International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献

{"title":"Oxidation of Nb-Ti-W and Nb-Ti-Mo alloys processed by plasma transferred arc in the temperature range 500–700 °C","authors":"Santiago Maya Johnson ,&nbsp;Joao Felipe Sippel ,&nbsp;Ana Sofia C.M. D'Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two Nb-based alloys containing Ti, Mo and W were produced by Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) and their microstructure and oxidation properties in the temperature range of 500–700 °C were reported and compared with a pure Nb sample. The processed materials showed a homogeneous dendritic microstructure with all the elements in solid solution. Raman spectroscopy analysis allowed to identify the formation of a protective TiNb₂O₇ oxide layer, which provided the alloys protection against high temperature oxidation. It was concluded that the Nb-Ti-W and Nb-Ti-Mo alloys can be used as a competitive alternative for high strength, high-temperature applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107382"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of V doping on phase composition and corrosion resistance of laser cladding Ni60AA coatings","authors":"Hongtao Jin ,&nbsp;Fangyan Luo ,&nbsp;Zehuan Chen ,&nbsp;Zhen Peng ,&nbsp;Yuanzheng Luo ,&nbsp;Wenqing Shi ,&nbsp;Jiang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the Ni60AA-V composite coating was successfully fabricated by laser cladding technology. The effects of vanadium (V) doping on the phase composition and corrosion behavior of the Ni60AA coating were systematically analyzed. The results show that V is multifunctional in enhancing the coating. Firstly, V can modulate the phase composition of Ni60AA, promoting the generation of the in situ VB phase and inhibiting the formation of other phases. At the same time, the VB phase can and does act as a heterogeneous nucleation site to refine the grains and promote the uniform distribution of Cr elements. Secondly, V can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of Ni60AA. In electrochemical testing, Ni60AA-V coatings exhibit higher self-corrosion potential, smaller self-corrosion current density, and higher electrical resistance. Thirdly, V can enhance the protective properties of the oxide film of the Ni60AA coating. According to potentiostatic polarization curves and Mott-Schottky and XPS analyses, V can increase the growth rate and stability of the oxide film, reduce the oxide film defects, and at the same time send the formation of more oxidation products and less Ni(OH)₂ in the Ni60AA coating. In summary, it is shown that the V element can enhance the corrosion resistance of Ni60AA coatings and provide a more novel approach for designing Ni60AA materials with superior corrosion resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107371"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dislocation behavior and cracking mechanisms at the WC-Co cemented carbide surface under dry sliding conditions","authors":"Guanyu He ,&nbsp;Yilong Liang ,&nbsp;Peng Chen ,&nbsp;Xing Ran","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The deformation processes and strain transfer mechanisms within the tungsten carbide (WC) and cobalt (Co) components at the surface significantly influence the tribological performance of cemented carbides. Nevertheless, the mechanisms governing plastic deformation and the initiation and spallation of cracks under frictional stresses in cemented carbides are obscure. This study employed focused ion beam (FIB) micromachining techniques to fabricate transmission electron microscopy (TEM) lamellae from the tribolayer, which arises during the dry sliding of cemented carbides. The microstructural response and dislocation slip systems within the tribolayer were subsequently scrutinized using TEM under two-beam conditions and transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD). Moreover, friction-induced atomic displacements were delineated and the strain transfer mechanisms were elucidated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results indicated that dislocations primarily slipped on prismatic <span><math><mfenced><mrow><mn>01</mn><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>¯</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></mrow></mfenced></math></span> or pyramidal<span><math><mspace></mspace><mfenced><mrow><mn>01</mn><mover><mn>1</mn><mo>¯</mo></mover><mn>1</mn></mrow></mfenced></math></span> planes, with the angular relationship between the orientation of the WC grain and sliding direction determining the specific slip plane and the <span><math><mfenced><mi>a</mi></mfenced><mspace></mspace><mo>(</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>3</mn><mfenced><mrow><mn>11</mn><mover><mn>2</mn><mo>¯</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></mrow></mfenced></math></span>) dislocations being primarily activated. The initiation of intragranular cracks in WC was closely linked to the motion of <span><math><mfenced><mi>a</mi></mfenced></math></span> dislocations on the pyramidal planes. However, intercrystalline cracks typically originate and propagate along the basal planes <span><math><mfenced><mn>0001</mn></mfenced></math></span> at high-angle grain boundaries. This study provides a theoretical foundation for designing wear-resistant cemented carbides characterized by exceptional subsurface elastoplastic adaptability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107374"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of a zirconium alloy fabricated by electron beam freeform fabrication","authors":"Xiaochen Liu ,&nbsp;Ting Wang ,&nbsp;Debin Song ,&nbsp;Lianfeng Wei ,&nbsp;Yunxi Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a zirconium (Zr) alloys was prepared by electron beam freeform fabrication (EBF³) technology. The microstructural characteristics, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance properties of the as-deposited (AD) sample were systematically investigated. The results showed the AD sample was mainly composed of α phases, exhibiting the characteristics of coarse laths and preferred orientation. The ultimate strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and the elongation of the AD sample were 442 MPa, 405 MPa, and 16.9 %, respectively. The average microhardness of the AD sample was 163 HV_0.2. Compared to the rolled (RO) substrate, the AD sample exhibited a decrease in the mechanical properties due to the formation of α laths. However, the AD sample exhibited better electrochemical corrosion resistance. The breakdown potential of the AD sample was 1.16 V, which was much higher than that of the RO sample (0.65 V). In addition, the oxidation rate of the AD sample in deionized water at 360 °C/18.6 MPa was comparable to that of the RO sample. This study suggests that the EBF³ technology is a viable method for fabricating Zr alloy parts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107380"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Processing route effects on NbC-Fe-Ni cermets: Improving mechanical properties via mechanical alloying","authors":"Abdul Basit ,&nbsp;Sadaqat Ali ,&nbsp;Malik Adeel Umer ,&nbsp;Furqan Anwar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Niobium carbide (NbC)-based cermets have become a promising alternative to tungsten carbide (WC) due to their superior thermal stability, wear resistance, and lower toxicity, especially for cutting applications. However, the performance of NbC cermets is largely influenced by the choice of binder. The Fe<img>Ni binder-modified NbC cermets have recently gained recognition as a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and less toxic alternative to the much-explored NbC-Ni. This study reports the effects of two distinct routes: tumbler mixing (TM) and high-energy ball milling (MA), on the microstructure and mechanical properties of NbC-Fe-Ni cermets. The Fe and Ni powders were mixed using both TM and MA routes before being combined with NbC to fabricate the cermets. The mixture was then sintered via vacuum liquid phase sintering (LPS) at 1440 °C for 1 h. The microstructure characterization (SEM+ EDX) revealed that samples prepared via MA exhibited finer NbC grain sizes compared to those fabricated by TM, with grain growth more limited as Fe content increased. The MA route resulted in a more uniform Fe<img>Ni binder distribution around the NbC grains, which was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and mapping. Mechanical testing revealed that cermets fabricated by MA route exhibited a significant increase in hardness (up to 21 %) and an improvement in fracture toughness (up to 24 %) compared to those produced by TM. The results demonstrated that MA enhanced densification, microstructural homogeneity, and mechanical properties of NbC-Fe-Ni cermets, making it a more favorable route for the fabrication of NbC cutting tools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107372"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-temperature ablation behavior and microstructure evolution mechanism of W-4Re-0.27HfC alloy in plasma flame environment","authors":"Tianyao Guo ,&nbsp;Caihong Dou ,&nbsp;Changji Wang ,&nbsp;Zhou Li ,&nbsp;Lingfeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Hua Yu ,&nbsp;Di Dong ,&nbsp;Chengyang Wang ,&nbsp;Kunming Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high-temperature ablation behavior and microstructural evolution mechanism of the W-4Re-0.27HfC alloy were investigated using a plasma flame ablation test (PFAT). It was found that the mass ablation rate and the linear ablation rate of W-4Re-0.27HfC at 2800 °C were determined to be only 2.71 × 10² mg/s and 1.98 × 10⁻² mm/s, respectively. Ablation products consisting of HfO₂, WO₃, Re₂O₇, WC, and HfW₂O₈ were observed on the surface. In the ablation process, HfC was preferentially oxidized to form HfO₂, which covers the surface of the oxide layer, effectively blocking the transfer of heat and O₂. Then, W was preferentially oxidized than Re to generate WO₃. Notably, Re in the oxide layer still remained unoxidized and segregated in the form of dendrites, demonstrating that Re has stronger oxidation resistance compared to W and HfC. The improvement of ablation resistance through enhancing the oxidation resistance of W alloys by adding Re was verified for the first time in high-temperature ablation process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107375"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of aluminum content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TiZrHfNbAlx refractory high entropy alloys","authors":"Longzhen Lai ,&nbsp;Wenxi Yu ,&nbsp;Cong Zhang ,&nbsp;Haifei Zhang ,&nbsp;Haixia Tian ,&nbsp;Yong Du ,&nbsp;Liyong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global scientific and engineering communities have continuously pursued novel high-temperature alloys capable of performing under increasingly severe thermal conditions. Refractory high entropy alloys (RHEAs), which consist of elements with high melting points, exhibit outstanding mechanical properties at both ambient and elevated temperatures, making them promising candidates for aerospace applications requiring high-temperature resistance. However, their practical engineering applications are hindered by several limitations, such as relatively high density and limited room-temperature ductility. This study incorporated aluminum into a TiZrHfNb refractory high entropy alloy matrix, fabricating TiZrHfNbAl_x (x = 5, 10, 15, 20 at.%) refractory high entropy alloys via vacuum arc melting. The research systematically examined the microstructural characteristics, mechanical properties at both room and elevated temperatures, and tribological behavior under ambient conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that all the alloys possess a BCC solid solution phase. However, in the Al-20 alloy, an ordered BCC phase (B2) forms due to the limited solubility of aluminum. With increasing Al content, the hardness and room-temperature compressive yield strength of the alloys are enhanced, although the compressive ductility of the Al-20 alloy is somewhat reduced. At 1000 °C, the high-temperature compressive yield strength of the alloys first decreases and subsequently increases with further addition of Al. Under room-temperature friction conditions, all tested alloys undergo both abrasive and oxidative wear, with higher Al content contributing to improved wear resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107379"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on properties of Re-doped WC-Co alloys","authors":"Mingxing Li ,&nbsp;Caixu Yue ,&nbsp;Xianli Liu ,&nbsp;Jinming Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The properties of cemented carbide with Re contents were studied. Based on the first principles, a <em>Re</em>-doped WC-Co model was established. Due to Re doping, the mechanical properties of the cemented carbide were significantly improved. The cemented carbides with different Re contents were prepared and tested. It was found that the average grain size of WC decreased from 0.64 μm to 0.54 μm with the increase of the Re element, and the grain size became more uniform. The addition of Re element promotes the transformation from the face-centered cubic Co phase (fcc<img>Co) to the hexagonal close-packed Co phase (hcp<img>Co). At the same time, the addition of Re element weakens the concentration of {0001} in WC hard phase texture and promotes the isotropy of WC grains. After adding Re, the number of high angle grain boundaries, WC/WC 90° grain boundaries and coincidence site lattice ∑² increases significantly. With the increase of Re content, the hardness and bending strength show an upward trend, and the fracture toughness did not decrease significantly. In addition, friction and wear tests on cemented carbide were performed. The cemented carbide with Re content of 0.1 wt% exhibited excellent wear-resistance. Milling experiments on Ti6Al4V were also conducted using cemented carbides with different compositions. Compared with T0812, the cutting life of T0890 can be increased by 78 %. Lay the foundation for the development of high performance tools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107373"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144860698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Milling performance of diamond-coated tools with varying flute numbers and diamond grain sizes in graphite machining","authors":"Ming Lu ,&nbsp;Xunxun Zhang ,&nbsp;Fanghong Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rising demand for 3D curved glass in electronics has rendered the efficient and precise machining of graphite molds a critical challenge. This study develops diamond-coated ball-end mills with varying diamond grain sizes and flute numbers to mitigate the severe tool wear and inconsistent surface quality observed in high-speed graphite milling. Diamond coatings with three distinct grain sizes were synthesized via hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD), and their mechanical properties, wear mechanisms, and the resulting machined surface quality were evaluated through microscopic characterization and milling experiments. Results indicate that four-flute tools initially yield lower surface roughness; however, this roughness increases markedly over time, compromising machining stability compared to two-flute tools. Coarse-grained coatings, owing to their superior resistance to abrasive wear, extended tool life to 300 min without delamination, whereas fine-grained coatings exhibited early catastrophic failure due to insufficient bonding strength. Raman spectroscopy and wear morphology analyses confirmed that abrasive wear dominates tool degradation, with coarse-grained coatings enhancing durability by reducing non-diamond phases. This research provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing tool design and coating parameters in graphite mold machining, emphasizing the synergistic control of grain size and flute number to improve machining quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107369"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144810336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High strength refractory high-entropy alloy matrix composites reinforced with in-situ formed Al2O3 particles","authors":"Diqiang Liu ,&nbsp;Weiqi Zhao ,&nbsp;Guangkun Chen ,&nbsp;Aihong Cui ,&nbsp;Yang Xiao ,&nbsp;Jiangang Jia ,&nbsp;Junhu Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refractory high entropy alloys are desirable for applications in extreme environment, owing to their high hardness and strength together with excellent resistance to thermal shock at high temperature. Despite the high hardness of refractory high entropy alloys, the low fracture toughness can not currently satisfy the associated mechanical properties requirements. Based on compositional adjustability of RHEA, we design and fabricate refractory high entropy alloy of NbTaMoW with enhanced toughness via thermite reaction. Introduction thermite reaction into RHEA promotes the formation of single phase NbTaMoW, due to thermite reaction released a lot of energy. Toughness is realized through developing NbTaMoW composites with uniformly distributed in-situ formed Al₂O₃ phase. Apart from higher mechanical strength, Al₂O₃/NbTaMoW composites exhibits significantly enhanced fracture toughness of 6.3 MPa·m^1/2, exceeding that of measured value of NbTaMoW. Toughness effect is mainly attributed to the in-situ formed Al₂O₃ during sintering process, which promotes crack deflection and crack branching. This work thus demonstrates a strategy way to fabricate toughening RHEA matrix composites by taking advantage of their constituent flexibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107368"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144842466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}