International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献

{"title":"Void formation driven by plastic strain partitioning during creep deformation of WC-Co","authors":"L. Weller ,&nbsp;R. M'saoubi ,&nbsp;F. Giuliani ,&nbsp;S. Humphry-Baker ,&nbsp;K. Marquardt","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Creep deformation of WC-Co composites at high temperature and stress is accommodated by either bulk WC creep or by Co-infiltrated grain boundary sliding. It has been proposed that certain grain boundaries are more susceptible than others to such sliding, and depending on the applied stress, the overall deformation rate can be limited by either mechanism. Here, we have used Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction to study the strain partitioning in each phase, the evolution in phase boundary and grain boundary misorientation, and void formation. Several WC-Co samples (Co contents ranging 7–13 % and grain sizes 0.5–1 μm) were deformed by unconstrained compression at 1000 °C under constant load in the range 0.5–1 GPa. The localised deformation state – as characterised by increases in pixel misorientation and inverse pole figure dispersion – increased significantly between 0.5 and 0.75 GPa for both phases, which may be associated with the onset of grain boundary sliding. The onset of the formation of creep voids occurred when the stress level was 0.75 GPa or more. Deformation was correlated with an increase in 60° Co_FCC /Co_FCC boundaries, and in 56° WC/Co_FCC boundaries. Boundaries with the latter misorientation angle may preferentially enable the Co infiltration process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106950"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Processing and performance of protective Ni-doped CuMn spinel interconnect coatings","authors":"Kaixin Suo ,&nbsp;Zhikuan Zhu ,&nbsp;Jillian R. Mulligan ,&nbsp;Srikanth Gopalan ,&nbsp;Uday B. Pal ,&nbsp;A. Mohammed Hussain ,&nbsp;Nilesh Dale ,&nbsp;Yoshihisa Furuya ,&nbsp;Soumendra N. Basu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stainless-steel porous substrates for metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells require protective coatings to prevent chromium poisoning of the cathode. In this study, CuNi_0.2Mn_1.8O₄ powders were synthesized by the glycine nitrate combustion synthesis process and protective coatings were deposited on porous SUS 430 substrates by electrophoretic deposition and densified using a two-step annealing procedure. It was found that an AC signal of 500 Hz, <span><math><mo>±</mo></math></span>20 V voltage amplitude with a 60/40 duty ratio (coating deposition to removal time ratio), combined with a stirring rate of 200 RPM, resulted in a ∼ 2 μm relatively uniform coating throughout the surfaces of the porous structure. The conductivity of CuNi_0.2Mn_1.8O₄ decreased and the activation energy of small polaron hopping increased with increasing Cr doping concentration. The diffusivity of Cr in CuNi_0.2Mn_1.8O₄ at 700°C was determined to be 7.93 × 10⁻²⁰ m²/s. It is predicted that the surface of a 2 μm CuNi_0.2Mn_1.8O₄ coating will not exceed the solubility limit of Cr even after 50,000 h of operation, highlighting the excellent gettering property of the coating. A model was developed that indicated that at 700 °C, the coating layer contribution to the area specific resistance is more dominant during the first 250 h, after which the contribution of the Cr₂O₃ layer becomes more significant. Compared to the uncoated sample, the ASR of the coated metal support is expected to be less than 1/10th of that of an uncoated sample after 50,000 h of operation. These results show that AC-EPD CuNi_0.2Mn_1.8O₄ coatings not only mitigates chromium poisoning in SOFC stacks but also maintains robust electrical conductivity, thereby promising enhanced long-term cell performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106947"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of process parameters on the growth of AlN coatings on Al-based alloy","authors":"Rohan Soni ,&nbsp;Vinod K. Sarin ,&nbsp;Pratima Rao ,&nbsp;Easwar Srinivasan ,&nbsp;Soumendra N. Basu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Semiconductor fabrication equipment extensively uses Al alloys which form an AlF layer when exposed to fluorine gas used in semiconductor processing. The AlF layer can flake off, rendering the chamber components unfit for semiconductor manufacturing. With the goal of resisting fluorine attack, the growth of protective AlN coatings on Al-6061 substrates was investigated, and this paper reports on the effects of process parameters on coating quality. It was found that Mg powders in a powder bed placed before the sample along the gas flow path can supply a rapid burst of magnesium vapor to the sample during exothermal nitridation (combustion) of Mg powders. This burst of supersaturated magnesium vapor can convert the native protective Al₂O₃ to non-protective MgO on the sample surface if the extent of magnesium supersaturation, the temperature of the sample, and the residence time of the vapor around the sample are high enough. At the same time, the magnesium supersaturation should not be so high as to get significant gas phase nucleation of Mg₃N₂ particulates that can stick to the front edge of the sample causing a ‘front edge anomaly’. This balance is achieved by using a bimodal distribution of magnesium powders. Conversion of Al₂O₃ to MgO is accompanied by the formation of a Mg₃N₂ layer above the MgO layer, with incomplete surface coverage. Microstructural analysis suggests that AlN nucleation is preferred on this Mg₃N₂ layer, with uncovered areas being regions of outward Al diffusion from the alloy. The coating grows outward with the AlN dendrites growing outwards and laterally leading to a dense coating with a dendritic network of AlN in an Al matrix. Even a small concentration of oxygen or water vapor in the reaction chamber leads to excessive MgO formation on the AlN coating surface, particularly during the sample cooldown. Excessive MgO formation on the coating surface, termed as ‘MgO poisoning’, inhibits further coating growth. The residual Mg and Mg₃N₂ in the powder bed getter the oxygen and moisture, respectively, thereby keeping the oxygen content sufficiently low to avoid MgO poisoning provided the chamber has good hermetic integrity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106944"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An insight into the microstructure effects on removal mechanisms of cemented carbide WC-Co via molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"Shuo Wang ,&nbsp;Hanzhong Liu ,&nbsp;Xiao Cheng ,&nbsp;Wenjun Zong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The optical industry has raised the roughness requirements for molds made from cemented carbide to the sub-nanometer level. An in-depth understanding of the factors related to the mechanical removal of cemented carbide is imperative. In this study, molecular dynamic simulations are used to explore the behaviors of the microstructure and their effects on the removal mechanisms of cemented carbide. Two models of cemented carbide WC-Co and binderless WC are constructed, and a taper cutting simulation is designed with a diamond tool. Firstly, it is found that the WC grain amorphization is a temporary metastable phenomenon that is related to exterior stresses. Dislocations and stacking faults inside WC grains are primarily caused by the shear stress and grain rotation. Additionally, the size effect is interpreted through the transition between the elastic and plastic deformation. Then, the cutting force at the grain scale is found to be determined by the evolution and behaviors of microstructure. Finally, the impact of Co phases on stress accommodation and WC grain displacement are analyzed. The details revealed in this study can contribute to the understanding of the mechanical removal of cemented carbide and inspire more work on the improvement of machinability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106946"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142571541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of process parameters on microstructure and properties of W-Ti-Zr-Nb tungsten alloy fabricated by LPBF","authors":"Yuchen Mu ,&nbsp;Chunjie Shen ,&nbsp;Zhuo Li ,&nbsp;Shujing Shi ,&nbsp;Lin Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106945","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106945","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel tungsten alloy with the composition 73W-9Ti-9Zr-9Nb was successfully fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF). This study investigates the relationship between process parameters and the microstructure, defects, phases and mechanical properties of the alloy. The results revealed that with an increase in the laser power (<em>P</em>) from 50 to 100 W, the number of unmelted W particles decreased, transitioning the microstructure of the as-fabricated samples from W particles embedded in the Ti-Zr-Nb matrix to W dendrites within the Ti-Zr-Nb-W matrix. Simultaneously, the porosity decreased from 20.1 % to 0.1 % as the <em>P</em> increased. There was no W₂Zr brittle phase in W-Ti-Zr-Nb, and the interface between the W particles, W dendrites, and the matrix was well-bonded. the interfaces between the W particles, W dendrites, and the matrix were well-bonded. As a result of these optimized processing conditions, the sample processed at a <em>P</em> of 100 W exhibited optimal overall performance, achieving a microhardness of 612.8 HV and an ultimate compressive strength of 2410 MPa. Increasing the laser power improved the overall performance of the material by reducing defects, increasing the proportion of dendrites, and enhancing solution strengthening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106945"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bonding behavior of Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo/WC composite coating on titanium alloy by gas tungsten arc welding cladding","authors":"Xinxin Guo ,&nbsp;Ming Ma ,&nbsp;Shuaifeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhengying Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106931","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106931","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, tungsten carbide (WC) ceramic particles were introduced into the molten pool of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) to successfully prepare a composite coating without solidification cracking and with lower dilution. The formation mechanism and properties of the bonding interface are deeply analyzed. Results demonstrate that metallurgical bonding was achieved. The dissolution behavior of WC particles and the diffusion of W element into the heat-affected zone promoted the formation of a special β(Ti, W) diffusion layer below the fusion line. (Nb, Ti)C was mainly found distributed close to the diffusion layer. Nanoindentation test results show remarkable inhomogeneity in the interface area. The fracture surface of the broken coating revealed that the titanium matrix exhibited quasi-cleavage fracture, while the particles displayed brittle fractures. The fracture surface of coatings that experienced decohesive rupture in the shear test underwent plastic deformation in the shear direction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106931"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of WC-cu-10Ni-5Mn-3Sn cemented carbides containing NbC prepared by pressureless melt infiltration","authors":"Fei You,&nbsp;Xiulan Li,&nbsp;Xinjun Zhou,&nbsp;Yao Chen,&nbsp;Wei Li,&nbsp;Yuan Zhang,&nbsp;Can Xiong,&nbsp;Zhengyu Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106929","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106929","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>WC-based cemented carbides with different contents of NbC (0, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 wt%) are prepared via pressureless melt infiltration at 1200 °C for 1.5 h. Microstructure evolution regularity of WC-based cemented carbide is investigated to establish the effect of NbC addition and microstructure peculiarities on mechanical properties (flexural strength, hardness, and impact toughness) of final product. Experimental results reveal that NbC firstly dissolves in binder alloy during melt infiltration, which slows down dissolution-precipitation reaction of WC, thus refining WC grains. With the increase in NbC content, average WC grain size shows varying trend, achieving the minimum (3.779 μm) at NbC addition of 1 wt%. When NbC is added in smaller amounts, Nb is mainly distributed throughout binder alloy. With the increase in NbC content, Nb elements tend to form aggregates and attach to WC particle boundaries. Some WC and NbC also decompose under experimental conditions. At NbC addition greater than 1 wt%, decomposition products (Nb, W, and C) combine with other elements in binder phase to form new phases such as (Nb,W)C, Ni₂W₄C, Nb₂C, and Nb₄Ni₂C. These phases further act as bridges for WC grain coarsening. Meanwhile, excessive NbC is detrimental to mechanical properties of the alloy. With the increase in NbC content, hardness and flexural strength of the alloy increase and then decrease, reaching the maximum values of 93.4 HRA and 1808.786 MPa, respectively, at 1 wt% NbC addition. In turn, impact toughness of the alloy shows consistently downward trend. Therefore, changes in mechanical properties of WC-based cemented carbides are mainly related to WC grain size, the appearance of new phases in binder phase, and their morphology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106929"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142571542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new viewpoint on the influence mechanism of TaC additions on performance of WC-Co cemented carbides","authors":"I. Konyashin ,&nbsp;B. Ries ,&nbsp;T. Gestrich","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106928","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106928","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the possible ways to improve performance properties of WC-Co cemented carbides for different applications is known to be adding insignificant amounts of tantalum carbide. Performance of mining tools is noticeably improved as a result of small additions of TaC, so that some companies produce WC-TaC-Co grades for mining applications. Despite clear experimental evidence of the positive influence of small TaC additions on the properties and performance of WC-Co cemented carbides, the mechanism of this influence is presently not understood. In the present work a new viewpoint of the influence mechanism of small TaC additions of performance of WC-Co cemented carbides was elaborated. It was established that small amounts of TaC added to WC-Co cemented carbides form an oversaturated solid solution of tantalum in cobalt when solidifying the liquid binder during cooling from sintering temperatures. This solid solution decomposes when further cooling in the solid state resulting in the formation of (Ta,W)C nanoplatelets and rounded nanoparticles embedded in the binder matrix. The effectiveness of cemented carbide with such a nanograin reinforced binder is assumed to be similar to that of the well-known cemented carbides with the binder reinforced by hard metastable W-Co-C nanoparticles implemented in industry about 20 years ago. The production of the cemented carbides with the (Ta,W)C nanograin reinforce binder is more economical and consistent, which ensures the more sustainable manufacture, and the nanoprecipitates are stable at elevated temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106928"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyclic warm rolling: A path to superior properties in MoCu composites","authors":"Xianlei Hu ,&nbsp;Huan Hu ,&nbsp;Ruimin Lai ,&nbsp;Qincheng Xie ,&nbsp;Ying Zhi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106926","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106926","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molybdenum–copper (Mo<img>Cu) composites have a low coefficient of thermal expansion, good electrical and thermal conductivity and mechanical properties, and are widely used in microelectronic packaging heat dissipation materials, aerospace and other fields. Due to the large difference in the properties of Mo and Cu, the deformation of MoCu composites is difficult. At present, there is a lack of research on the deformation process and property changes of MoCu composites with large deformation. In this study, 74 % MoCu30 composites with large deformation are prepared by cyclic warm rolling, and the deformed materials have excellent mechanical and physical properties, and the evolution of the microstructure of the composites during the deformation process is described.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106926"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substrate modification for high performance CrAl/CrAlBN multilayers coated TiCN-based cermet through plasma nitriding","authors":"Cheng Chen ,&nbsp;Qingfang Yun ,&nbsp;Changhua Chen ,&nbsp;Xingwei Xu ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Qingxian Li ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Tijun Li ,&nbsp;Zhixing Guo ,&nbsp;Ji Xiong ,&nbsp;Junbo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106930","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106930","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The plasma nitriding process was conducted on a TiCN-based cermet that had been coated with a multilayer CrAl/CrAlBN coating deposited via cathodic arc. The intensity of the plasma nitriding was modified by adjusting the anode current of the ionization source. To investigate the interface conditions, techniques such as electron probe X-ray microanalysis, electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy were employed. The results indicated that increasing the anode current led to the formation of a thicker nitrided layer and an increase in the texture coefficient of the (111) plane. Specifically, at an anode current of 200 A, the lattice mismatch degree at the TiCN/CrAlN interface decreased from 16.4 % to 3.7 %, resulting in the formation of a nearly coherent interface. The hardness, adhesion strength, and H/E ratio of the coating reached their peak values, and the coated cutting tool exhibited optimal cutting performance when machining the GH4149 superalloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106930"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}