International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of friction stir processing and heat treatment on arc erosion resistance of cold-sprayed Cu-Ti3SiC2 composite","authors":"Zhibin Yang ,&nbsp;Linshan Wang ,&nbsp;Hongchao Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaomin Zhang ,&nbsp;Kai Li ,&nbsp;Ke Ma ,&nbsp;Wanbin Ren ,&nbsp;Jingjun Xu ,&nbsp;Meishuan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For Cu-based composites, the electrical conductivities, hardness and the size and distribution of the reinforcing phase have significant influence on the arc erosion resistance. Ti₃SiC₂ combine the excellent properties of both metals and ceramics and are ideal reinforcing phases for electrical contact materials. Friction stir processing (FSP), as a post-treatment technique, can effectively address the inherent shortcomings of cold-sprayed materials. FSP and heat treatment (HT) were used to change the microstructure and physical properties of Cu-xTi₃SiC₂ (x = 10, 20 wt%) composites, and its arc erosion resistance were tested at AC 220 V/20 A. The results show that Cu-20Ti₃SiC₂ composite has higher electrical conductivity (80.9 %IACS) and uniform ultrafine structure after FSP, so that it has the lowest surface roughness, contact resistance (20 mΩ) and ratio of arc energy to arc duration time (283 mJ/ms). The erosion surface appeared molten copper, craters, cracks, droplet splashing and pores, and Ti₃SiC₂ particles absorbed arc energy and were decomposed into TiO₂ and SiO₂.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107332"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of tungsten doping on mechanical properties and tribological behavior of TiB2 coatings in contact with titanium alloy counterballs","authors":"Lijun Xian ,&nbsp;Jianhua Huang ,&nbsp;Lin Li ,&nbsp;Hongyuan Fan ,&nbsp;Haibo Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhongguang Yu ,&nbsp;Jibo Zhang ,&nbsp;Rong Pu ,&nbsp;Yingzhi Luo ,&nbsp;Ruoyu Wang ,&nbsp;Guang Xian","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Element doping serves as a crucial strategy for surface modification of TiB₂ coatings, improving the toughness, mitigating the residual stress and reducing the coefficient of friction of the coatings. Tungsten(W)-doped TiB₂ coatings were deposited by magnetron sputtering with adjusting the working current of W target. The chemical compositions, microstructure, mechanical properties and tribological performance of the coatings were systematically investigated using EPMA, SEM, XRD, XPS, TEM, indentation tests and ball-on-disk tribometer. The results reveal that W doping weakens the crystallization of the TiB₂ coatings. As the concentration of W increases, the content of TiB₂ phase in the coatings decreases and that of WB₂ phase increases. However, when the W concentration increases to 15.1 at.%, the content of WB₂ in the coatings decreases again. The W element in the coatings mainly exists in the form of amorphous WB₂ phase. The 10.7 at.% W-doped TiB₂ coating demonstrates an optimal toughness and a moderate adhesion strength. W doping exhibits no statistically significant improvement in adhesive wear performance of the TiB₂ coating at room temperature. However, the W-doped TiB₂ coatings exhibit an improved anti-adhesive wear resistance at 600 °C, which is correlated with the presence of amorphous WB₂ phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107331"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of binder Jet 3D Printing Parameters for Porous Tungsten: Sintering and Pore Morphology Analysis","authors":"Sha-Sha Chang ,&nbsp;Dong-Guang Liu ,&nbsp;Sheng-Xiang Cheng ,&nbsp;Si-Wei Zhou ,&nbsp;Chen-Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Chong Ma ,&nbsp;Xing-Peng Yang ,&nbsp;Chun-Fu Hong ,&nbsp;Lai-Ma Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porous tungsten matrices can be fabricated using binder jet 3D printing (BJ3DP) technology, eliminating the need for additional mechanical processing. The effects of different powder and printing parameters on the preparation of porous green tungsten printed parts by BJ3DP were investigated. It was examined how powder properties influenced bulk density. It was observed that a narrower particle size distribution results in reduced surface roughness, increased loose packing density, and enhanced packing uniformity. When printing with 4-8 μm powder, the optimal layer thickness is 20 μm, and the optimal binder saturation is 80 %. The printing of green prats with moderate strength and good dimensional precision can be produced under these printing conditions. Porous tungsten materials printed with powder of the same particle size exhibited consistent pore distribution, there was essentially no occurrence of closed pores during the sintering process from 1800 °C to 2000 °C based on the pore characterization results of the sintered samples. However, at 2100 °C, oversintering led to reduced porosity and partial closure of the samples. Additionally, the hardness of the porous tungsten material increased with the sintering temperature by microhardness measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107326"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of gradient layer thickness on microstructure and properties of gradient polycrystalline diamond compact fabricated via material extrusion 3D printing technology","authors":"Xiangwang Kong ,&nbsp;Shaohe Zhang ,&nbsp;Linglong Rong ,&nbsp;Dongyu Wu ,&nbsp;Dongpeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Yulu Li ,&nbsp;Haoyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Tao He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polycrystalline diamond compacts (PDCs) are extensively utilized in petroleum drilling, geological exploration, and high-performance machining tools. Notably, gradient structure has demonstrated significant efficacy in reducing interfacial residual stresses within PDCs, thereby enhancing the mechanical performance. However, investigation into the effect of gradient parameters on the microstructure and performance of PDCs has rarely been investigated in practice. This study utilized material extrusion 3D printing technology to manufacture gradient PDCs with different gradient layer thickness. Transition in microstructure and element distribution inside gradient layers were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Subsequently, wear resistant and impact toughness of gradient PDCs and conventional PDC were systematically investigated via vertical turret lathe and drop-weight impact test. All gradient PDCs exhibited a counter-gradient distribution of diamond and tungsten carbide within their gradient layers, but the compositional gradient evolution rate progressively decreased with the increase of gradient layer thickness. Inhomogeneous cobalt diffusion induced the formation of Co-depleted zones with their spatial extent expanding progressively with increasing gradient layer thickness. WC grains in the gradient layer exhibited progressive homogeneous refinement from the cemented carbide substrate toward the PCD layer, which is closely related to the cobalt distribution. The gradient PDC including 8 gradient sublayers with a thickness of 0.1 mm demonstrated a 12.3 % enhancement in impact resistance and 22.7 % improvement in wear resistance compared to conventional PDC. The study results can provide valuable insights and guidance for the design of gradient structure for high-quality PDCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107328"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the role of remelted protrusions in the tribological behavior of TiN coatings on laser-textured substrates","authors":"Junchen Pan ,&nbsp;Xuejun Chen ,&nbsp;Fengchao Lang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During laser surface texturing (LST), remelted protrusions invariably form around the edges of surface textures. Nevertheless, their influence on the tribological behavior of overlying coatings remains inadequately characterized, with conflicting reports suggesting both beneficial and detrimental effects. To resolve this controversy, we investigated the wear performance of TiN coatings deposited on LST-processed stainless steel substrates. Three distinct sample configurations were designed for comparative analysis: as-deposited (AD), textured with preserved remelted protrusions (PR), and textured with removed remelted protrusions (RR). The mechanical properties and tribological responses of the coatings were evaluated through nanoindentation and dry reciprocating sliding tests, respectively. Results revealed that PR samples exhibited the lowest coefficient of friction (COF) during the early wear phase. However, prolonged sliding accelerated coating failure in PR samples, manifesting as a progressive increase in COF and cumulative wear volume. In contrast, RR samples effectively mitigated stress concentration and suppressed third-body abrasion, achieving the most stable COF and a 80 % ∼ 92 % reduction in wear rate. Crucially, the removal of remelted protrusions transformed the detrimental PR surface morphology into a tribologically favorable RR architecture. The findings in this work may provide helpful references for improving the tribological performance of coatings on LST-processed substrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107327"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"W-Ta alloys processed by Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion: how microstructure and properties change with Ta concentration","authors":"Silvia Candela ,&nbsp;Juha Ottelin ,&nbsp;Janne Hongisto ,&nbsp;Hanna Lehtonen ,&nbsp;Anna De Marzi ,&nbsp;Alberto Campagnolo ,&nbsp;Carlo Scian ,&nbsp;Razvan Dima","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a study of 4 tungsten‐tantalum binary alloys processed by Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB) is presented. The evolution of the microstructure and the properties of the material in dependence on the tenor of tantalum inside the alloy was investigated, selecting 0wt.%, 2.5wt.%, 7.5wt.%, and 15wt.% as the Ta concentrations. The optimal process window for each examined alloy was investigated. The introduction of tantalum in the alloy was effective in mitigating the cracks in the tungsten matrix. However, the energy provided to the material in the additive manufacturing process was also determinant for achieving an almost crack-free and low-porosity material. Moreover, the range of concentrations of Ta considered in this work allowed the authors to see that the properties of the binary alloys examined don't lead to a continuous improvement with the addition of Ta, but start decreasing for Ta contents higher than 7.5wt.%. The minimum porosity volume fraction achieved in this study was 0.7 % for the W-7.5wt.%Ta blend. The same alloy showed the highest hardness among the other materials investigated, reaching hardness values above 480 HV_0.5, approximately 30 % higher than what was obtained for pure tungsten, and with a 50 % increase in the ultimate compressive strength compared to the unalloyed material. XRD analyses confirmed that the tantalum particles solubilize completely inside the tungsten matrix, assuring a good homogeneity of the composition and the absence of segregations and secondary phases inside the additively manufactured parts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107324"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144633001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbothermic reduction of ilmenite and its alteration products using hypercoal","authors":"Alexey V. Ponaryadov,&nbsp;Olga B. Kotova","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Titanium carbide and titanium oxycarbide have been obtained from gravity concentrate of natural titanium-bearing sandstones (Pizhemskoye deposit, Russia) in which titanium is associated with ilmenite alteration products - pseudorutile (electromagnetic fraction P4em) and rutile (non-magnetic fraction P4nm). The P4em is dominated by the products of the exogenous-hypergenic alteration of ilmenite: low-crystalline oxyhydroxide titanium phases, primarily pseudorutile (Fe₂Ti₃O₉). The total content of low crystalline titanium phases is approximately 60–65 %. The P4nm is represented by highly crystalline rutile (approximately 65 %). For the first time, hypercoal obtained from low-grade coal was used as a reducing agent. Carbothermic reduction in of electromagnetic and non-magnetic fractions of gravity concentrates an inert atmosphere at 1500 °C lead to formation of cubic and hexagonal TiC phases. The lattice parameter calculated from the structural reflection (220) belongs to the ordered Ti₂C phase for samples synthesised using electromagnetic fraction. The samples obtained by non-magnetic fraction reduction the formation of titanium oxycarbide have been detected. Titanium carbide particles of two morphological types have been synthesised. The shape of crystals of the first morphological type is characterised by an isometric habitus close to cubic. Aggregates of the second morphotype are represented by dendrite-like aggregates of titanium carbide crystals. FeSi particles are found on the surface of titanium carbide aggregates in the form of spherical inclusions with a diameter of 2–3 μm. Thermodynamic analysis of the reactions was carried out and the mechanism of pseudorutile reduction with formation of titanium carbide or oxycarbide was proposed as follows: Fe₂Ti₃O₉ → TiO₂/TiO + Fe → TiO + Fe → TiC_xO_y/TiC_x<strong>□</strong>_(1–x).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107323"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of electron beam welded Ta2.5W and GH3128 joints","authors":"Ao Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Xu ,&nbsp;Ruomei Liu ,&nbsp;Yongping Cheng ,&nbsp;Fengming Chen ,&nbsp;Yingjie Yu ,&nbsp;Linan Gui ,&nbsp;Wenxing Wu ,&nbsp;Jiancheng Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tantalum and nickel alloy components play a critical role in the aerospace sector, and their value can be maximized through efficient joining techniques. This study aims to elucidate the interface formation mechanism and fracture behavior of Ta/Ni weld joints via microstructural analysis. In this work, electron beam welding with different welding speeds was successfully employed to join 1 mm thick Ta2.5W and GH3128 plates. The mechanical properties of the welded joints were systematically investigated, and detailed microstructural characterization was conducted. Results indicate that Ta2.5W/GH3128 welded joints exhibit distinct brittle characteristics, with fractures consistently occurring at the reaction layer. Within the experimental scope, increasing welding speed led to enhanced tensile strength of the joints. Microhardness analysis revealed that the reaction layer in the weld constitutes a hard and brittle microstructure prone to crack initiation under stress. Fracture surfaces of the welded specimens displayed typical brittle fracture features, with uniform distribution of cellular (Ni₃Ta—Ni) eutectic structures. Electron backscatter diffraction was utilized for fine-scale microstructural characterization, identifying that the reaction layer primarily consists of dendritic tetragonal Ni₃Ta intermetallic compounds—hard and brittle phases that significantly degrade joint mechanical properties. Concomitant microstructural changes occurred in adjacent regions: GH3128 side grains underwent orientation reconstruction with Schmid factors approaching 0.5, while Ta2.5W side grains experienced lattice distortion and dislocation accumulation due to Ni₃Ta formation, resulting in increased hardness and embrittlement. This study reveals the brittle nature of tetragonal Ni₃Ta dendrites and eutectic structures within the reaction layer. It was found that increasing welding speed can reduce the thickness of the reaction layer and enhance joint strength, providing critical insights into the microstructure-property relationship for dissimilar welding of Ta/nickel-based alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107325"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wear and corrosion behaviors of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy gradient-hardened by vacuum rapid oxynitriding","authors":"Se-Yeong Park,&nbsp;Dong-Geun Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aircraft parts, particularly engine fan blades, require composite improvements in wear and corrosion owing to continuous particle impact and repeated exposure to low and ambient temperatures. Titanium alloys, which are known for their inherent TiO₂, provide excellent corrosion resistance and superior strength. Thus, they are effectively utilized to enhance fuel efficiency, making them a preferred material for many fan-blade applications. However, the low wear resistance of titanium alloys shortens the lifespan of materials because erosion and wear occurs due to particle impact. Therefore, this study aims to form a hardened surface layer on a Ti-6Al-4 V alloy using a highly efficient and economical vacuum rapid oxynitriding process by mixing N and O gases. Most previous studies have focused solely on the wear characteristics resulting from the surface hardening of the Ti-6Al-4 V alloy due to the addition of nitrogen alone; limited research has been conducted on the surface-hardening mechanism with a mixture of N and O gases. Furthermore, the wear and corrosion properties have been evaluated independently in separate environments, which has resulted in a lack of research on the combined effects of corrosion and wear. Therefore, this study systematically elucidates the corrosion, wear, and combined corrosion–wear behavior mechanisms of Ti alloys in a 3.5 wt% NaCl environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107317"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and characterization of C103 Nb alloy fabricated by laser wire directed energy deposition","authors":"Wonjong Jeong ,&nbsp;Seungmin Cho ,&nbsp;Ho Jin Ryu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although there is growing interest in manufacturing refractory components using additive manufacturing techniques, powder-based additive manufacturing processes face challenges due to the difficulty of powder production. This study aimed to optimize the process and evaluate the tensile properties of C103, a representative Nb alloy, using Laser Wire Directed Energy Deposition (LWDED) for the first time. The results revealed that a uniform melt pool did not form at laser powers below 2000 W, while at powers exceeding 2600 W, the laser beam caused premature wire melting due to reflection, preventing proper deposition. In the fabricated samples, Hf, a key constituent of C103, reacted with atmospheric oxygen during the deposition process, forming HfO₂ at the solidification cell boundaries. The oxygen content increased with higher laser power and vertical sample height. Tensile testing showed that the yield strength exceeded the ASTM B654 standard by more than 10 %. Our findings suggest that LWDED is an efficient and effective technique for manufacturing refractory components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107318"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}