International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献

{"title":"Effect of selective laser melting process parameters on the microstructure and properties of WCu20 composite","authors":"Fenqiang Li ,&nbsp;Jiawei Shu,&nbsp;Qianting Wang ,&nbsp;Jiehao Ding,&nbsp;Xin Xu,&nbsp;Jun Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tungsten‑copper (W<img>Cu) composites hold great promise as electrically conductive materials. However, traditional manufacturing methods, such as powder metallurgy, are unsuitable for producing dense and complex W<img>Cu components. Recently, additive manufacturing methods have been explored for preparation, but variations in process parameters significantly affect the quality of the components. Determining optimized process parameters for quality products is a challenging yet crucial issue. In this study, Selective Laser Melting (SLM) technology was used to fabricate W-Cu20wt.% composites. The effects of laser power, scanning speed, hatch spacing, and layer thickness on the density and microhardness of W<img>Cu20 composites were explored. The densification mechanism of W<img>Cu20 composites during the SLM process was discussed. The results indicated that using a laser power of 320 W, scanning speed of 400 mm/s, layer thickness of 30 μm, and hatch spacing of 40 μm produced a dense and uniformly structured W<img>Cu20 composite successfully, with a maximum relative density of up to 98.1 %. W-Cu20 specimens with a density above 96 % exhibited hardness levels greater than 230 HV, with the optimum hardness being 256 HV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 107130"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of laser machining process on the ablation amount and organizational properties of cemented carbide","authors":"Quan Wan,&nbsp;Xueyuan Tang,&nbsp;Jikai Yi,&nbsp;Weizhe Zhong,&nbsp;Shucai Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser processing technology, with its non-contact, high-precision characteristics, has brought new hope for the processing of cemented carbide tools, and greatly expanded the application potential of cemented carbide. But there is a lack of research on the mechanism of laser ablation and material evolution of cemented carbide materials. This study examines the factors that influence the amount of ablation through two-factor experiments. Two laser machining processes, namely the Variable Parameter Indexing Alternate Machining (VPIAM) process and the Laser Enhanced Preparation Machining (LEPM) process,are proposed and compared to the conventional Unidirectional Continuous Ablation Machining (UCAM) process. To investigate the effects of the three processes on cemented carbide, comparative analyses of ablation amount, organizational properties, surface morphology, and surface roughness of the materials were performed under the three machining processes, and the relevant mechanisms were summarized. In this study, the power, pulse overlap rate, and line overlap rate of laser processing were regulated, and the experimental data were integrated. The results showed that the backfill effect occurs under the remelting and slag deposition effects, and the amount of material ablation under UCAM is small. The VPIAM technique effectively reduces the hindrance of slag and remelting during the ablation process by integrating slag removal and indexing processing. The increase in material ablation can range from 13.07 to 60.2 um, with a growth rate of 236–628 %. Using the LEPM process, the remelted layer undergoes several laser shocks, resulting in the total elimination of micro-cracks. Furthermore, the material particles within the reinforced layer undergo a refinement process, and some of these particles form bonds with the remelted layer. The layer reinforced with material exhibits a higher degree of uniformity and straightness, enhancing the surface characteristics of the processed material to some extent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 107129"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143526978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental research on the double-sided grinding of PCBN materials with different microstructures","authors":"Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xian Wu ,&nbsp;Hongfei Yao ,&nbsp;Xuefeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Tao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuan Li ,&nbsp;Zhongwei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>PCBN is the most suitable tool material for machining of ferrous materials, the double-sided grinding is the necessary operation in preparation of PCBN tools. In this paper, surface roughness and material removal rate in double-sided grinding of PCBN materials with different grain sizes and binder phases are studied. Based on the results, the PCBN material with low Al content achieves lower surface roughness and higher material removal rate. The binder phase with low Al content exhibits greater binding strength and is more difficult to remove, it also reduces the possibility of the spalling pit formation on the machined surface. The grain size of PCBN has a greater influence on surface roughness and material removal rate. The PCBN material with small grain size presents superior surface quality and material removal rate, and is easier to remove. The optimal double-sided grinding parameters are obtained for PCBN tools, the upper abrasive disc speed of 20 rpm, the lower abrasive disc speed of 30 rpm and the inner pin ring speed of 30 rpm, the grinding pressure of 300 kPa. The results can guide the actual preparation process for PCBN tools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 107126"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new paradigm in uniaxial wear testing for ceramics and ceramic coatings","authors":"Mark Gee,&nbsp;Tim Kamps,&nbsp;Peter Woolliams","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper describes a uniaxial test system that acquires a full data set of information in real time in situ consisting of an image and topographical map of all the wear surface of the disc, together with other signals such as the applied load and friction load. This enables comprehensive off line analysis of results that enables the understanding of tribological phenomena that occur during wear.</div><div>The utility of the test system was demonstrated through tests on four tribological systems. The process of failure for the two thin coatings tested showed two different failure modes, indicating that failure of the CrAlN coating took place through a sudden delamination process, but the DLC coating failed by a gradual process of removal of coating through abrasion.</div><div>The other two cases showed examples of the formation and dynamics of transfer layers, including movement, removal and reforming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107127"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143578031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of SPS sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the WNbTaVTi refractory high entropy alloy","authors":"Lei Huang ,&nbsp;Shunhua Chen ,&nbsp;Yafei Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to improve the plasticity of WNbTaV refractory high entropy alloy (RHEA) at room temperature, the WNbTaVTi RHEA was successfully synthesized by spark plasma sintering (SPS) technology. The effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the WNbTaVTi RHEA was investigated. The WNbTaVTi powders after 24 h of ball milling predominantly consisted of individual elemental components, with no detectable amorphous phases or alloy formation. RHEAs sintered at 1500 and 1600 °C were primarily composed of a BCC phase and a TiO phase, whereas those sintered at 1400 °C included a BCC phase, TiO phase, and a small amount of W-rich phase. The presence of the W-rich phase was due to the insufficient diffusion of high-melting-point W atoms during rapid heating. As the sintering temperature increased, the grain size and relative density of the WNbTaVTi RHEA rose, while the dislocation density decreased. The compressive plasticity of RHEA decreased with the increase of sintering temperature, while the Vickers hardness, nanohardness, and compressive strength first increased and then decreased, which was related to the combined effects of solid-solution strengthening enhancement, reduction in porosity, grain growth, and increased dislocation mobility. At the sintering temperature of 1500 °C, the RHEA demonstrated optimal comprehensive performance, with a yield strength of 2310.1 MPa, a compressive strength of 2893.3 MPa, and a fracture strain of 12.6 %. The properties of the present WNbTaVTi RHEA surpassed those of most RHEAs documented in literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 107128"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic strain aging and serrated flow behaviour of Ta-2.5 W alloy","authors":"Yaohua Yang ,&nbsp;Xuanyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Weiliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuefeng Liu ,&nbsp;Wenjing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The compression behaviour of the Ta-2.5 W alloy was investigated over the temperature range from room temperature to 450 °C at strain rates of 0.001 s⁻¹, 0.01 s⁻¹, 0.1 s⁻¹, 1 s⁻¹, 5 s⁻¹, and 10 s⁻¹. The test results are thoroughly analysed with particular attention to the typical features and mechanism of dynamic strain aging (DSA) and its effects on microstructure evolution. The stress-strain curves clearly exhibit the serrated flow behaviour, and a continuous variation in serration style from A to A + B or A + C_A with increasing deformation temperature occurred. The typical characteristics of serrated yielding, positive temperature sensitivity in flow stress, increased work hardening rate and negative strain rate sensitivity indicate the occurrence of DSA. With increasing accumulated strain, the negative strain rate sensitive region moves to high temperatures and contracts at low strain rates, whereas it expands at higher strain rates. The alloy exhibited both normal and inverse Portevin-Le Chatelier effects, which originate from the interaction between interstitial or substitutional solute atoms and moving dislocations, resulting in the appearance of planar slip, dislocation loops and dislocation walls. Higher strain rates and DSA inhibit dynamic recovery and result in higher dislocation densities and low angle grain boundary frequency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 107121"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143526979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The temperature dependence of hardness and toughness for polycrystalline diamond materials","authors":"Shizhan Huang ,&nbsp;Feng Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhengxing Dong ,&nbsp;Tao Zhang ,&nbsp;Hailong Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polycrystalline diamond materials (PCD), known for ultra-high hardness and wear resistance, are widely used in cutting tools, petroleum drilling, and grinding machines. However, its excellent performance is limited by its extreme brittleness and sensitivity to high temperatures. Studying the hardness and toughness of PCD materials is crucial for evaluating their potential applications under extreme conditions. The hardness and toughness of PCD materials under different temperature and load conditions are examined in this paper. Vickers hardness and dynamic elastic modulus tests were performed to develop a mathematical model for evaluating fracture toughness. The results show that the hardness of PCD materials decreases as the temperature rises from 20 °C to 600 °C, with the rate of decline becoming more pronounced at higher temperatures. The fracture toughness is initially weakened with rising temperature but increases with further temperature rise after 400 °C. At different temperatures, the fracture and crack propagation of PCD materials are closely related to factors such as stress conditions, cobalt bonding phase, grain boundary structure, and internal defects. In particular, the mode of crack propagation is predominantly transgranular fracture, with very few instances of intergranular fracture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 107123"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication method of polycrystalline diamond micro-drill using a hybrid process of pulsed laser, EDM and precision grinding","authors":"Yue Ma ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Liang ,&nbsp;Yuchao Du ,&nbsp;Zhipeng Su ,&nbsp;Jinkai Xu ,&nbsp;Cheng Guo ,&nbsp;Shuying Zhang ,&nbsp;Haofei Guo ,&nbsp;Pengwan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Super-hard tool materials such as polycrystalline diamond (PCD) have become advanced materials for fabricating high-performance micro cutting tool. Due to the limitation of the complex tool structure, the tool dimension and the difficult machining characteristics of PCD material, the efficient precision fabrication of PCD micro-drill is still an urgent problem to be solved. Therefore, a new laser-EDM-grinding hybrid fabrication method is proposed to prepare the PCD micro-drill in this study. Firstly, the diameter reduction machining of micro-drill cylindrical surface is conducted by picosecond pulse laser, and the preform machining of micro-drill flute is realized by EDM. Finally, the precision grinding is used to form the high-quality edge structures of micro-drill. The effects of laser and EDM parameters on the fabrication quality of PCD micro-drill are investigated respectively, and the formation mechanism of tool surface micromorphology under these two fabrication methods is analyzed. The PCD micro-drill with a diameter of 0.4 mm and a cutting edge radius of 1.164 μm is fabricated with the optimized machining parameters, then the drilling performance of the self-fabricated PCD micro-drill is studied by micro-hole drilling experiment on monocrystalline silicon materials. The micro-drilling experiment results verify that the self-fabricated PCD micro-drill has obvious advantages in micro-hole processing quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 107124"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Damage tolerance and residual fatigue strength/life of WC-Co cemented carbides","authors":"S. Fooladi Mahani ,&nbsp;C. Liu ,&nbsp;L.L. Lin ,&nbsp;G. Ramírez ,&nbsp;X. Wen ,&nbsp;L. Llanes","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Assessment of damage tolerance of WC-Co cemented carbides, also referred to as hardmetals, under cyclic loading requires not only the introduction of controlled damage, but also appropriated testing protocols on the damaged samples aiming to separate the influence of microstructure on both fatigue sensitivity and damage severity. Attempting to address such a challenge, conical indentation is here combined with flexural testing as well as detailed optical and electron microscopy inspection to evaluate the fatigue behavior of three fine-grained WC-Co cemented carbide grades with varying binder content. Experimental findings show opposite microstructural influence trends on the residual fatigue strength/life, depending on the absence or evidence of indentation-induced cracking features in the pre-existing damage scenario. Hence, as the binder content increases, susceptibility of hardmetals to strength lessening under cyclic loads rises when “just imprints without cracks” are induced, but diminishes when “imprints plus cracks” are introduced by means of conical indentation. Such differences are rationalized by considering that fatigue life of hardmetals is controlled by the subcritical propagation of flaws; and thus, depends upon the compromising effect of their crack growth law – same for both natural and artificial defects –, as well as the initial and final sizes – dependent indirectly and directly on fracture toughness, respectively. As a consequence, this intrinsic mechanical property emerges as the key parameter for tailoring effective damage tolerance in these materials because it defines both fatigue sensitivity as well as the initial size of the indentation-induced artificial flaws. Such statement is sustained by the observation for the toughest cemented carbide studied (and not for the other two more brittle grades) of fatigue strength/life data overlapping and a similar slope in the normalized applied stress – number of cycles to failure curves for all the specimens tested, independent of the damage scenario under consideration. This points out hardmetals with higher cobalt contents as preferable material choices for applications requiring mechanical reliability in terms of damage tolerance, particularly if the latter involves premature cracking when subjected to service-like conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 107117"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The wear behavior of (Ti, W, Mo, Cr) (C, N)-based cermet under a wide load range","authors":"Ziyuyang Zheng ,&nbsp;Lu Wang ,&nbsp;Yuan Dong ,&nbsp;Keji Yue ,&nbsp;Renquan Wang ,&nbsp;Chang Liu ,&nbsp;Ying Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The solid solution carbonitride -based cermet such as (Ti, M)(C, N)-based cermet (M represents transition metals) with low mismatch interfaces, hold significant potential to application in molds, cutting tools, and other wear-resistant parts. However, their wear behavior and mechanisms under reciprocating sliding contact and wide load range remain unclear. Herein, we investigate the unlubricated tribological behavior and wear mechanisms of (Ti, W, Mo, Cr)(C, N)-based cermet at a wide load range from 5 N to 100 N. Under low load, (Ti, M)(C, N)-based cermet exhibits excellent wear resistance compared to traditional Ti(C, N)-based cermet. The low friction coefficient and wear rate are attributed to the synergistic effects of transition metal oxides, particularly the self-lubricating properties of molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃). Under high loads, the wear mechanism changes from the formation and failure of oxide layers, to accelerated abrasive wear and subsequently to an extremely slow wear caused by the Al-rich adhesive layer generated from elemental transformation between the tribo-couples. Furthermore, the strong interfacial bonding helps prevent crack growth between the core and rim phases. This study provides a theoretical basis and guidance for further improving the wear resistance of (Ti, M)(C, N)-based cermets and expending their potential application domains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"129 ","pages":"Article 107122"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}