","authors":"Yuhua Heng,&nbsp;Yiwei Mao,&nbsp;Kunhao Feng,&nbsp;Jianan Zheng,&nbsp;Yingmi Xie,&nbsp;Qingsong Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107037","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107037","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Binder jetting (BJ) additive manufacturing has emerged as a potential technique for the fabrication of complex tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) parts due to high efficiency and low cost. However, due to the low green density, high sintering temperature or long holding time is required to achieve densification of the BJ WHA samples. This could also lead to excessive growth of W particles, which compromises their mechanical properties. To address these issues, a two-step sintering strategy was proposed in this study to enhance sintering densification and refine W particles. The densification, microstructure evolution, and tensile properties of BJ W-7Ni-3Fe alloys manufactured by two-step sintering (TSS) were investigated and compared with those fabricated by one-step sintering (OSS). Notably, at a sintering temperature of 1520 °C, the TSS samples exhibited a 5.0 % enhancement in density and a 15.9 % reduction in W particle sizes in comparison to the OSS samples. Meanwhile, the mechanical performance of the TSS samples was significantly improved, with increases of 62.8 % in hardness, 7.6 % in yield strength, 14.2 % in ultimate tensile strength, and 32.7 % in elongation, respectively. Furthermore, the relationship between mechanical performance, porosity, and microstructural parameters was analyzed in detail. Linear relationship between microstructural parameters and tensile properties was well fitted with porosity below 10 %. The as-reported TSS strategy offers great potential in obtaining BJ tungsten-based alloys and other refractory metals with high density and fine grains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107037"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional microstructural characterization of a polycrystalline cubic boron nitride composite by means of focused ion beam (FIB) tomography","authors":"S. Gordon ,&nbsp;T. Rodriguez-Suarez ,&nbsp;J.J. Roa ,&nbsp;E. Jiménez-Piqué ,&nbsp;L. Llanes","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The focused ion beam (FIB) tomography technique has been used to conduct a detailed study of the microstructural assemblage of a polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PcBN) composite. In doing so, ∼400 slices (i.e. two-dimensional (2D) field emission scanning electron microscope images) have been sequentially milled and reconstructed, resulting in a cube of 10.8 × 4.3 × 8.1 μm³. The three-dimensional (3D) microstructural characteristics of a high cBN content and metallic binder PcBN composite have been assessed and compared to those determined using a conventional 2D – linear intercept method (LIM). Results demonstrated FIB tomography to be a suitable and powerful technique for gaining in-depth knowledge and understanding of the microstructural assemblage of PcBN composite materials. In general, a satisfactory agreement is found between 2D and 3D characterization techniques. Nevertheless, 3D reconstruction provides information impossible to gather with conventional LIM. First, analysis of the phase content distribution in 3D permits to determine a homogeneous distribution of the cBN particles along the bulk material. Second, 3D tomography allows for assessment of geometrical aspects while also considering a greater number of cBN particles. As a consequence, they are found to exhibit a bimodal distribution rather than a monomodal one, with larger and finer particles showing a tetrahedral-like or a close-to-sphere geometry, respectively. Finally, binder reconstruction reveals the metallic matrix to be a contiguous and interconnected network through the cBN skeleton. In this regard, some discrepancies in the binder mean free path calculations between 2D and 3D methodologies are discerned.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 107045"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143174453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}