International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献

Microstructures and dynamic compression properties of a WTaTiCrV refractory high-entropy alloys as an energetic structural materials

IF 4.2 2区材料科学

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107178

Yanfei Qi , Yanbing Chen , Xiqiang Ren , Xianghai Meng , Binghe Pang , Yungang Li

{"title":"Microstructures and dynamic compression properties of a WTaTiCrV refractory high-entropy alloys as an energetic structural materials","authors":"Yanfei Qi , Yanbing Chen , Xiqiang Ren , Xianghai Meng , Binghe Pang , Yungang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) are promising energetic structural materials (ESMs) owing to their high energy density and rapid energy release. Herein, an as-cast WTaTiCrV RHEA was prepared and its physicochemical parameters were studied to infer the phase stability. The dynamic compressive mechanical properties of the as-cast WTaTiCrV RHEA were investigated to evaluate its potential for application as ESMs. The as-cast WTaTiCrV RHEA comprised of a body-centered cubic (BCC) matrix and a minor Laves phase. Its dynamic compressive mechanical properties were measured at a series of high strain rates. The as-cast WTaTiCrV RHEA exhibited strain rate sensitivity, the strength increased with increasing strain rates. Its ultimate compression strength of the as-cast WTaTiCrV RHEA was ∼2.329 GPa when the strain rate was 5402 s<sup>−1</sup>. Additionally, W, Ta, Ti, Cr and V were oxidized during the high strain rate compression, and the as-cast WTaTiCrV RHEA was fragmented. It underwent violent energy release reactions under high strain rate loading. Therefore, the WTaTiCrV RHEA is expected to be a promising candidate for the development of ESMs in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107178"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Co-assisted low-temperature sintering of ultrahard W2B5 composites

IF 4.2 2区材料科学

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107173

Xiao-Hui Yang, Guo-Hua Zhang

{"title":"Co-assisted low-temperature sintering of ultrahard W2B5 composites","authors":"Xiao-Hui Yang, Guo-Hua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fully dense and fine-grained W<sub>2</sub>B<sub>5</sub> ceramics were successfully fabricated by spark plasma sintering at 1375 °C using metallic cobalt as additive. Co reacted with W<sub>2</sub>B<sub>5</sub> to form binary (CoB) and ternary phases (W<sub>3</sub>CoB<sub>3</sub>) during sintering process. Experimental results showed that the relative density of W<sub>2</sub>B<sub>5</sub> ceramic increased from 96.7 % (for pure W<sub>2</sub>B<sub>5</sub> ceramic sintered at 1800 °C) to 99.0 % with 10 wt% Co addition and 99.5 % with 20 wt% Co addition (sintered at 1375 °C), respectively. Due to the lower sintering temperature, the grain size of W<sub>2</sub>B<sub>5</sub> in W<sub>2</sub>B<sub>5</sub>-10Co decreased from 5.3 ± 0.2 μm to 3.2 ± 0.1 μm relative to pure W<sub>2</sub>B<sub>5</sub>. However, in the case of 20 wt% Co addition, W<sub>2</sub>B<sub>5</sub> grains grew anisotropically, forming elongated strips with a length of 4.2 ± 0.3 μm and a width of 1.1 ± 0.2 μm. The W<sub>2</sub>B<sub>5</sub>-10Co composite exhibited superior mechanical properties with the Vickers hardness of 19.7 ± 0.3 GPa (30 Kg), fracture toughness of 8.7 ± 0.4 MPa·m<sup>1/2</sup> and flexural strength of 783.2 ± 22 MPa. Compared to pure W<sub>2</sub>B<sub>5</sub> ceramics, the hardness remained almost unchanged, while the fracture toughness and flexural strength were significantly improved by 61.8 % and 49.8 %, respectively. These improvements benefitted from the combination of high densification degree, fine-grained strengthening and in-situ CoB phase formation improving interfacial adhesion via semi-coherent interfaces. However, excessive addition of Co (20 wt%) induced stress concentration via brittle CoB coalescence, outweighing the densification benefit and drastically reducing hardness and flexural strength.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107173"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fabrication and mechanical properties of TiCN-based non-flat-layer ceramics with a novel inner structure comprising trapezoidal tooth layers

IF 4.2 2区材料科学

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107176

Jiaojiao Gao , Mengsha Ning , Zhiqiang Li , Jinpeng Song , Haibao Yue , Ping Ping , Jian Zhao

{"title":"Fabrication and mechanical properties of TiCN-based non-flat-layer ceramics with a novel inner structure comprising trapezoidal tooth layers","authors":"Jiaojiao Gao , Mengsha Ning , Zhiqiang Li , Jinpeng Song , Haibao Yue , Ping Ping , Jian Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>TiCN-based, non-flat-layer ceramics with a novel inner structure comprising trapezoidal tooth layers were designed and fabricated by vacuum hot pressing sintering technology. The effects of the tooth number (TN) on the mechanical properties were studied. The results exhibited a trapezoidal tooth structure, consistent with the design. As a distinct characteristic, crack bridging in the TiCN–HfN (TH) layer was more than that in the TiCN–WC (TW) layer. With increasing TN, the flexural strength (FS) of the ceramics first increased and then decreased, whereas the interlaminar shear strength (ISS) increased gradually. At the same TN, the FS and ISS of the V sample (cut vertical to the addendum line) were higher than those of the P sample (cut parallel to the addendum line). With increasing TN, the increase in the interfacial area contributed to increasing the ISS of the P sample, whereas an increase in the normal force and interfacial area contributed to increase in the ISS of the V sample. When the TN was 7, the ceramic exhibits excellent mechanical properties. These results provide a new perspective for the fabrication of non-flat-layer ceramics with high ISS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107176"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cu-Sn-Ti/Cu foam/Cu-Sn-Ti multi-layer filler alloy to modulate the microstructure and shear strength of YG18/Cu-Sn-Ti/40Cr joints

IF 4.2 2区材料科学

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107175

Zhaoyang Zheng , Zhe Jiang , Tianyu Zhang , Jianlong Wang , Shaoheng Wang , An Du , Ruina Ma , Yongzhe Fan , Xue Zhao , Xiaoming Cao

{"title":"Cu-Sn-Ti/Cu foam/Cu-Sn-Ti multi-layer filler alloy to modulate the microstructure and shear strength of YG18/Cu-Sn-Ti/40Cr joints","authors":"Zhaoyang Zheng , Zhe Jiang , Tianyu Zhang , Jianlong Wang , Shaoheng Wang , An Du , Ruina Ma , Yongzhe Fan , Xue Zhao , Xiaoming Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, Cu-Sn-Ti/Cu foam/Cu-Sn-Ti multi-layer composite filler was designed to reduce the proportion of intermetallic compounds in YG18/Cu-Sn-Ti/40Cr joints, so as to modulate the microstructure and shear strength. The introduction of Cu foam effectively inhibited the Co solubilization in YG18 into the filler layer and reduced the content and proportion of intermetallic compounds such as Co<sub>2</sub>SnTi and CuSn<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub> in the filler layer. At Cu foam thicknesses of 50 and 100 μm, the foam Cu would interact with the filler alloy, which promoted the uniform distribution of the phase inside the filler layer and formed a stable composite structure. However, the liquid brazing filler was difficult to fill completely due to the increase in the total volume of the pores when the thickness of the Cu foam was 200 μm, resulting in the formation of defects such as lack of weld and holes. The typical microstructure of the joint was YG18/“wedge” structure (WC + TiC)/TiC layer/Cu [s, s] + eutectic (CuSn<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub> + Cu [s, s])/TiC layer/40Cr. The Cu foam effectively enhanced the shear strength of the joints. In comparison to the joint without Cu foam, 100 μm Cu foam enhanced the shear strength of the joint by 32 % to 284 MPa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107175"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of powder characteristics on the sintering behavior of TiC-Fe-Cr-Mo cermets: Fe carbonyl and Cr3C2 mixtures vs. 17-4PH powders

IF 4.2 2区材料科学

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107174

Lucía Muñoz-Ortuño , Tomas Soria-Biurrun , Jazmina Navarrete-Cuadrado , Lorena Lozada-Cabezas , Federico Ibarreta-López , Roberto Martínez-Pampliega , José M. Sánchez-Moreno

{"title":"Effect of powder characteristics on the sintering behavior of TiC-Fe-Cr-Mo cermets: Fe carbonyl and Cr3C2 mixtures vs. 17-4PH powders","authors":"Lucía Muñoz-Ortuño , Tomas Soria-Biurrun , Jazmina Navarrete-Cuadrado , Lorena Lozada-Cabezas , Federico Ibarreta-López , Roberto Martínez-Pampliega , José M. Sánchez-Moreno","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>New TiC based cermets have been obtained by liquid phase sintering using powder mixtures including Fe carbonyl, Mo<sub>2</sub>C, Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> and 17-4PH powders. As observed in other TiC-Fe based cermets, sintering of TiC-FeCrMo-17-4PH alloys involves the carbothermal reduction of powder oxides, which in the case of cermets containing 17-4PH, are mainly Cr and Ti based. Liquid phase sintering is hindered as the 17-4PH content increases. This is associated to a loss of homogeneity in the powder mixtures and likely to a loss of wettability. TiC-FeCrMo-17-4PH cermets mainly consist of TiC-(Ti<sub>1-x</sub>,Mo<sub>x</sub>)<sub>y</sub>C<sub>z</sub> grains integrated in a metallic matrix, whose crystalline structure can be modified from martensite to austenite by changing the Fe carbonyl to17-4PH ratio and the carbon content. The observed precipitation of minoritary phases like M<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub> and M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> is consistent with the total Cr and C content of the alloys as predicted by TC® software and TCFE13 database.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107174"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Extraction of metallic niobium using a consumable NbCxOy anode

IF 4.2 2区材料科学

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107171

Qinglin Zeng , Bochao Xu , Zepeng Lv , Shaolong Li , Jilin He , Jianxun Song

引用次数: 0

High-quality vacuum diffusion bonding of W and RAFM steel by using a two-step plated Cu interlayer

IF 4.2 2区材料科学

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107172

Zhang Liu , Yuanyuan Chen , Jianbo Zhang , Huan Song , Chenxi Liu , Yuan Huang , Zumin Wang

{"title":"High-quality vacuum diffusion bonding of W and RAFM steel by using a two-step plated Cu interlayer","authors":"Zhang Liu , Yuanyuan Chen , Jianbo Zhang , Huan Song , Chenxi Liu , Yuan Huang , Zumin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The bonding of W and RAFM steel is of significance for the fabrication of plasma-facing components in nuclear fusion reactors. In this work, W and RAFM steel were bonded by using a two-step plated Cu interlayer to improve the performance of the W/Cu/RAFM steel joints. The bonding process contains two-step Cu plating on the W substrate followed by annealing, and subsequent diffusion bonding to RAFM steel. The morphologies and structures of the two-step plated and annealed Cu films, as well as the interface structure of both as-bonded and tempered W/Cu/RAFM steel joints, were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, and electron backscattered diffraction. The primary about 600 nm-thick Cu layer was tightly bonded to the W substrate, and the Cu film of about 13 μm was finally obtained after two-step Cu plating and annealing. The shear strength of the W/Cu/RAFM steel joint was 285 MPa, and the strength of the tempered joint was 233 MPa, while the toughness of the joint was improved after tempering. Additionally, the thermal conductivity of the tempered W/Cu/RAFM steel joint was about 43 W/(m·K). The bonding process proposed in this work may provide an effective pathway for the preparation of test blanket modules in the future nuclear fusion reactors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107172"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of heat treatment on nanoparticle reinforced Nb-18.7Si alloy

IF 4.2 2区材料科学

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials Pub Date : 2025-03-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107170

Elisa Holzmann , Khemais Barienti , Mattia Guglielmi , Egbert Baake , Sebastian Herbst , Hans Jürgen Maier

{"title":"Effect of heat treatment on nanoparticle reinforced Nb-18.7Si alloy","authors":"Elisa Holzmann , Khemais Barienti , Mattia Guglielmi , Egbert Baake , Sebastian Herbst , Hans Jürgen Maier","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eutectic Nb-18.7Si alloys with different ceramic nanoparticle addition (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, TiC, SiC, 5 mol.-%), prepared by arc-melting, were heat-treated for 24 h at 1500 °C. Phase composition, microstructure transition and mechanical properties were investigated. The results show that the γ-Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> and small Nb<sub>3</sub>Si phases from the as-cast alloy decomposed into α-Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> and Nb<sub>ss</sub>/α-Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>-eutectoids. Larger Nb<sub>3</sub>Si phases still existed after heat treatment. Additionally, after heat treatment the Nb<sub>ss</sub> phases were interconnected to a continuous matrix, while silicides appeared coarsened and spherical while being uniformly distributed in the Nb<sub>ss</sub> phase. This effect was most pronounced in the alloy with addition of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles, due to the ultrafine nano-scale lamellar structures of Nb<sub>ss</sub> + α-Nb<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> in its as-cast condition. While the added nanoparticles had a strong effect on the initial microstructure of the as-cast state, they showed no noticeable effects like pinning of grain boundaries during heat treatment. A decrease in hardness was observed due to the coarsening of the microstructure and the reduced area fraction of silicide phases. However, the transformation to the coarser microstructure with a continuous Nb<sub>ss</sub> matrix and spherical silicide phases seems to be effective in inhibiting crack propagation by promoting crack deflection and bridging over the Nb<sub>ss</sub> phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107170"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of cutting tools with selective laser melting from electroless nickel-coated tungsten carbide powder material

IF 4.2 2区材料科学

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials Pub Date : 2025-03-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107169

Tevfik Oğuzhan Ergüder , Fatih Yıldız , Onur Güler , Murat İbrahim Sevim , Temel Varol

{"title":"Development of cutting tools with selective laser melting from electroless nickel-coated tungsten carbide powder material","authors":"Tevfik Oğuzhan Ergüder , Fatih Yıldız , Onur Güler , Murat İbrahim Sevim , Temel Varol","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was on whether cemented carbide tools could be produced using cheaper and more readily available Ni binder instead of expensive Co binder using selective laser melting, which is a new generation production method that can be easily produced in the desired design without losing scrap. The study determined the optimum laser manufacturing parameters for the production of Ni coated WC powder by electroless deposition using the selective laser melting (SLM) method and produced turning inserts with those parameters. Production of SLM-based turning inserts, including Ni-coated WC powder (WC-Ni), encountered some problems due to lack of binder. Pure Ni powders were added to Ni-coated WC powders (WC-Ni + Ni) to improve bonding which increased relative density, reduced surface roughness and resulted in ∼95 % reduced wear rate. For optimum SLM conditions, the microhardness value was measured as 1879 ± 130 HV<sub>0.3</sub>. The surfaces of the turning inserts produced by SLM were then ground. TiN coating was applied and the microhardness after coating was as 2002 ± 174 HV<sub>0.3</sub>. After turning, the TiN-coated SLM insert had the lowest surface wear and performed very close to the conventionally manufactured insert.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107169"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study of the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the gradient diffusion bonding of WC-20Co cemented carbide and 42CrMo4 steel

IF 4.2 2区材料科学

International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107167

Zhenyao Fan , Zijian Zeng , Siyao Xie , Yafei Pan , Shenghua Deng , Jianling Liu

{"title":"Study of the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the gradient diffusion bonding of WC-20Co cemented carbide and 42CrMo4 steel","authors":"Zhenyao Fan , Zijian Zeng , Siyao Xie , Yafei Pan , Shenghua Deng , Jianling Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The construction of intermediate layers in the diffusion bonding of cemented carbide and steel is an effective way to mitigate the difference in thermal expansion coefficients and reduce the induced residual stress (RS). However, additional pre- or post-treatment is crucial to further release the RS generated during bonding and enhance the performance of the joints. In this study, annealing and deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) are introduced in the diffusion bonding of WC-20 and 42CrMo4. The bending flexural strength increases from 702 to 1060 MPa (increased by 51.0 %) after pre-DCT but decreases to 324 MPa (decreased by 53.8 %) after annealing. The changes in mechanical properties are attributed to the evolution of RS and microstructure. It is revealed that DCT before bonding alters the RS from compressive −269 MPa to tensile 1188 MPa, which enhances the resistance to external compressive loads during bending. Although annealing reduces the original harmful compressive RS to −173 MPa, the coarsening of the Fe<sub>3</sub>C under long-term thermal exposure results in embrittlement and premature fracture, thereby weakening the bending strength. Furthermore, the compressive residual stress of −154 MPa in the joint with post-DCT indicates that DCT facilitates the transfer of residual stress from the interior to the surface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107167"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0