International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献

{"title":"Potter orientation relationship: The key to the origin of {101¯1} α martensitic twinning and the unusual β precipitation in Zr alloys","authors":"Xinu Tan ,&nbsp;Yushun Liu ,&nbsp;Risheng Qiu ,&nbsp;Xuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Liang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiateng Ma ,&nbsp;Wangrui Ren ,&nbsp;Feitao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two types of orientation relationship (OR) Burgers and Potter can be observed during the phase transformation between the α and β phases in Zr alloys. In this work, electron back scatter diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy were carried out to characterize Potter OR in the solution-treated and subsequently annealed Zr alloys. Our results reveal the presence of Potter OR between parent β-Zr and {10<span><math><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>¯</mo></mover></math></span>1}_α twinning Martensite, elucidating the unique variant selection of {10<span><math><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>¯</mo></mover></math></span>1} twins with in a single α-Zr grain in solution-treated samples. Significantly, a novel, non-stress induced, twinning mechanism was proposed via direct phase transformation based on Potter OR in Martensite. Upon annealing, the OR between β-Zr within the twinning Martensite and α-Zr retains Potter OR, independent of the element segregation at twin boundary. The occurrence of Potter OR instead of Burgers OR is attributed to the lower formation energy of Potter OR upon twinning based on our calculation. These results demonstrate an intrinsic association between Potter OR and the formation of {10<span><math><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>¯</mo></mover></math></span>1} twins, shedding light on the designing of novel high-performance Zr alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107730"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146152749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and properties of spark plasma sintered WC–Cu–based in situ composites containing graphite","authors":"Tomila M. Vidyuk ,&nbsp;Dina V. Dudina ,&nbsp;Alexander I. Gavrilov ,&nbsp;Arina V. Ukhina ,&nbsp;Vladislav S. Shikalov ,&nbsp;Igor S. Batraev ,&nbsp;Sergey Yu. Usynin ,&nbsp;Boris B. Bokhonov","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, in situ WC–Cu–based composites containing graphite were fabricated from a mixture of W, C(graphite) and Cu powders by high-energy mechanical milling and subsequent reactive spark plasma sintering (SPS). The synthesis of the carbides occurred during the SPS stage. In order to investigate the effect of graphite concentration on the structure and properties of the composites, the W–C(graphite)–Cu mixtures with three different molar ratios of elements (1:1:3, 1:1.3:3 and 1:1.7:3) were prepared. The graphite not converted into carbides remained unreacted in the sintered compacts. The combination of mechanical milling and SPS resulted in the formation of unconventional microstructures. The Cu-rich regions of re-solidified material are located between the composite areas, in which the WC and W₂C particles are distributed uniformly. As the concentration of graphite was increased, the hardness and electrical conductivity of the composites decreased. The concentration of graphite in the composites influenced the morphology of the worn surfaces formed under dry sliding conditions. The WC–W₂C–Cu-graphite composite (processing conditions: W–C(graphite)–3Cu mixture, 15 min of milling, SPS at 980 °C) shows an attractive combination of properties: a hardness of 250 HV, an electrical conductivity of 25% of the International Annealed Copper Standard, a residual porosity of less than 5%, a coefficient of friction of 0.58 in a pair with a WC-6Co ball, and a specific wear rate of 0.6 × 10⁻⁵ mm³ N⁻¹ m⁻¹.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107722"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and properties of tantalum deposited by laser melting deposition using non-spherical tantalum powder","authors":"Jun Yang,&nbsp;Yanhang Shi,&nbsp;Liu He,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;Guomin Le,&nbsp;Xinjian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The elevated cost of spherical tantalum powder utilized in additive manufacturing significantly hinders the development and application of tantalum components. In this study, three sets of tantalum thin-wall samples were fabricated using laser melting deposition (LMD) with varying laser power settings, employing non-spherical tantalum powder as the raw material. The samples were analyzed for their scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphology, phase composition, density, hardness, mechanical properties, and impurity content. The findings indicate that the tantalum components produced via LMD exhibit columnar grains oriented along the deposition direction, achieving a high density of up to 98.7%. The LMD-fabricated tantalum components demonstrate moderate mechanical properties and elongation rate. This study demonstrates that non-spherical tantalum powder can be effectively utilized to produce tantalum components with superior performance through LMD. This approach offers a novel and cost-effective method for the preparation of tantalum components, which holds significant potential for the widespread adoption and application of tantalum.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107673"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145956986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of novel sustainable cemented carbides strengthened by η-phase to replace critical raw materials","authors":"José García ,&nbsp;Andrei Chychko ,&nbsp;Christian Gold","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cemented carbide production is heavily reliant on critical raw materials (CRMs) such as tungsten (W), cobalt (Co), titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), and ruthenium (Ru), which face increasing supply risks, cost volatility, and environmental challenges. This study presents a sustainable alternative through the design of WC-based cemented carbides reinforced with finely dispersed η-phase carbides. The η-phase morphology and distribution are tailored to substitute conventional γ-phase formers (Ti, Ta, Nb), allowing the replacement of Co binder metal, and minimizing reliance on scarce elements such as Ru. The resulting microstructures exhibit enhanced high-temperature strength, hot hardness, and fracture resistance. Cutting performance tests under severe thermomechanical loading conditions confirm that the new η-phase–reinforced grades offer equivalent or superior performance compared to conventional grades. A detailed Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) analysis demonstrates significantly lower environmental impact and material criticality, establishing η-phase strengthening as a robust strategy for developing next-generation, high-performance cemented carbides with improved sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107695"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146032955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interface performance of ZrB₂-based temperature-measuring ceramic cutting tool material: From Interface bonding strength, friction and wear to temperature measurement capability","authors":"Jinrui Li ,&nbsp;Chuanzhen Huang ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Shi ,&nbsp;Zhen Wang ,&nbsp;Longhua Xu ,&nbsp;Shuiquan Huang ,&nbsp;Meina Qu ,&nbsp;Zhengkai Xu ,&nbsp;Dijia Zhang ,&nbsp;Baosu Guo ,&nbsp;Tianye Jin ,&nbsp;Xiaodan Wang ,&nbsp;Hanlian Liu ,&nbsp;Dun Liu ,&nbsp;Peng Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To overcome the challenge of accurately measuring transient high temperatures at the tool-chip interface, this study uses a self-developed N-type ZrB₂-based thermoelectric temperature-measuring tool. It aims to investigate the effects of ZrO₂ content and the integrity of the electrode interface on temperature measurement performance and mechanical properties. Samples with designated ZrO₂ contents (C202505, C202510, C202515) were prepared via vacuum hot-pressing and subsequently characterized through thermoelectric testing, interfacial mechanical analysis, microscopy, and wear experiments. The results show that the thermoelectric potential-temperature relationship for the C202515 sample exhibits significant anomalies. Experimental analysis confirms that the bonding performance at the joint interface is a critical factor governing temperature measurement stability. A mismatch in the CTE between the Positive and Negative electrode materials induces microdefects at the interface, which reduces the interfacial bonding strength. This degradation, in turn, increases the interfacial contact resistance and ultimately destabilizes the temperature measurement signal. This study is the first to establish correlations between temperature measurement performance, interfacial mechanics, and wear resistance. It identifies an optimal thermal expansion difference (ΔCTE ≤0.5 × 10⁻⁶/°C) and thereby provides crucial guidance for developing stable and reliable thermoelectric ceramic tools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107724"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlubricated fretting wear of a hard B12(C,Si,B)3–SiC composite reactively sintered from B4C with Si aids","authors":"Antonio Fernández-Ortiz,&nbsp;Victor Zamora,&nbsp;Fernando Guiberteau,&nbsp;Angel L. Ortiz","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fretting wear behaviour of a hard B₁₂(C,Si,B)₃–SiC composite fabricated by reactive spark plasma sintering (SPS) at only 1400 °C from B₄C with 20 vol% Si aids was evaluated under 1-N and 5-N loads without lubrication against three ceramic materials of different hardness (diamond, Al₂O₃., and borosilicate glass). The results were compared with those of B₄C monoliths SPS-ed at 1400 °C and 2000 °C. First, the B₁₂(C,Si,B)₃–SiC composite exhibited lower wear under the 1-N load than under the 5-N load, and its specific fretting rate (SFR) increased with decreasing hardness of the counterpart, which was attributed to greater damage of the latter causing rougher contacts with more abundant wear debris. Nevertheless, the composite demonstrated excellent fretting resistance, having undergone very mild two-body abrasion against diamond (SFR = 10⁻⁷–10⁻⁸ mm³/(N·m)) and very mild or mild three-body abrasion against Al₂O₃ (SFR = 10⁻⁷ mm³/(N·m)) and borosilicate glass (SFR = 10⁻⁶ mm³/(N·m)). Second, owing to its fully dense, fine-grained duplex microstructure and high hardness (28.7 ± 0.8 GPa), the B₁₂(C,Si,B)₃–SiC composite exhibited a significantly higher fretting resistance than the porous B₄C monolith SPS-ed using the same cycle and slightly higher fretting resistance than the well-densified, super-hard (35.6 ± 0.8 GPa) B₄C monolith SPS-ed at 2000 °C, with the added advantage of requiring a substantially lower SPS temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107707"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The development of W-Cr-Al alloys by spark plasma sintering and their oxidation behavior","authors":"Chunyan Li ,&nbsp;Jie Chen ,&nbsp;Andrey Litnovsky ,&nbsp;Christian Linsmeier ,&nbsp;Shuotong Zong ,&nbsp;Yucheng Wu ,&nbsp;Xuejiao Wang ,&nbsp;Junwei Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tungsten-based self-passivating metal alloys with reduced thermo-oxidation (SMART), which using Cr or Si as oxidation-resistant elements, have exhibited great potential for oxidation resistance application at high temperature compared with pure W. In this work, aluminum (Al) was added to W<img>Cr SMART systems to further improve the oxidation resistance, and the novel W-17.8Cr-6.4Al alloys were successfully developed using spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The influence of sintering pressure and temperature on the densification process was systematically investigated, and the oxidation behaviors were studied at 800 °C and 1000 °C. The sintering curves exhibit that there is the liquidation of Al above around 630 °C, and the rapid densification of W-Cr-Al alloys starts above 923–950 °C. The intermetallic compounds of (WCr)Al₁₂ and (WCr)Al₄ are generated when sintered at 650 °C and 700 °C, respectively. When sintered above 1000 °C, W-Cr-Al alloys mainly consist of two BCC phases of W-Cr-Al solution. Dense bulk W-Cr-Al alloys, with a density of around 11.6 g/cm³, could be manufactured by sintering above 1200 °C at 20 MPa for 15 min. At the end of oxidation, the oxides formed at 800 °C mainly consist of WO₃, Cr₂WO₆ and Al₂W₃O₁₂, while WO₃ disappears at 1000 °C due to the volatilization of WO₃ and the reaction with Cr₂O₃. In addition, no obvious variation trend of mass gain is observed when oxidized at 800 °C compared with pure W, while a double parabolic trend of mass gain is found during oxidization at 1000 °C. The parabolic oxidation parameter, <span><math><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></math></span>, is around (7–8) × 10⁻⁵ mg²/(cm⁴<span><math><mo>∙</mo></math></span>min) and (4–5) × 10⁻⁴ mg²/(cm⁴<span><math><mo>∙</mo></math></span>min), respectively. Compared to the linear oxidation behavior of pure W, W-Cr-Al alloys exhibit its potential for oxidation resistance application at high temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107713"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146089209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Y addition on the oxidation behavior and oxide scale structure of Nb14Si27Ti22.5Al33Hf3.5 alloy at 1300 °C","authors":"Zhicheng Deng ,&nbsp;Song Zeng ,&nbsp;Chang Jiang ,&nbsp;Wenfu Chen ,&nbsp;Youxing He ,&nbsp;Yiyou Wu ,&nbsp;Xuebing Yang ,&nbsp;Jiuming Yu ,&nbsp;Linwei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of Y addition on the isothermal oxidation behavior of Nb_{<em>14-x</em>}Si_<em>27</em>Ti_{<em>22.5</em>}Al_<em>33</em>Hf_<em>3.5</em>Y_<em>x</em> (<em>x</em> = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 at.%) alloys is systematically investigated at 1300 °C in static air for 100 h. The 0.1Y alloy exhibits the best oxidation performance, with a mass gain lower than that of the 0Y alloy. The mass-gain sequence is 0.1Y &lt; 0Y &lt; 0.3Y &lt; 0.5Y &lt; 0.7Y. A wrinkled Al₂O₃ scale forms on the Y-free alloy, whereas a highly adherent, smooth, and protective Al₂O₃-based scale develops on the 0.1Y alloy. When the Y content reaches 0.3 at.% or above, excessive Y promotes the formation of an Al₅Y₃O₁₂/Al₂O₃ duplex layer that severely deteriorates oxidation resistance. This study clarifies the dual role of Y in the alloy system and identifies an optimal addition level of approximately 0.1 at.%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107715"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146089208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of RHEA/Fe alloy bond diamond tools for dry grinding of silicon nitride","authors":"Tao He ,&nbsp;Feng-lin Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei-jian Yang ,&nbsp;Xin zhou ,&nbsp;Xiao-yi Pan ,&nbsp;Yu-mei Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dry grinding of hard and brittle materials has received increasing attention due to the environmental issues associated with using coolants and the need for machine tooling under dry conditions. However, during dry grinding, the high grinding temperature may induce thermal deformation of traditional metal bonds and accelerate the wear of diamond tools. In the present study, a refractory high-entropy alloy (RHEA) was introduced into Fe alloy to serve as the metal bond of diamond tool in order to improve the dry grinding performance. First, RHEA powders (composed of WMoTaNbV) were prepared by discharge plasma ball milling (DPBM) as well as planetary milling (PM) for comparison. The effect of ball milling time on the microstructure of RHEA powder was examined. Then, RHEA/Fe alloy was prepared by hot-press sintering, and the microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of sintered RHEA/Fe alloys with different contents of RHEA were investigated. Finally, a RHEA/Fe alloy bond diamond tool was prepared to evaluate the dry grinding performance on a silicon nitride ceramic. The results indicated that RHEA powder was successfully synthesized by DPBM milling for only 15 h, which was a much shorter duration compared to PM method. With increasing RHEA content in the range of 0-20 wt%, the relative density of RHEA/Fe alloys decreased, but the hardness, compressive strength, and wear resistance increased. Good bonding was achieved between 20wt.%RHEA/Fe alloy and diamond grits in the synthesized diamond tool at the sintering temperature of 1050 °C. During dry grinding of silicon nitride ceramic, the diamond tool based on 20wt.%RHEA/Fe bond exhibited a lower grinding force, higher grinding ratio, and reduced wear in comparison with commercial Fe alloy bond diamond tool, showing excellent potential for the dry grinding of ceramics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107711"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146089225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on rear-side fragmentation and damage of steel targets penetrated by tungsten fiber-reinforced bulk metallic glass composites","authors":"Lizhi Xu ,&nbsp;Mingyang Wang ,&nbsp;Xuan Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhanxuan Wang ,&nbsp;Jun He ,&nbsp;Yongkang Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhengkun Li ,&nbsp;Zhonghua Du","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tungsten fiber-reinforced bulk metallic glass composites (BMGCs) are high-strength, high-density materials with exceptional penetration capabilities, post-target fragmentation, and energy-release damage effects, making them highly valuable in defense applications. This study investigates a Zr-based BMGC (composition: Zr_40.08Ti_13.30Cu_11.84Ni_0.07Nb_24.7) with a density of 12 g/cm³. Quasi-static/dynamic compression tests and ballistic experiments were conducted to systematically analyze its mechanical properties under varying strain rates and post-penetration fragmentation and damage effects. Results indicate that BMGCs exhibit high strength (ultimate strength of 1656 MPa) and plastic deformation under quasi-static loading, while dynamic loading induces brittle fracture and strain-rate softening (strength reduced to ∼1120 MPa at 1508 s⁻¹). Ballistic tests reveal that BMGCs form a fragmented cloud after penetrating steel targets. Within the velocity range of 864–1407 m/s, the post-target damage mode transitions from shear plugging to tensile-dominated “petal” failure. The post-target damage area initially increases and decreases with velocity, peaking at 1325 m/s. Fragment size analysis shows that higher velocities increase the proportion of small fragments and their dispersion area, reducing the kinetic energy density per unit area and diminishing damage efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107689"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146047860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}