International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献

{"title":"In-situ observation of recrystallization of K-doped tungsten sheets using laser reflection","authors":"Lukas Wimmer ,&nbsp;Christian Bienert ,&nbsp;Robert Schiftner ,&nbsp;Christoph Eisenmenger-Sittner","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The microstructure of (doped) tungsten sheets is crucial for their mechanical behavior. Within this study, a new method, based on laser reflection, is proposed to in-situ determine the process of (secondary) recrystallization and the resulting grain size of (doped) tungsten sheets under ultra high vacuum conditions. The system introduced here allows to position the reflection setup at a reasonable distance from the sample to further observe the sample temperature via a pyrometer. The main signals of interest are the reflection intensity, the resulting distribution, and changes thereof. Furthermore, the proposed method can be carried out on polished and as rolled surfaces likewise. This novel method makes it possible to determine the secondary recrystallization temperature (<span><math><msub><mi>T</mi><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>x</mi></msub></msub></math></span>) in rolled (K-)doped tungsten sheets within a single non-isothermal annealing procedure. The average surface grain size during isothermal annealing procedures can be evaluated as well. Even though the observations are generally restricted to the surface, in the case of tungsten sheets a sufficient determination of bulk recrystallization kinetics is possible as well. Furthermore, the obtained results show, that the recrystallization temperature can serve as a sufficient measure to describe the recrystallized microstructure. Even for different sample strains, <span><math><msub><mi>T</mi><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>x</mi></msub></msub></math></span> correctly predicts the average grain size resulting for various temperature increase rates. The proposed method provides a simple, coherent, and robust method to evaluate the recrystallization properties of (doped) tungsten sheets within a single measurement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"126 ","pages":"Article 106913"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of ball milling conditions on the powder characteristics and sintering densification of MoCu alloy","authors":"Zehang Zhuang ,&nbsp;Zongbo Li ,&nbsp;Leilei Xu ,&nbsp;Yan Feng ,&nbsp;Richu Wang ,&nbsp;Chaoqun Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mechanical alloying was utilized to produce Mo-30Cu(wt%) composite powder. The effects of milling conditions on the powder characteristics and sintering densification were investigated. The morphological evolution during the mechanical alloying process can be categorized into four stages: 1-individual Mo and Cu particles, 2-coexistence of Mo particles and blocky Mo<img>Cu composite particles, 3-coarse irregular composite particles, and 4-refined near-spherical composite particles or lamellar Mo<img>Cu composite particles, depending on whether process control agent (PCA) is added. The mechanical alloying degree of the Mo<img>Cu composite powder was deepened gradually from stage 1 to 4, which is influenced by the ball milling parameters. As the milling speed and milling time increase, the lattice strain and the alloying degree of the Mo<img>Cu composite powders increase while the grain size of molybdenum particles decreases, which is conducive to accelerating the sintering density. Among these ball milling parameters, an elevated milling speed notably accelerates the mechanical alloying process and the sintering density. Under the milling speed of 600 r/min, ball to powder ratio (BPR) of 10:1, and milling time of 4 h, the grain size, lattice strain, and average particle diameter of the composite powder were measured to be 48.4 nm, 0.247 %, and 21.04 μm, respectively, with the particle morphology being nearly spherical. The sintered density of the Mo<img>Cu composite reached 98.1 %, larger than the other composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 106914"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure characterization and formability assessment of electron beam welded Nb-10Hf-1Ti (wt.%) refractory alloy sheets","authors":"Dibya Ranjan Behera ,&nbsp;P.S. Lin Prakash ,&nbsp;Prasun Kundu ,&nbsp;Ravi Ranjan Kumar ,&nbsp;S.V.S. Narayana Murty ,&nbsp;Sujoy Kumar Kar ,&nbsp;Sushanta Kumar Panda","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Formability study on welded blanks of Nb-based refractory alloy C-103 (Nb-10Hf-1Ti (wt.%)) has tremendous potential for utilizing smaller sheets for realization of large-size divergent portions of upper-stage liquid engine nozzle of satellite launch vehicles and thrusters of attitude orbital control systems. In this work, vacuum-annealed monolithic C-103 sheets were electron beam welded successfully to obtain defect-free welds and detailed microstructural and mechanical characterizations were investigated. Columnar epitaxial grains were found in fusion zone (FZ) instead of equiaxed grains in base metal (BM). Detailed SEM and HRTEM analyses revealed spherical shape of nano-sized HfO₂ precipitates with monoclinic crystal structure in the C-103 sheet. Further, microhardness across the weld cross-section indicated that the FZ had a uniform and maximum hardness of ∼195 HV_0.5 due to formation of finer nano-sized HfO₂ precipitates with higher number density, followed by a lowering of hardness in a narrow heat-affected zone. A marginal reduction in tensile strength of ∼6% with a considerable decrease in ductility of ∼29% was noticed for the welded sample. However, fracture occurred in the BM region, indicating good weld integrity. Furthermore, formability of the welded blanks was evaluated in terms of limiting dome height (LDH), forming limit diagram, and deep drawn cup depth. The effect of the presence of WZ on the formability of the C-103 sheet was estimated under uniaxial, plane strain, and biaxial tensile strain paths for the first time, and the results were compared with the monolithic sample. It was noted that the failure limit of the welded specimens decreased compared to that of the monolithic sample, resulting in a lower LDH of approximately 69% and 62% when deformed along plane strain and biaxial tensile strain paths, respectively. However, a marginal variation in LDH was observed for the uniaxial strain path. Also, the welded blank had more resistance to material flow into the die cavity due to the harder weld region, resulting in a reduction of deep drawn cup depth by 52% than that of the monolithic blank. The overall results concluded that the presence of the WZ significantly affected the formability of the C-103 sheet, especially in plane strain and biaxial strain paths. However, the fracture was never found to be propagating along the weld line, indicating the ability of the weld to sustain large plastic strains. This study provides insightful information on the formability of electron beam welded C-103 sheets for the successful fabrication of space components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 106912"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142527915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Tribological behavior of duplex CrN/DLC and nano-multilayer DLC-W coatings on valve tappet under elevated temperature and varying load” [International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 121 (2024) 106660","authors":"Funsho Olaitan Kolawole","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106911","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 106911"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142527916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of ultrafine WC-V8C7-Cr3C2-co cemented carbides by spark plasma sintering in-situ synthesis of composite grain growth inhibitors","authors":"Hao Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Zhao ,&nbsp;Panjun Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Liang ,&nbsp;Qiujun Hu ,&nbsp;Liuyang Bai ,&nbsp;Hongjuan Zheng ,&nbsp;Zheng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing high-precision manufacturing industry is increasing the demand for cemented carbide which has fine grain size and excellent machinability. In this research, ultrafine cemented carbide was successfully prepared by the method of <em>in-situ</em> synthesis using spark plasma sintering as densification method, V, Cr, WC and carbon black as raw materials. The formation mechanism of <em>in-situ</em> preparation of grain growth inhibitors (GGIs) and its influence on the properties of alloys were investigated. An excellent mechanical property (<em>H</em>_<em>V</em> 2254 kgf/mm², <em>K</em>_<em>IC</em> 9.20 MPa·m^1/2) and uniform microstructure of the alloys (0.8 wt% V₈C₇–0.8 wt% Cr₃C₂) prepared under 1350 °C, 6 min, 25 MPa were demonstrated by the results. The WC grain growth was significantly inhibited (about 200 nm). The <em>in-situ</em> synthesized GGIs significantly inhibited grain coarsening by interfering with the dissolution-precipitation process of WC during liquid-phase sintering. The combination of SPS and <em>in-situ</em> synthesized GGIs offers a novel approach to exploration of the preparation of high-performance ultrafine or nanocrystalline cemented carbides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 106910"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influences of Ni/Cu/Cr3C2 composite additive on microstructure and properties of WC–10Co fine grained hardmetal","authors":"Wei Su ,&nbsp;Wei Luo ,&nbsp;MaoYuan Hu ,&nbsp;Xiaofen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106909","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aiming to save the high-priced Co resource, Ni, Cu and Cr₃C₂ were simultaneously used to modify WC–10Co fine grained hardmetal, and the effects of sintering temperature on microstructure, mechanical properties were investigated. The combined introduction of Cu/Cr₃C₂ can significantly inhibit the growth of WC grains caused by Ni. When sintered at 1420 °C, the hardness, strength and fracture toughness of WC–0.5Cr₃C₂–(5.4Co3.6Ni1Cu) alloy reach to 1652 HV30, 3301 MPa and 12.01 MPa·m^1/2, respectively, which are higher than those of WC–10Co alloy (1601 HV30, 3193 MPa and 11.75 MPa·m^1/2). In term of corrosion resistance, Ni and Cr₃C₂ can eliminate the adverse effect caused by Cu, as evidenced by the decreased passivation current density (I_pp) and the increased charge-transfer resistance (R_ct). In this regard, Ni/Cu/Cr₃C₂ composite additive would be an effective method to conduct the partial replacement of Co by other low-priced metals without sacrificing the mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance of WC–Co hardmetal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 106909"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion resistance of pressure/pressureless sintered cemented carbides with/without graphene oxide in NaOH solution","authors":"Xiaoxiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Shaomin Zhang ,&nbsp;Cheng Yang ,&nbsp;Ze Sun ,&nbsp;Jiawei Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electrochemical corrosion performance of WC-Co hard alloy was studied under pressure/pressureless sintering and conditions with/without graphene oxide added. Three electrochemical testing methods were used to evaluate the corrosion behavior: open circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and dynamic potential polarization. The corrosion resistance of the alloy was compared using three parameters of corrosion potential, corrosion current density, and total impedance. The corrosion mechanism was studied by observing the surface morphology of corroded alloy using scanning electron microscopy and analyzing the surface corrosion products using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed that pseudo-passivation phenomenon appeared in the potentiodynamic polarization curve of the hard alloy in the sodium hydroxide solution. The corrosion behavior was mainly controlled by anodic dissolution, with the dissolution of WC phase being greater than that of Co phase. The corrosion resistant properties of the pressure sintered cemented carbide are higher than that of the pressure-less sintered cemented carbide respectively in NaOH solution, mainly because pressure increases the grain size and decreases the grain boundaries of cemented carbide, which can be regarded as the dislocation wall between grains and normally attacked by the serious corrosion preferentially.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 106908"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of property gradient in coarse-grained niobium using a wedge tool: Experiment and analysis","authors":"Oleksandr Tarasov ,&nbsp;Jakob Kübarsepp ,&nbsp;Mart Viljus ,&nbsp;Mart Saarna ,&nbsp;Fjodor Sergejev","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106905","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106905","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We introduce a novel severe plastic deformation process for coarse-grained niobium, which employs a tool with an inclined (wedge) surface for deforming the material by a reverse shear scheme. The process increases the intensity of shear deformations and the depth of plastic deformation in the body of the workpiece when a wedge tool acts on its surface. The essence of the process is in the repeated displacement of the workpiece material in opposite directions during the asymmetrical introduction of a wedge tool until the required degree of deformation is accumulated in the tool-affected volume. This deformation scheme applies a 15° angle wedge tool to a 21-mm high workpiece. After nine cycles of plastic deformation, a gradient of the accumulated degree of deformation in the range of true strain <em>e</em> = 0.3–4.5 was created. At maximum deformation, the microhardness of the workpieces increased by 1.86 times and the tensile strength by 1.6 times. Fractograms show a significant influence of the accumulated degree of deformation on the nature of the fracture. The finite element method simulation of the deformation process showed that creating a uniformly strengthened layer requires at least five deforming operations. For example, the proposed reverse shear process with a wedge tool can be applied to improve the structure of the surface layers of niobium ingots for subsequent forming. Due to the creation of a significant gradient of properties, the reverse shear process can be used as an express method for determining the mechanical characteristics of different materials in a wide range of accumulated degree of deformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 106905"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142419675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The microstructure evolution, wear and corrosion behavior of biomedical Ti40Zr40Nb5Ta12Sn3 MEA at different heat treatment conditions","authors":"Dandan Zhu ,&nbsp;Shiwen Hu ,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Li ,&nbsp;Ping Long ,&nbsp;Youtong Yang ,&nbsp;Qinglin Li ,&nbsp;Dexue Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, the microstructure, wear and corrosion properties of a novel Ti₄₀Zr₄₀Nb₅Ta₁₂Sn₃ medium-entropy alloy (MEA) processed by warm rolling and subsequent heat treatment were investigated. The findings reveal nanoscale α” phase precipitated in the alloy following annealing at temperatures of 450 °C, 550 °C, and 650 °C. During the friction and wear of the MEA, it was observed that the wet friction coefficient and wear rate of the alloy surpassed those under dry friction conditions. The wear mechanisms of alloys were abrasive wear and oxidation wear during dry friction, and abrasive wear and corrosion wear during wet friction. Furthermore, Sn₃–450 alloy exhibited exceptional corrosion resistance compared to Ti6Al4V alloy, with a lower corrosion current density (I_corr: 0.165 μA·cm⁻²) and a higher corrosion potential (E_corr: −0.638 ± 0.015 V) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. These results suggest the significant potential application of the Sn₃–450 alloy in biomedical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 106906"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142330054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) addition on the microstructure, mechanical and cutting performance of silicon nitride ceramic tools","authors":"Lei Huang,&nbsp;Yingxu Dong,&nbsp;Zhenhua Wang,&nbsp;Dongying Zhang,&nbsp;Zuorong Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) ceramics incorporated with 0–1.5 wt% multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesised by the spark plasma sintering technology. The effects of the low-content MWCNT addition on the microstructure, density, mechanical properties and cutting performance against nickel-based superalloys (Inconel 718) of the Si₃N₄/MWCNTs ceramic tools were investigated by the X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, Vickers hardness tester, universal tester, ball-on-disk reciprocating tester and cutting experiment. The results showed that the incorporation of MWCNTs enhanced the conversion rate of Si₃N₄ structure from the polar α form to the polar β form and reduced the friction coefficient of the composite. However, due to the agglomeration of MWCNTs, the hardness and fracture toughness of the Si₃N₄/MWCNTs ceramics were observed to decrease by 5.03 % and 13.97 %, respectively, compared to pure Si₃N₄ ceramics. A higher addition rate of the MWCNT would further accelerate tool wear and significantly diminish tool life. The predominant wear mechanism of the Si₃N₄/MWCNTs ceramic tools when milling Inconel 718 was groove-shape wear and adhesive wear.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"125 ","pages":"Article 106907"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142330212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}