International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献

{"title":"The influence of W and V elements on the mechanical properties and fracture ignition behavior of TiZrNb-based high-entropy alloys","authors":"Jiahao Huang ,&nbsp;Huanan Wei ,&nbsp;Tie Han ,&nbsp;Zhikai Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Yu ,&nbsp;Mingbo Zhang ,&nbsp;Chun Cheng ,&nbsp;Xu Wang ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the effects of W and V additions on the phase composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, and fracture-induced ignition behavior of TiZrNb-based high-entropy alloys under quasi-static and dynamic loading. Under dynamic loading (∼3000 s⁻¹), the TiZrNbW alloy exhibits the highest yield strength (2298 MPa) but limited fracture strain (∼11%). In contrast, the TiZrNbV alloy shows superior ductility (fracture strain ∼26%) with a yield strength of 1551 MPa. The co-addition of W and V achieves a balanced strength–toughness profile under high strain-rate conditions, as demonstrated by the TiZrNbWV alloy with a yield strength of 1911 MPa and fracture strain of 12.9–16.7%. Energy-release intensity correlates directly with fragmentation degree: the more brittle TiZrNbW undergoes severe fragmentation and releases the most intense energy. XPS and EDS analyses confirm that oxidation reactions (forming TiO₂, ZrO₂, Nb₂O₅, V₂O₅, WO₂, and WO₃) constitute the core ignition mechanism. Quantitative XPS analysis reveals that the TiZrNbW alloy undergoes a more extensive oxidation process, with the sum of oxidation proportions for its constituent elements reaching 249%, compared to 223% for the TiZrNbV alloy. This higher overall oxidation degree correlates directly with its more intense energy release. No ignition occurs in oxygen-free environments, underscoring the essential role of oxidation in fracture-induced energy release.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 107684"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146000676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual laser-powder bed fusion additive manufacturing of difficult-to-process 98W composite porous structures: Porosity-microstructure evolution and compressive properties","authors":"Tao Chen ,&nbsp;Jianghuiqi Lan ,&nbsp;Zhenhong Xing ,&nbsp;Ziai Cao ,&nbsp;Donghua Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To overcome the limited compressive properties of the difficult-to-process W-based porous components, a dual-laser powder bed fusion (DL-PBF) additive manufacturing was proposed to fabricate porous 98 W-TiC-Y2O3 composites based on the in-situ lack of fusion (LOF) induced porosities driven by the regulated melt flow-wetting behaviors. Influence of processing parameters on the pore morphology and distribution, element distribution, microstructure evolution, compression performance and energy absorption coefficient (<em>η</em>) of LOF-induced pores was studied. The randomly distributed closed pores would gradually transform into uniformly distributed connected pores for the application of the lower laser power, reducing the compressive strength due to the limited bearing region and more concentrated stress. As the laser power was reduced from 120 W to 60 W, the connected porosity was increased from 16.57% to 26.92% combined with the average LOF-induced pores size varying from 88.6 μm to 296.6 μm, decreasing the compressive strength from 735.4 MPa to 244.5 MPa. O element in nano-Y2O3 could promote the melt oxidation and hinder the melt spreading, which was beneficial for the formation of LOF-induced pores. Nano-Y2O3, acting as non-uniform nucleation sites, would synergistically refine grains within un-melted W particles in the loose layer into cellular substructures. Nano-TiC was decomposed into Ti and C atoms, which was solid dissolved in the W matrix. The collapse of LOF-induced pores, the fragmentation of W particles and the propagation of microcracks of the porous structures of the brittle 98 W during the compression test could efficiently enhance the energy dissipation, generating a high <em>η</em> of 54.7% at the low laser power of 60 W. Finally, 98 W porous structures with varying porosity ratio along the building direction was successfully produced free of the obvious layered transition interface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 107675"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated process optimization of binder jetting for high-performance M2 high-speed steel: Printing parameters, bimodal powder design, and sintering strategies","authors":"Ziyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Liang Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhou Fan ,&nbsp;Rongtao Zhu ,&nbsp;Chuang Li ,&nbsp;Hawke Suen ,&nbsp;Xinglin He ,&nbsp;Xia Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper reports the first systematic study on the optimization of key process parameters for binder jet additive manufacturing of M2 high-speed steel and their influence on the properties of green bodies and sintered parts. Through systematical optimization of the curing time, ultrasonic vibration time, screen size, layer thickness, and reference voltage, the relative density, dimensional accuracy, and compressive strength of the green bodies were significantly improved. Based on the powder packing theory, the coarse-to-fine volume ratio of bimodal powder was optimized to 8: 1, thereby achieving a high packing density of 4.378 g/cm³. During the sintering process, the effects of temperature and holding time on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that after sintering at 1290 °C for 60 min, the samples achieved a relative density exceeding 95.7%, with compressive strength reaching 2762 MPa, the compressive strain measuring 26%, the hardness registering 628 HV, and the surface roughness (Rz) as low as 0.067 mm. Microstructural analysis revealed that the sintered microstructure consisted primarily of an α-Fe matrix, irregular MC carbides, and fishbone-like or network-structured M₆C carbides. Increasing sintering temperature and time induces three key changes: First, grain-boundary M₆C carbides coarsen and become inhomogeneous; second, grains undergo significant growth; third, secondary phases (e.g., retained austenite) persist, whose stability is governed by liquid-phase behavior and carbide reprecipitation. This study provides critical theoretical and technological insights for the high-precision and high-performance fabrication of M2 high-speed steel via binder jetting additive manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 107690"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146032953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the tribological performance of polycrystalline diamond compact in water-based drilling fluids by mimicking the rhombic grid texture of shark skin","authors":"Lei Chen ,&nbsp;Xuejiao Sun ,&nbsp;Yanbo Ding ,&nbsp;Baochang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the abrasive wear in open-structure polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) thrust bearings was reduced by applying a shark skin-inspired rhombic grid texture to the bearing surface. The influence of the groove angle of the texture on the tribological performance of a PDC/Si₃N₄ pair was investigated under lubrication with a water-based drilling fluid. Friction tests revealed that a groove angle of 45° optimized tribological performance, enhancing surface wettability by 45.27% (contact angle: 36.45°) and reducing the coefficient of friction (COF) by 57.35% (COF: 0.07541). This texture formed a continuous lubricating film, trapped abrasive debris, and stored the drilling fluid. Thus, the three-body and adhesive wear were effectively mitigated, and the lubrication was enhanced. The biomimetic design presented a viable solution for extending the service life and reliability of diamond bearings in harsh downhole environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 107674"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entropy-driven elemental diffusion and microstructural evolution in Co-based composites reinforced with high-entropy carbonitrides","authors":"Shan Wu,&nbsp;Yifan Li,&nbsp;Zhuolun Wang,&nbsp;Lei Guo,&nbsp;Ying Liu,&nbsp;Jinwen Ye,&nbsp;Na Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cermets offer a promising route to meet the demands of harsh environments by combining the ductility of metals with the hardness and thermal stability of ceramics. High-entropy carbonitrides (HECNs), owing to their superior mechanical properties and phase stability, are attractive reinforcement phases. However, interfacial instability and sintering challenges often limit their performance. In this work, three HECN phases, 90 wt%Co-10 wt%(TiNbTa)(C,N) named Co-MECN, 90 wt% Co-10 wt%(TiZrNbTa)(C,N) named Co-4HECN, and 90 wt%Co-10 wt%(TiZrNbMoTa)(C,N) named Co-5HECN, with progressively increasing configurational entropy were incorporated into Co-matrix composites via solid-state sintering. The influence of entropy on diffusion behavior and mechanical response was systematically evaluated. Mo exhibited the highest diffusivity in the Co matrix, followed by Ti, Zr, Nb, and Ta, and this diffusion inhomogeneity induced local stress concentrations that weakened interfacial bonding. The Co-MECN composite achieved the best performance, with a transverse rupture strength of 1.75 GPa and a hardness of 326 kgf/mm², while higher entropy levels led to performance degradation due to increased phase stability hindering densification and promoting pore formation. These findings clarify the dual role of entropy in regulating diffusion and consolidation, providing a guidance for the rational design of next-generation high-entropy cermet systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 107679"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the influence of the Re3W phase on the mechanical properties of tungsten‑rhenium alloys: Insights from experiments and molecular dynamics simulations","authors":"Chen Lai ,&nbsp;Guowei Miao ,&nbsp;Zhenghui Zheng ,&nbsp;Jinshu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, tungsten‑rhenium (W<img>Re) alloys with varying Re concentrations (10, 15, 20, 25 wt%) are fabricated using powder metallurgy techniques. The influence of Re₃W (χ phase) addition on the mechanical properties of these alloys was systematically investigated. A clear trend of increasing macrohardness with Re content is observed in the W<img>Re alloys over the investigated composition range (10–25 wt%), irrespective of the addition of the χ-phase. Whereas, The compressive elastic limit of W<img>Re alloys, both with and without the addition of χ-phase particles, decreases with increasing Re content. Nanoindentation results indicate that the microhardness of the alloys increases with Re content up to 20 wt%. In contrast, the addition of χ-phase particles leads to a decrease in the microhardness of W<img>Re alloys with increasing Re content. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the tensile and compressive strength of W<img>Re alloys decrease with increasing Re content, a trend further exacerbated by the introduction of the χ-phase. It is attributed to the severe stress concentration induced by the presence of χ-phase. Rhenium clusters act as stress concentrators in a uniform stress field, but not under non-uniform conditions. Higher rhenium content enhances the tendency for Re cluster formation, which lowers the compressive elastic limit strength of the W<img>Re alloy. Concurrent microstructure analysis indicates that failure under compression is initiated by the crushing of the χ-phase, whereas tensile failure originates from interfacial cracking. Our work advances the understanding of how intermetallic compounds influence the mechanical properties of W<img>Re alloys, offering crucial insights for W<img>Re alloy design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 107646"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145895924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving ultrahigh strength and high electrical conductivity in Cu composite reinforced with intragranular sub-10 nm W particles","authors":"Cantong Li ,&nbsp;Liang Liu ,&nbsp;Jianhong Yi ,&nbsp;Rui Bao ,&nbsp;Caiju Li ,&nbsp;Hongmei Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Chen ,&nbsp;Zunyan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional methods for synthesizing copper‑tungsten (Cu<img>W) composites often struggle to achieve a balance between mechanical properties and electrical conductivity. Herein, we had reported a “nanodispersion-in-grains” strategy, which successfully realized high strength and good electrical conductivity in Cu<img>W composites via refining W particle size and tuning its spatial distribution. W particles prepared by spray pyrolysis (SP) had an average size of 7.3 nm. The nano-sized reinforcement with intragranular distribution had significantly enhanced the mechanical properties by Orowan strengthening. The intragranular W particles induced high internal stress fields within the composite, which promoted generation of high-density twinning domain. The formation of twinning effectively reduced the grain boundary and interface resistivity, while optimized the electron transport pathways, thereby enabled the composite to maintain good electrical conductivity. Notably, the Cu-3 W composite exhibited excellent overall properties, with an ultrahigh tensile strength of 705 MPa, a total elongation of 16%, a high electrical conductivity of 93% IACS, and a thermal conductivity of 367 W/m·K at room temperature. This work provided clear microstructural design guidelines for developing advanced Cu-based functional integrated materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 107688"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146073975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Effect of powder characteristics on shrinkage kinetics of WC-Co-Cr Zn-reclaimed submicron powders” [International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials vol. 136 (2026) 107603]","authors":"L. Muñoz-Ortuño ,&nbsp;T. Soria-Biurrun ,&nbsp;A. Vornberger ,&nbsp;J. Pötschke ,&nbsp;J. Ronkainen ,&nbsp;T. Karhumaa ,&nbsp;J.M. Sánchez-Moreno","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107680","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 107680"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146073974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-temperature oxidation behavior of WC-12Co cemented carbide in dry air and water vapor atmospheres","authors":"Bambang Hermanto ,&nbsp;Resetiana Dwi Desiati ,&nbsp;Wahyu Bambang Widayatno ,&nbsp;Myrna Ariati Mochtar ,&nbsp;Bambang Suharno ,&nbsp;Toto Sudiro","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, the oxidation behavior of WC-12Co prepared by mechanical milling and spark plasma sintering was investigated in dry air (DA) and water vapor (WV) atmospheres at 400–800 °C. The results indicated that the oxidation rate increased significantly with increasing temperature, and the oxidation was significantly accelerated in water vapor compared to dry air. The Vickers hardness decreased after high-temperature exposure, which was influenced by the alterations in structural integrity observed in the material. The formation of Co₃O₄, WO₃, and CoWO₄ oxides was observed with distinct morphological changes at elevated temperatures. As the temperature increased, the oxide layer became thicker and more porous, with the appearance of cracks. Enhanced porosity facilitated pore link formation, serving as diffusion pathways for oxygen, water vapor, and metal ions. Notably, oxidation in a water vapor atmosphere resulted in a thicker and more porous oxide layer compared to that in dry air, driven by the release of additional H₂ gas alongside CO₂/CO and other volatile species. This study provides valuable insights into the oxidation mechanisms of WC-12Co at high-temperatures, offering critical implications for its application in cutting tools and wear-resistant components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 107664"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fine microstructure, better compactness, and significant fracture toughness of multi-component Nb–Si based alloy by an appropriate amount of Yttrium addition during the laser melting deposition","authors":"Xiuyuan Yin ,&nbsp;Xinxing Li ,&nbsp;Hu Sun ,&nbsp;Ning Ding ,&nbsp;Lei Ren ,&nbsp;Hongqi Shi ,&nbsp;Hongxia Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Liang ,&nbsp;Changsheng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the rapid solidification of laser melting deposition, poor melt pool fluidity in Nb<img>Si based alloys results in insufficient pore wetting and filling, significantly degrading the mechanical properties. To address this issue, controlled addition of rare earth Yttrium (Y) was utilized to improve melt fluidity, thereby enhancing the density of the deposited layer and optimizing mechanical properties. Results show that an appropriate Y (0.15 at.%) addition increased sample density from 99.83 % to 99.97 %. Y addition did not alter the primary phase constituents of the alloy, which remained Nbss, α-Nb₅Si₃, and γ-Nb₅Si₃ phases, but it affected the phase fractions. With the increase of Y content, the total silicide content increased in the alloys, alongside the precipitation of more nanoscale Y₂O₃ and γ-Nb₅Si₃ phases. The alloy with 0.15 at.% Y addition achieved maximum fracture toughness of 15.13 MPa·m^1/2 due to microstructure refinement and compactness improvement. For compressive strength, a continuous enhancement was observed up to 2358.9 MPa in alloys with 1.0 at.% Y addition, which was attributed to increased silicide content, the enhanced solid solubility of Y in the Nbss phase, and the increased content of nanoscale Y₂O₃ and γ-Nb₅Si₃ precipitates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 107655"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}