International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced low-temperature sintering of Mo alloys with Cu-rich binders","authors":"Harish Ranot,&nbsp;Anish Upadhyaya","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molybdenum (Mo) alloys, known for their exceptional physical and mechanical properties, find applications in aerospace, electronics, and medical fields. However, the high sintering temperatures and long processing times associated with their manufacturing lead to high-temperature furnace requirements and grain coarsening, negatively impacting their cost and mechanical properties. This study investigates the effect of sintering time on the liquid phase sintering (LPS) of Mo alloys containing 10 wt% Cu-rich binders sintered at 1300 °C. Thermodynamic calculations are used to find a suitable Cu-rich ternary binder composition to enhance the wettability of the liquid formed and Mo solubility while preventing the brittle intermetallic compound formation. The densification, microstructural evolution, and phase evolution in the sintered alloys are systematically investigated and correlated. Results revealed that the addition of Fe to the Cu-rich Cu-Ni binder and sintering at 1300 °C for 60 min prevented the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds and significantly improved sintered density (up to 99.2 % of theoretical density) and mechanical properties (Hardness = 342 HV). The sintered density and hardness values achieved in this study are comparable to or better than the reported values of other Mo alloys manufactured at higher sintering temperatures for longer sintering times. These findings demonstrate that the Cu-rich Cu-Ni-Fe ternary binder has a high potential for low-temperature manufacturing of dense, near-net-shaped and intermetallic-free Mo alloys with superior mechanical properties, offering a cost-effective alternative to conventional methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107161"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of tantalum by selective laser metal","authors":"W.U. Bin ,&nbsp;Pinqiao Yi ,&nbsp;Chenchen Song ,&nbsp;Jianghao Sui ,&nbsp;Guangyi Ma ,&nbsp;Dewei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving the mechanical properties of selective laser–melted pure tantalum (SLMed Ta), a new-generation orthopedic implant material, is of paramount importance. Appropriate annealing parameters directly affect the microstructure and macromechanical properties of SLMed Ta, thereby making them a focal point in the research on this material. This study conducted a gradient crossover experiment to elucidate the effects of three annealing temperature ranges and holding times on the grain morphology and mechanical properties of SLMed Ta. The results indicated that in the low-temperature annealing section (700 °C–900 °C), the tensile strength of the samples progressively increased with rising annealing temperatures. In the recrystallization annealing section (1100 °C–1300 °C), the recrystallization of the samples increased, with a tensile strength of 610.67 ± 11.16 MPa at 1100 °C annealing for 4 h, representing a 34.51 % improvement compared to the unannealed state. In the high-temperature annealing section (1500 °C), the average tensile strength increased, and the elongation after fracture demonstrates a decrease, As a result of oxygen segregation. Extending the holding time from 2 h to 6 h resulted in the formation of more subgrains. This study provides critical insights into the optimization of annealing parameters for improving the mechanical properties of SLMed Ta, thereby advancing its application potential in orthopedic implants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107125"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing comprehensive properties of W/Cu joints through surface grinding and spark plasma sintering","authors":"Changcheng Sang ,&nbsp;Kaichao Fu ,&nbsp;Dang Xu ,&nbsp;Ruizhi Chen ,&nbsp;Pengqi Chen ,&nbsp;Yingwei Lu ,&nbsp;Yonghong Xia ,&nbsp;Qiu Xu ,&nbsp;Jigui Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the challenges in joining immiscible W/Cu dissimilar metals, this study employs surface grinding to induce plastic deformation and coarsening on the W surface, thereby obtaining the reliable W/Cu joints through spark plasma sintering (SPS). The effects of surface grinding and bonding temperature on the interfacial microstructure, mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of W/Cu joints were systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that the micro-nano structure on the W surface is successfully introduced into the W/Cu interface via surface grinding combined with SPS, forming a serrated interface structure. Shear tests and fracture analysis reveal that this serrated interface structure effectively enhances the mechanical interlocking effect and changes the crack propagation path, thus improving the mechanical properties of W/Cu joints. At 1000 °C, the shear strength of the W/Cu joint after surface grinding reaches 214.17 MPa, which is 55.59 % higher than that of the joint prepared through direct bonding (DB). Furthermore, compared to the DB joint, the W/Cu joint after surface grinding maintains superior high-temperature thermal conductivity, which is 130.11 W/(m·K) at 600 °C. This work proposes a simple and effective mechanical surface treatment method to realize high-performance W/Cu joints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107160"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of wear and corrosion resistance of WC-coated Pearlitic railway steel in dry and wet conditions","authors":"Abdulkadir Orak ,&nbsp;Seyma Korkmaz ,&nbsp;M. Huseyin Cetin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the effect of WC coating on the tribological performance of R260 rail steel was investigated by roller-on-plate wear tests and potentiodynamic polarisation corrosion tests carried out in dry and pure water environments. The High-Velocity Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) method was used for the coating process. The tests were conducted with a weight of 40 N and a sliding speed of 0.03 m/s. An Ag/AgCl reference electrode was also used for corrosion tests in a 3.5 % NaCl solution. To produce cyclic polarisation curves, the experiments were carried out at a scan rate of 1 mV/s within a potential range of ±0.25 V. The effect of WC coating on the wear performance of rail steels was analysed quantitatively with the friction coefficient and volume loss parameters and visually with SEM and 2D-3D topography images. The effect of the coating on the corrosion performance was evaluated numerically with the corrosion potential, corrosion current intensity, and corrosion rate values, as well as elementally and visually with SEM and EDX images. Wear test results showed that the wear volume in WC-coated rail steels decreased by 43.07 % and 46.94 % compared to uncoated rail steels in dry and wet conditions. Corrosion test results showed that the corrosion rate of WC-coated rail steels was lower compared to uncoated rail steels, and the corrosive effect spread to a smaller area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107163"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced properties of a WMoTaTi refractory high entropy alloy via a face-centered cubic phase","authors":"Chang Liu ,&nbsp;Keyan Zhu ,&nbsp;Muhammad Dilawer Hayat ,&nbsp;Jianan Chen ,&nbsp;Wangwang Ding ,&nbsp;Gang Chen ,&nbsp;Lin Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingli Qin ,&nbsp;Xuanhui Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refractory high entropy alloys (RHEAs) are gaining widespread attention recently due to their excellent high-temperature properties. In this study, a WMoTaTi RHEA was fabricated by laser-based powder bed fusion of metals. The microstructure features with nanosized semi-coherent ductile face-centered cubic titanium (Ti_FCC) precipitates in the body-centered cubic (BCC) matrix. The oxygen enrichment and significant thermal stresses induced by the PBF-LB/M process contributed to the formation of Ti_FCC precipitates. The semi-coherent Ti_FCC/matrix interface and the ductile nature of Ti_FCC reduced the cracking defects and greatly improved the printability of the WMoTaTi RHEA, while retaining excellent high-temperature performance. The compressive strengths of the as-printed WMoTaTi RHEA at 25, 1000 and 1600 °C are 1251.2 ± 19.5 MPa, 1159.3 ± 10.6 MPa and 96.4 ± 4.3 MPa, with the compressive strains of 6.7 ± 1.1 %, 18.3 ± 2.3 % and &gt;30.0 %, respectively. The nanoscale Ti_FCC phase underwent a transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) process from Ti_FCC to hexagonal close-packed Ti (Ti_HCP). The solid solution and secondary phase precipitates mainly contributed to the high strength, and the TRIP effect led to substantial plasticity at elevated temperatures for the as-printed WMoTaTi RHEA. This work offers a novel avenue for designing RHEAs with well printability and desirable performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107157"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of carbon sources on the sintering processes, microstructures, and mechanical proprieties of TiB2-reinforced ultrafine Ti(C,N)-based cermets fabricated via reactive spark plasma sintering","authors":"Xianrui Zhao ,&nbsp;Mengxian Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhanjiang Li ,&nbsp;Yangyang Zhao ,&nbsp;Xunbai Du ,&nbsp;Yunsong Cui ,&nbsp;Qiangyong Zhang ,&nbsp;Serhiy Serbin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>TiB₂-reinforced ultrafine Ti(C,N)-based cermets are fabricated via reactive spark plasma sintering. This study investigates the effect of carbon sources on the sintering processes, microstructures, and mechanical properties of cermets derived from a Co-Ni-Y-Ti-BN-WC-VC-Mo₂C-TaC-C system. Results reveal that the sintering process involves both solid-state reactions and liquid-phase sintering stages. Compared to graphitic graphite and graphene, amorphous carbon black and nanocarbon exhibit higher reactivity and smaller particle sizes. This characteristic inhibits the Co<img>Ti and Ti<img>Ni reactions but promotes the Ti-BN reaction, thereby reducing the shrinkage rate during the solid-state reaction stage. During the liquid-phase sintering stage, carbon dissolves into the molten metal and subsequently diffuses into preformed TiN to create Ti(C,N). The use of carbon black and nanocarbon facilitates greater consumption of carbon. Consequently, there is an increase in shrinkage rate during this stage, a reduction in residual carbon within the final sintered samples, and an enhancement in relative density. Moreover, C atoms present in the liquid phase would promote the diffusion of heavy metals into Ti(C,N). When graphite or graphene is used as a source of carbon, Ti(C,N) with a black core/Gy rim structure is obtained. In contrast, employing carbon black or nanocarbon encourages the diffusion of heavy metals toward the center of Ti(C,N). This behavior contributes to the achievement of weak core/rim-structured Ti(C,N) and coreless solid solution particles with finer particle sizes, respectively. As a result of these processes, the synthesized cermet attains an optimal hardness of 2145 HV and K_IC of 7.67 MPa·m^-1/2, along with a minimal wear depth of 8.19 μm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107159"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deformation behaviors and microstructure evolution of sintered W-10Re alloy under different conditions","authors":"Ya-Feng Wang ,&nbsp;Guo-Fan Li ,&nbsp;Jiu-Xiong Chen ,&nbsp;Lai-Ma Luo ,&nbsp;Yong-Qiang Qin ,&nbsp;Fei Sun ,&nbsp;Di Dong ,&nbsp;Yu-Cheng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high-temperature compressive properties of sintered W-10Re alloy were evaluated at temperatures of 1500–1600 °C and strain rates of 0.001–0.1 s⁻¹. The experimental results obtained from flow stress analysis indicate that deformation is primarily governed by dynamic recovery (DRV), with dynamic recrystallization (DRX) also observed, particularly at a strain rate of 0.001 s⁻¹. Within the safe processing region, the proportion of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) was found to decrease with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. It is considered that the optimal processing condition is the 1600 °C and 1 s⁻¹. Recrystallization nuclei were observed in the alloy, growing with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107158"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alloy design for powder bed fusion - laser beam: Grain boundary and segregation engineering in a novel molybdenum-boron-lanthanum alloy","authors":"L. Kaserer ,&nbsp;D. Brennsteiner ,&nbsp;J. Braun ,&nbsp;V. Goettgens ,&nbsp;I. Letofsky-Papst ,&nbsp;B. Mayr-Schmoelzer ,&nbsp;B. Distl ,&nbsp;G. Leichtfried","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molybdenum components manufactured using Powder Bed Fusion-Laser Beam (PBF-LB) currently cannot achieve the mechanical properties and quality of powder-metallurgically produced parts. This is a result of the process characteristics of steep thermal gradients and high solidification rates in PBF-LB, which promote the development of a coarse-grained, columnar microstructure. It has been observed that segregated oxygen impurities have a negative impact grain boundary cohesion, resulting in intergranular cracking and pore formation. This study aims to investigate the effect of a grain boundary and segregation engineering alloying approach for molybdenum using boron and lanthanum additions, and simultaneous adjustment of the PBF-LB process conditions.</div><div>Mo-B-La alloy specimens were manufactured from a Mo-1.5 wt% LaB₆ powder blend by in-situ alloying in PBF-LB using varying substrate plate temperatures of 200 °C, 500 °C and 800 °C. The results show that all specimens exhibit a fine-grained microstructure. A grain size of between 15 and 21 μm was achieved owing to the solute rejection effect of B and La during solidification. The specimens exhibit a mixed cellular and columnar dendritic subgrain structure of α-Mo cells or dendrites surrounded by intercellular or interdendritic Mo₂B filaments. La is found to support grain boundary purification from oxygen impurities owing to the formation of nanometer sized oxidic particles located at the interface between α-Mo and Mo₂B. 60–80 % of the added La evaporates during the process, which leads to the formation of spherical gas pores with a size &lt;Ø30 μm and limits the specimen's density to a maximum of 98.4 ± 0.4 %. The formation of cracks is significantly affected by the substrate plate temperature during the manufacturing process. Specimens manufactured at ≥500 °C are crack-free, while those produced at 200 °C exhibit cold cracks. Therefore, the bending strength of specimens manufactured at 200 °C is limited to 445 MPa, whereas those manufactured at 500 °C and 800 °C reach a bending strength of 1107 ± 117 MPa and 1210 ± 125 MPa, respectively, at room temperature. At elevated test temperatures, specimens demonstrate excellent properties, with bending strengths of 2151 ± 272 MPa and 1954 ± 510 MPa achieved at 400 °C and 600 °C, respectively.</div><div>The study concludes that the grain boundary and segregation engineering approach by alloying Mo with B and La, along with the simultaneous optimization of the process conditions by substrate plate heating, makes it possible to suppress the formation of the main quality inhibiting defects and to produce specimens with excellent mechanical properties in PBF-LB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107156"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of pore defects evolution in Mo14Re alloy welded joints under dislocation back stress","authors":"Xianjun Wang ,&nbsp;Junzhou Yang ,&nbsp;Shichen Wang ,&nbsp;Qiang Wang ,&nbsp;Li Wang ,&nbsp;Hairui Xing ,&nbsp;Yanchao Li ,&nbsp;Wen Zhang ,&nbsp;Muhammad Muzamil ,&nbsp;Ping Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mo<img>14Re alloy is widely utilized in aerospace and nuclear energy applications due to its exceptional high-temperature mechanical properties and radiation resistance. Despite its significant high-temperature stability, the presence of pore defects seriously damages the mechanical properties of the alloy. This study combines crystal plasticity finite element simulation to reveal the influence mechanism of dislocation back stress on pore defects in Mo<img>14Re alloy welded joints. In the fusion zone (FZ), the formation of pore defects is primarily influenced by differences in Schmid factors, stress concentration, and dislocation motion. Grains with high Schmid factors are more prone to dislocation movement and significant deformation, while grains with low Schmid factors exhibit weaker deformability, leading to stress concentration at grain boundaries and suppressing dislocation motion around pores. This exacerbates local deformation inhomogeneity and promotes pore formation. In the weld zone (WZ), the formation of pore defects is closely related to stress concentration and dislocation motion. Stress concentration typically occurs at grain boundaries, triggering the generation and propagation of dislocations. This often results in uneven plastic deformation, leading to insufficient deformation in certain areas and the formation of pore defects. In the FZ, lower energy input restricts dislocation motion at subgrain boundaries, leading to stress concentration and back stress accumulation, which promotes pore defect formation. In contrast, the higher energy in the WZ increases dislocation strain energy, enabling dislocations to overcome subgrain boundaries more easily.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107155"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface characterization of copper metal matrix composites reinforced with tungsten and molybdenum (Cu-W-Mo) through Microwave hybrid heating: A sustainable approach","authors":"Khalid Bashir,&nbsp;Dheeraj Gupta,&nbsp;Vivek Jain","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the innovative application of microwave hybrid heating (MHH) as a cost-effective and efficient method for fabricating advanced copper (Cu) powder-based metal matrix composites (MMCs). These composites are reinforced with tungsten (W) and molybdenum (Mo) powders at varying weight fractions (5 %, 10 %, and 15 %). The novelty of this research lies in the use of MHH, which combines microwave and conventional heating to achieve uniform, rapid processing, significantly reducing melting times and enhancing material properties. Using a microwave frequency of 2.45 GHz and a power setting of 900 W, pure Cu was successfully cast in just 7 min, while the reinforced composites melted even faster, within 4 min. Phase analysis was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed the formation of Cu₆₄O phases due to the process taking in the atmospheric environment. Microstructural studies further highlighted the presence of equiaxed grains and uniform dispersion of the W and Mo reinforcement particles throughout the Cu matrix. Increasing W and Mo content in Cu enhances the tensile strength and resistivity of the composite material. The MMC containing 15 % W and 15 % Mo achieved a Vickers microhardness value of 302.78 ± 15.13 HV which is 5.09 times higher than that of pure Cu. The composites exhibited excellent physical properties, including minimal porosity (less than 1.5 %). The Cu + 15 %W + 15 %Mo composite achieved an impressive relative density of 98.56 %, indicating excellent compaction and low defect levels. Moreover tensile strength of Cu + 15 %W + 15 %Mo was found 301 ± 15.05 MPa which was 1.65 times higher than that of pure Cu.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107147"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}