International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献

{"title":"Extraction of metallic niobium using a consumable NbCxOy anode","authors":"Qinglin Zeng ,&nbsp;Bochao Xu ,&nbsp;Zepeng Lv ,&nbsp;Shaolong Li ,&nbsp;Jilin He ,&nbsp;Jianxun Song","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study demonstrates the synthesis of a NbC_<em>x</em>O_<em>y</em> solid solution through carbothermic reduction and the subsequent extraction of metallic niobium through molten salt electrolysis. Thermodynamic analysis and carbothermic reduction were conducted to determine the optimal conditions for synthesizing the NbC_<em>x</em>O_<em>y</em> solid solution at different compositions, enabling precise control over their composition. Furthermore, metallic niobium was produced <em>via</em> the molten salt electrolysis of the selected NbC_xO_y solid solution for 16 h at 2.9 V in the NaCl–KCl eutectic molten salt at 750 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107171"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-quality vacuum diffusion bonding of W and RAFM steel by using a two-step plated Cu interlayer","authors":"Zhang Liu ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Chen ,&nbsp;Jianbo Zhang ,&nbsp;Huan Song ,&nbsp;Chenxi Liu ,&nbsp;Yuan Huang ,&nbsp;Zumin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The bonding of W and RAFM steel is of significance for the fabrication of plasma-facing components in nuclear fusion reactors. In this work, W and RAFM steel were bonded by using a two-step plated Cu interlayer to improve the performance of the W/Cu/RAFM steel joints. The bonding process contains two-step Cu plating on the W substrate followed by annealing, and subsequent diffusion bonding to RAFM steel. The morphologies and structures of the two-step plated and annealed Cu films, as well as the interface structure of both as-bonded and tempered W/Cu/RAFM steel joints, were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, and electron backscattered diffraction. The primary about 600 nm-thick Cu layer was tightly bonded to the W substrate, and the Cu film of about 13 μm was finally obtained after two-step Cu plating and annealing. The shear strength of the W/Cu/RAFM steel joint was 285 MPa, and the strength of the tempered joint was 233 MPa, while the toughness of the joint was improved after tempering. Additionally, the thermal conductivity of the tempered W/Cu/RAFM steel joint was about 43 W/(m·K). The bonding process proposed in this work may provide an effective pathway for the preparation of test blanket modules in the future nuclear fusion reactors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107172"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of heat treatment on nanoparticle reinforced Nb-18.7Si alloy","authors":"Elisa Holzmann ,&nbsp;Khemais Barienti ,&nbsp;Mattia Guglielmi ,&nbsp;Egbert Baake ,&nbsp;Sebastian Herbst ,&nbsp;Hans Jürgen Maier","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eutectic Nb-18.7Si alloys with different ceramic nanoparticle addition (Al₂O₃, TiC, SiC, 5 mol.-%), prepared by arc-melting, were heat-treated for 24 h at 1500 °C. Phase composition, microstructure transition and mechanical properties were investigated. The results show that the γ-Nb₅Si₃ and small Nb₃Si phases from the as-cast alloy decomposed into α-Nb₅Si₃ and Nb_ss/α-Nb₅Si₃-eutectoids. Larger Nb₃Si phases still existed after heat treatment. Additionally, after heat treatment the Nb_ss phases were interconnected to a continuous matrix, while silicides appeared coarsened and spherical while being uniformly distributed in the Nb_ss phase. This effect was most pronounced in the alloy with addition of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles, due to the ultrafine nano-scale lamellar structures of Nb_ss + α-Nb₅Si₃ in its as-cast condition. While the added nanoparticles had a strong effect on the initial microstructure of the as-cast state, they showed no noticeable effects like pinning of grain boundaries during heat treatment. A decrease in hardness was observed due to the coarsening of the microstructure and the reduced area fraction of silicide phases. However, the transformation to the coarser microstructure with a continuous Nb_ss matrix and spherical silicide phases seems to be effective in inhibiting crack propagation by promoting crack deflection and bridging over the Nb_ss phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107170"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of cutting tools with selective laser melting from electroless nickel-coated tungsten carbide powder material","authors":"Tevfik Oğuzhan Ergüder ,&nbsp;Fatih Yıldız ,&nbsp;Onur Güler ,&nbsp;Murat İbrahim Sevim ,&nbsp;Temel Varol","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was on whether cemented carbide tools could be produced using cheaper and more readily available Ni binder instead of expensive Co binder using selective laser melting, which is a new generation production method that can be easily produced in the desired design without losing scrap. The study determined the optimum laser manufacturing parameters for the production of Ni coated WC powder by electroless deposition using the selective laser melting (SLM) method and produced turning inserts with those parameters. Production of SLM-based turning inserts, including Ni-coated WC powder (WC-Ni), encountered some problems due to lack of binder. Pure Ni powders were added to Ni-coated WC powders (WC-Ni + Ni) to improve bonding which increased relative density, reduced surface roughness and resulted in ∼95 % reduced wear rate. For optimum SLM conditions, the microhardness value was measured as 1879 ± 130 HV_0.3. The surfaces of the turning inserts produced by SLM were then ground. TiN coating was applied and the microhardness after coating was as 2002 ± 174 HV_0.3. After turning, the TiN-coated SLM insert had the lowest surface wear and performed very close to the conventionally manufactured insert.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107169"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the gradient diffusion bonding of WC-20Co cemented carbide and 42CrMo4 steel","authors":"Zhenyao Fan ,&nbsp;Zijian Zeng ,&nbsp;Siyao Xie ,&nbsp;Yafei Pan ,&nbsp;Shenghua Deng ,&nbsp;Jianling Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The construction of intermediate layers in the diffusion bonding of cemented carbide and steel is an effective way to mitigate the difference in thermal expansion coefficients and reduce the induced residual stress (RS). However, additional pre- or post-treatment is crucial to further release the RS generated during bonding and enhance the performance of the joints. In this study, annealing and deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) are introduced in the diffusion bonding of WC-20 and 42CrMo4. The bending flexural strength increases from 702 to 1060 MPa (increased by 51.0 %) after pre-DCT but decreases to 324 MPa (decreased by 53.8 %) after annealing. The changes in mechanical properties are attributed to the evolution of RS and microstructure. It is revealed that DCT before bonding alters the RS from compressive −269 MPa to tensile 1188 MPa, which enhances the resistance to external compressive loads during bending. Although annealing reduces the original harmful compressive RS to −173 MPa, the coarsening of the Fe₃C under long-term thermal exposure results in embrittlement and premature fracture, thereby weakening the bending strength. Furthermore, the compressive residual stress of −154 MPa in the joint with post-DCT indicates that DCT facilitates the transfer of residual stress from the interior to the surface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107167"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stereographical and characterization analysis of nano yttria-dispersed tungsten heavy alloys: Impact on particle size and Y-W-O complex oxide formation","authors":"N. Siddharthan ,&nbsp;S. Kumaran ,&nbsp;Ming-Wei Wu ,&nbsp;C. Pandi Selva Durai ,&nbsp;P.V. Sathya Narayana ,&nbsp;Gandi Vivek Kumar Raja","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigates the influence of nano-Y₂O₃ (0.25–0.75 wt%) additions on the microstructural evolution of a tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) composed of 93 wt% tungsten, with a fixed Ni/Co binder ratio of 9. The precursor powders of Ni, Co, and Y₂O₃ were subjected to high-energy ball milling to produce an oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) matrix, which was subsequently blended with tungsten via low-energy ball milling. The resulting composite powders were consolidated through cold isostatic pressing and sintered at 1438 °C for 1 h. The processed ODS-W-Ni-Co alloys achieved a relative density exceeding 99.7 % of the theoretical value. Microstructural analysis confirmed the formation of a W-Y-O complex oxide phase, characterized by core-shell structures and particle coarsening phenomena. These structural transformations substantially influenced grain morphology, growth kinetics, and overall microstructural refinement. Notably, the incorporation of 0.75 wt% Y₂O₃ increased the solid-liquid interfacial energy to 744.44 MJ/m², albeit inducing anisotropic interfacial energy distributions. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) revealed a semi-coherent γ-Ni/Y₂O₃ interface with a lattice mismatch parameter of 0.056, which is indicative of enhanced interfacial bonding. The presence of this semi-coherent interface is proposed to improve interfacial strengthening between W grains and the γ-Ni binder phase, contributing to microstructural stability and potential mechanical property enhancement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107162"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation and electron beam welding process optimization of Ta2.5 W alloy","authors":"Yingjie Yu ,&nbsp;Yi Xu ,&nbsp;Ao Wang ,&nbsp;Xingyun Duan ,&nbsp;Shuai Zhu ,&nbsp;Yaping Lei ,&nbsp;Haiqing Xia ,&nbsp;Qiong Jiang ,&nbsp;Jiancheng Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, finite element analysis software Marc was used for numerical simulation of electron beam welding of Ta2.5 W and then welding tests were carried out. The temperature change and equivalent stress distribution were analyzed and discussed during the welding simulation. When conducting welding experiments, welding beam and welding speed were adjusted based on the morphology of welded joints. Afterwards, in order to investigate the microstructure, phase composition, texture, mechanical properties and the fracture mode of Ta2.5 W weld joints, related testing and characterization methods were carried out. The temperature field simulation results indicate that the peak temperature variation in the middle section of the weld is relatively stable, approximately maintaining at 4000 °C; the stress field simulation results indicate that there is an equivalent Von Mises stress of around 500 MPa in the center of the weld. Microstructural observation shows that increasing the welding beam and decreasing the welding speed properly could obtain a welded joint with good melt width on the front and back sides. According to EBSD, all the regions of welded specimen exhibit a {111} // Z fiber texture and the strength of texture is uneven, manifested as BM &gt; FZ &gt; HAZ. Mechanical performance testing shows that specimen 4 (welding voltage: 150KV, welding beam current: 5 mA, welding speed: 400 mm/min) performs the best in welded specimens, its ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) are 381 MPa and 353 MPa respectively, reaching 70 % of the strength of BM. However, the elongation is only 3.75 %. The fracture observation shows welded joint exhibits quasi-dissociative fracture, and nano-sized spherical particles (TaCx or Ta₂O₅) are found in the fracture. We speculate that its fracture occurs in FZ as a result of the combined effect of the presence of large residual stresses at the weld, the coursening of the center of the weld at the high-angle grain boundaries, and the inhomogeneous distribution of second-phase particles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107166"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of gradient cemented carbides with surface layers free of cubic phase via h-BN nitrogen source","authors":"Xu Xia ,&nbsp;Chenyang Ma ,&nbsp;Tianen Yang ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Ma ,&nbsp;Yu Cao ,&nbsp;Jiahuan He ,&nbsp;Qiwen Zheng ,&nbsp;Huaping Hong ,&nbsp;Ji Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates gradient cemented carbide with a cubic phase-free surface layer (CFL), commonly used as substrates for coated inserts to extend their service life. The tough gradient surface layer effectively prevents crack propagation, minimizing coating delamination and edge chipping. We propose using hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as a non-cubic nitrogen source for fabricating gradient cemented carbide with cubic (W,Ti)C, as a replacement for traditional cubic nitrogen sources. By employing powder metallurgy, we successfully created gradient cemented carbide with a CFL derived from h-BN. We also analyze the mechanism of gradient structure formation and characterize the microstructure, elemental distribution, and mechanical properties of the novel materials. The results demonstrate the feasibility of producing gradient cemented carbides with a CFL when h-BN is used as the nitrogen source. The crystal orientations at the gradient boundary are randomly distributed, showing no abrupt interface between the surface layer and the interior. Notably, titanium (Ti) and boron (B) are nearly absent in the surface layer, while cobalt (Co) shows higher concentration compared to the interior. The use of h-BN facilitates a nearly homogeneous titanium distribution in the subsurface zone, contrasting with the clustering seen when traditional cubic TiN is employed as the nitrogen source. Additionally, the thickness of the gradient surface layer can be effectively controlled by adjusting the h-BN levels, increasing with higher h-BN content in the raw materials. However, excessive h-BN addition facilitates abnormal WC phase growth in cemented carbides, and negatively affects transverse rupture strength despite the toughening effects of the cubic phase-free layer. Increased h-BN content also promotes the formation of TiB phases, which enhances the hardness of the cemented carbide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107120"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solid particle erosion and wear behavior of (TiCrVZrNb)N high-entropy nitride ceramics","authors":"Zhaohui Cheng,&nbsp;Wei Yang,&nbsp;Yunzi Liu,&nbsp;Wei Gao,&nbsp;Lei Liu,&nbsp;Dapeng Xu,&nbsp;Jian Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The TiN ceramics, Ti-Cr-V-Zr-Nb-N composite ceramics, and (TiCrVZrNb)N high-entropy ceramics were fabricated by spark plasma sintering. The relationship between the microstructure, hardness, and wear resistance of these three ceramics were systematically studied, with emphasis on the solid particle erosion resistance of TiN ceramics and (TiCrVZrNb)N high-entropy ceramics. The results indicated that the Ti-Cr-V-Zr-Nb-N composite ceramics and (TiCrVZrNb)N high-entropy ceramics showed a dual phase structure of FCC + ZrO₂, and the TiN ceramics showed a single FCC structure. Compared with TiN ceramics and Ti-Cr-V-Zr-Nb-N composite ceramics, (TiCrVZrNb)N high-entropy ceramics exhibit higher hardness and relative density, and the deformation ability was improved by the in-situ formation of ZrO₂ particles. Thus, the (TiCrVZrNb)N high-entropy ceramics exhibit excellent wear resistance and solid particle erosion resistance. The erosion mechanism of TiN and (TiCrVZrNb)N high-entropy ceramics were revealed. This study provides a theoretical support for the research of bulk high-entropy nitride ceramics in the tribology and solid particle erosion fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107165"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of composition ratio and microstructure of CuTa jets on penetration performance","authors":"Bihui Hong,&nbsp;Wenbin Li,&nbsp;Yiming Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The goal of this study was to explore the potential application of Cu-Ta-alloy shaped-charged jets to anti-armor operations, as well as to fill some of the research gaps in this field. The effects of composition ratios and microstructures on the penetration performance of Cu<img>Ta jets were investigated. Cu<img>Ta alloys with Ta concentrations of 20 wt% (Cu<img>20Ta), 40 wt% (Cu<img>40Ta), and 80 wt% (Cu<img>80Ta) were prepared. The materials were analysed using scanning electron microscopy, a universal material testing machine, and a split Hopkinson pressure bar. The morphologies and penetration performance of the Cu<img>Ta jets were characterized by pulsed X-ray and static penetration tests. The results indicated that all three materials met the design requirements. The quasi-static compression strengths of the Cu<img>20Ta, Cu<img>40Ta, and Cu<img>80Ta materials were 76.6 %, 140.1 %, and 551.6 % greater, respectively, than that of pure T2 copper. All three materials could form jets with good morphologies. The penetration depths of the three jets first increased and then decreased as the Ta concentration increased. The penetration depths of the Cu<img>20Ta, Cu<img>40Ta, and Cu<img>80Ta jets changed by 15.1 %, 26.1 %, and − 56.4 %, respectively, from that of a pure T2 copper jet. These results explain the mechanisms that governed the penetration performance of the Cu<img>Ta alloys, and it was determined that the ideal tantalum-concentration range for the Cu<img>Ta shaped-charge jets was centred around 40 wt%. The results of this study demonstrate the potential for Cu-Ta-alloy utilization in anti-armor operations and lay a foundation for the application of Cu<img>Ta alloys in the anti-armor field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107164"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}