International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献

{"title":"Interfacial stabilization for electron beam welding of molybdenum and Kovar alloy with Permalloy addition","authors":"Teng Shi ,&nbsp;Guoqing Chen ,&nbsp;Qianxing Yin ,&nbsp;Xinyan Teng ,&nbsp;Ge Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuesong Leng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>No continuous brittle phase precipitates at the fracture location of the molybdenum/Kovar alloy electron beam welded joint, indicating that unstable phase interfaces resulting from solid-state phase transitions constitute the fundamental cause of joint brittleness. To inhibit solid-state phase transitions and optimize interfacial stability, Permalloy was added to the weld. The original solid-state eutectoid reaction (<em>R(Fe</em>_<em>5</em><em>Mo</em>_<em>3</em><em>) → α-Fe + μ(Fe</em>_<em>3</em><em>Mo</em>_<em>2</em><em>)</em>) was successfully replaced by a liquid-phase eutectic reaction (<em>L → γ-Ni + MoNi</em>). Since the eutectic γ-Ni + MoNi in contact with α-Mo precipitates directly from the liquid phase, no habitus growth occurs between the products and the parent phase during solid-state phase transitions. The eutectic nuclei grow along lattice planes exhibiting minimal distortion with α-Mo to minimize interface energy with adjacent phases. After adding Permalloy, the lattice misfit at the α-Mo/MoNi and α-Mo/γ-Ni interfaces is reduced to 11.2 % and 6.3 %, respectively, significantly lower than the excessive misfits of 22.1 % and 30.6 % observed at the original α-Mo/eutectoid α-Fe + μ(Fe₃Mo₂) interfaces without Permalloy addition. The transformation of the primary phase interface within the weak zone from incoherent to nearly coherent significantly enhances the mechanical properties of the welded joint, resulting in a tensile strength of 312 MPa, a 23 % increase compared to joints welded without Permalloy addition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 107307"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144557021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the improvement of laser-processed cemented carbide mechanical properties and tribological performance through confinement effect","authors":"Jianping Wang ,&nbsp;Shigang Tang ,&nbsp;Ruoyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Caijiang Wang ,&nbsp;Gai Zhao ,&nbsp;Yinfei Yang ,&nbsp;Ning He ,&nbsp;Xiuqing Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser processing has been widely employed for fabricating micro-textures; however, high-energy laser ablation has led to the formation of a recast layer. The resulting heat-affected zone (HAZ) further contributes to the development of defects, such as pores and microcracks, on the surfaces of the workpieces. These imperfections have significantly impeded the practical application of micro-textured components. Inspired by the confinement effect, this study has investigated how strategically distributed micro-textures can localize the thermal influence zone of the laser and mitigate defects caused by high-energy laser ablation. Initially, the defect formation mechanism during the laser processing of cemented carbide has been analyzed. Subsequently, the confinement effect was harnessed through optimized micro-texture arrangements to mitigate the detrimental effects of laser-induced defects. The results indicated that laser direct writing led to the formation of surface defects—including recast layers, pores, and microcracks—which negatively impacted the material's mechanical properties. However, the confinement effect was found to suppress crack propagation and enhance flexural strength, resulting in a 5.3 % improvement. Friction tests demonstrated that low-density micro-textures effectively reduced the friction coefficient by acting as reservoirs for debris and friction modifiers. In contrast, high-density micro-textures compromised performance due to premature failure, thereby nullifying their friction-reduction capability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 107305"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of HVOF-sprayed WC-based coatings on 3D-printed Al-Mg-Sc to improve corrosion and wear performance","authors":"Min Wu ,&nbsp;Yi Cao ,&nbsp;Wei Jiang ,&nbsp;Yueming Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A critical issue for the application of SLM-fabricated Al-Mg-Sc alloys in marine environments is their insufficiency of wear and corrosion resistance. In this study, two kinds of WC-based protective coatings, including WC-12Ni and WC-20Cr₃C₂-7Ni, were deposited onto the surface of a 3D-printed aluminum alloy matrix via HVOF spraying process to simultaneously improve the corrosion and wear resistance. To systematically investigate the correlation between thickness and performance, each coating was fabricated at three distinct thickness levels (100, 200, and 300 μm). The corrosion resistance of both coatings was evaluated through electrochemical analyses, specifically electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization, whereas their wear resistance was quantified using ball-on-disc dry sliding wear tests. After identifying 200 μm as the optimal thickness for both coating series, the post-corrosion and post-wear microstructural evolution of the corresponding specimens was characterized using SEM, XRD, XPS, and 3D profilometry to study the underlying enhancement mechanisms for WC-Cr₃C₂-2 coating induced by Cr₃C₂ incorporation. The result reveals that the Cr₃C₂ addition improves corrosion resistance by simultaneously refining the WC grain structure during deposition and promoting denser passive layer formation. Meanwhile, the fine-grained structure and interphase cohesion in WC-Cr₃C₂-2 coating can inhibit particle dislodgement, thereby enhancing its wear resistance. In conclusion, this study additionally provides novel research approaches into the surface modification of high-strength Al-Mg-Sc alloys produced through SLM technique.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 107296"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144515876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Separation of cobalt and tungsten from grinding waste of cemented carbide by a mildly process of chloridizing roasting and water leaching combining","authors":"Longgang Ye,&nbsp;Kai Tang,&nbsp;Li Zhang,&nbsp;Zhimei,&nbsp;Xia,&nbsp;Shufen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tungsten is primarily used to produce cemented carbide tools, generating substantial amounts of grinding waste of cemented carbide (GWCC) during machining. GWCC mainly comprises tungsten carbide (WC) and cobalt, which have significant economic value and are worth recovering. This work proposes a mildly recovery process involving chloridizing roasting and water leaching, introducing a novel transition and decomposition method for GWCC through chlorination roasting using CaCl₂ as the chlorinating agent. Initially, Co and W in the GWCC are converted into CoCl₂ and CaWO₄, WO₃ via chloridizing roasting. Subsequently, water leaching of the roasting product yields a CoCl₂ solution and tungstate residue. Pure cobalt hydroxide precipitation is then obtained by adjusting the pH of the solution. The thermodynamic equilibrium of the WC–Co–CaCl₂ system was first calculated, demonstrating that W and Co are entirely transformed into CaWO₄ and CoCl₂ above 400 °C with an initial chlorine-to‑cobalt ratio (<em>n</em>_Cl/<em>n</em>_Co ratio) of 2.0. Detailed roasting experiments reveal that the maximum cobalt leaching efficiency was achieved at 600 °C. The <em>n</em>_Cl/<em>n</em>_Co ratio significantly influences the conversion, and insufficient CaCl₂ and low temperature lead to cobalt tungstate and cobalt chloride formation. Optimal roasting conditions were determined to be a temperature of 600 °C, a <em>n</em>_Cl<em>/n</em>_Co ratio of 2.4:1, and a reaction time of 1 h, achieving a cobalt leaching efficiency of 94.32 %. Finally, pure cobalt hydroxide was precipitated, and the separated tungstate residue was a high-quality raw material used for tungsten smelting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 107303"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of high ductility TZM-La2O3 alloy and characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties","authors":"Yong Wei ,&nbsp;Hui-Ling Yang ,&nbsp;Ling-Zi Tao ,&nbsp;Xiao-Yun Sun ,&nbsp;Cheng-Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Lai-Ma Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs spark plasma sintering (SPS) to fabricate TZM alloy doped with 0.5 wt% La₂O₃ at three different temperatures: 1800 °C, 1900 °C, and 2000 °C, and systematically investigates the effect of sintering temperature on its microstructure and mechanical properties. At 1900 °C, the alloy exhibits an equiaxed grain structure, achieving an optimal balance between grain size (7.03 ± 3.8 μm) and relative density (98.2 %). This temperature effectively suppresses excessive grain growth while promoting densification. The alloy attains a peak hardness of 211.3 HV_0.2, an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 606 MPa, and an exceptional elongation (EL) of 24.3 %, representing a 148 % increase over the 1800 °C sintered sample (EL of 9.8 %) and an 18 % improvement over the 2000 °C sample (EL of 20.6 %). The corresponding product of strength and elongation (PSE) reaches 14.7 GPa·%, surpassing most previously reported TZM-based alloys in the literature. Fractographic analysis reveals that all samples exhibit ductile dimple fracture, though variations in the area proportion of dimpled regions lead to differences in EL. The 1900 °C sample displays the most favorable dimple morphology and highest ductility, attributed to its homogeneous microstructure and effective inhibition of grain boundary sliding by La₂O₃ particles. Results indicate that La₂O₃ nanoparticles strengthen the matrix through grain refinement and dislocation pinning, achieving an optimal combination of strength and ductility. Consequently, 1900 °C is identified as the ideal sintering temperature for the TZM-0.5 wt% La₂O₃ alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 107306"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure, mechanical properties and friction performance of SiC whisker and SiC particle synergistic toughening ZrB₂-based ceramic material for potential cutting tool","authors":"Jinrui Li ,&nbsp;Chuanzhen Huang ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Shi ,&nbsp;Longhua Xu ,&nbsp;Zhen Wang ,&nbsp;Shuiquan Huang ,&nbsp;Meina Qu ,&nbsp;Zhengkai Xu ,&nbsp;Dijia Zhang ,&nbsp;Baosu Guo ,&nbsp;Tianye Jin ,&nbsp;Hanlian Liu ,&nbsp;Dun Liu ,&nbsp;Peng Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>ZrB₂ is a prominent ultra-high-temperature ceramic with good thermal stability, high hardness, and strong thermal shock resistance. However, its relatively low indentation fracture resistance limits its application as a ceramic cutting tool material. Therefore, the present study focuses on adding SiC_p and SiC_w to matrix ZrB₂ to enhance the mechanical properties of ZrB₂-based composites for cutting tool applications. ZrB₂-SiC_p-SiC_w composites were fabricated by hot-pressing sintering. The effects of SiC_w/SiC_p content, sintering temperature 1750–1950 °C, and hot-pressing dwell time 30–60 min on the microstructure and mechanical properties were systematically investigated. The frictional performance was evaluated through ball-on-disk wear tests against TC4 titanium alloy. In addition, turning experiments of TC4 were conducted at different cutting depths. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of SiC_w and SiC_p significantly enhances both the mechanical properties and relative density of ZrB₂. With the addition of 20vol%SiC_w-15vol%SiC_p, the composite achieves a indentation fracture resistance of 6.48 ± 0.07 MPa·m^1/2, a flexural strength of 891 ± 47 MPa, and a hardness of 18.60 ± 0.35 GPa, meeting the requirements for cutting tool applications. The ZrB₂-based ceramic material exhibited a stable dynamic friction coefficient of approximately 0.55. As the applied load was increased from 5 N to 20 N, the wear rate increased from 1.22 × 10⁻⁴ mm³/N·m to 2.52 × 10⁻⁴ mm³/N·m. The wear mechanisms are a combination of abrasive and adhesive wear by the worn surface characterization. During TC4 machining under high pressure-temperature conditions, diffusion and oxidative wear mechanisms were observed in addition to adhesive and abrasive wear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 107299"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of porous tungsten with tunable pore structures via low-temperature pressureless sintering: Processing and mechanisms","authors":"Tingshu Chen ,&nbsp;Hui Guo ,&nbsp;Wenmin Zhao ,&nbsp;Minguo Wei ,&nbsp;Ming Wu ,&nbsp;Yubo Chen ,&nbsp;Peng Li ,&nbsp;Wei Tang ,&nbsp;Baixiong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porous tungsten plays a critical role in field emission electric propulsion (FEEP) thrusters by synergistically combining sharp emitter tips with efficient internal propellant transport. The emission performance of FEEP thrusters exhibits strong dependence on the emitter's porosity and pore density. Nevertheless, conventional fabrication methods for porous tungsten face challenges in achieving porosity levels of 20–40 % concurrently with precise pore density control. This study proposes a fabrication strategy that integrates wet ball milling with powder metallurgy, enabling pressureless sintering at low temperatures (1200–1500 °C). The developed method allows for the synthesis of porous tungsten featuring uniform pore size and homogeneous pore distribution. Through precise regulation of sintering temperature and holding time, we achieved porous tungsten with controlled porosity (21.98–38.16 %), pore density (2.2–16.32 pores/10μm²), peak compressive strength of 987.2 MPa, and Vickers hardness ranging from 107.77 to 204.85 HV. The growth kinetics of sintering necks were analyzed based on the Kuczynski model, yielding a scaling exponent <em>n</em> = 4.50 and activation energy <em>Q</em>. Fitting of necks in porous tungsten prepared with varied ball-milling durations revealed the mechanistic influence of milling on powder sintering activity. These results underscore bulk diffusion as the predominant mass transport mechanism, with the reduced activation energy attributed to enhanced sintering kinetics from ultrafine powders and optimized milling processes. This work provides a theoretical framework for successful low-temperature sintering of porous tungsten.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 107300"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure evolutions of liquid phase sintered W-Ni-Fe alloy under gravity","authors":"An Wang,&nbsp;Xiangdong Zhang,&nbsp;Jiawen Wang,&nbsp;Xianfeng Dong,&nbsp;Xianrong Li,&nbsp;Junye Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the microstructure evolutions of liquid phase sintered W-Ni-Fe alloys under different parameters (1460 °C/1, 15, 30 min) are observed based on the optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). With the prolongation of sintering time, irregular W particles gradually become spheroidized. However, due to the sedimentation of W particles caused by gravity, the microstructure is layered in the height direction after 1460 °C/30 min. Dendrites are formed in the top region because of the segregation of Ni and Fe. W grains become denser towards the bottom, in which the area fraction can be up to 73 %. In addition, the relative sliding between particles leads to shear force in the W particles and Ni<img>Fe matrix under gravity, causing local stress concentration and cracks. Therefore, the selection of appropriate sintering technology has an important effect on the microstructure of the tungsten alloy, which can avoid the generation of dendrites and cracks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 107297"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144481654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oriented nucleation and selective growth dependence on annealing temperature for Nb521Y alloy","authors":"Mengxuan Xing,&nbsp;Xiaoxin Zhang,&nbsp;Zhaokun Song,&nbsp;Mingyu Shao,&nbsp;Qingzhi Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Niobium (Nb) is a candidate material for heat pipes in space nuclear reactors, and it would suffer recrystallization when used at high temperatures. Usually, recrystallization is accompanied by texture evolution, which is related to mechanical properties and irradiation resistance. Thus, it's necessary to evaluate the texture evolution mechanism during recrystallization. In this work, a deformed Nb alloy named Nb521<img>Y with 70 % reduction was annealed at 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, and 1400 °C for 1 h, and then the recrystallization temperature was determined as 1300 °C. During annealing, oriented nucleation and selective growth occurred, both of which exhibited a temperature dependence. Recrystallization nucleation occurs via strain-induced boundary migration and sub-grain coalescence, initiating at deformed grain boundaries and sub-grain networks. The deformed Nb521<img>Y presented {001} 〈110〉, {112}〈110〉, especially {111}〈110〉 textures. Oriented nucleation of {111} 〈112〉, {110} 〈100〉, and {001}〈110〉 occurred, and the latter two were nucleated until temperatures were above 1150 °C. After 1250 °C annealing, selective growth of {111}〈112〉, {225}〈5–54〉and {115} 〈–3–72〉occurred in sequence. After 1300 °C annealing, selective growth of {111}〈112〉 also occurred firstly then growth of {110}〈100〉 and {331} 〈1−10〉 from {111}〈112〉took place. Selective growth sequence and its dependence on annealing temperature were related to misorientation angles, of which close to 30° were preferred to grow at lower temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 107301"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the possibilities of increasing the durability of forging tools used in the production of forgings for the automotive industry by applying the ALWIN XC hard coating","authors":"Łukasz Dudkiewicz ,&nbsp;Marek Hawryluk ,&nbsp;Sławomir Polak ,&nbsp;Maciej Zwierzchowski","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The work concerns research on the analysis of the possibility of increasing the durability of forging dies used for the production of forgings (made of AISI304 steel) for the automotive industry during the hot die forging process by using the ALWIN (CrAlSiN) coating with a multi-layer TiC/C coating with a low coefficient of friction. The assessment of the applied method of increasing the service life of tools was carried out based on operational tests during the industrial process for 5 sets of forging tools. The work compared the results for the tool with the ALWIN XC coating (where the base layer is CrN, not the standard diffusion nitrided layer) and for standard tools (without additional coatings). As part of the work, a number of tests were carried out, including macroscopic and microscopic tests, numerical simulations, and hardness measurements. The detailed tests showed that the use of the ALWIN XC coating allows for increasing the durability of forging tools, which was confirmed for 5 sets of forging tools. In contrast to the nitrided layer used alone, for these forging tools (forging the same stainless steel forging), the use of nitriding did not bring positive results. This confirms once again that each product, each forging process requires an individual approach, because small changes in the process can have a positive or negative effect on the service life of the forging tools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"132 ","pages":"Article 107288"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}