International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced properties of a WMoTaTi refractory high entropy alloy via a face-centered cubic phase","authors":"Chang Liu ,&nbsp;Keyan Zhu ,&nbsp;Muhammad Dilawer Hayat ,&nbsp;Jianan Chen ,&nbsp;Wangwang Ding ,&nbsp;Gang Chen ,&nbsp;Lin Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingli Qin ,&nbsp;Xuanhui Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refractory high entropy alloys (RHEAs) are gaining widespread attention recently due to their excellent high-temperature properties. In this study, a WMoTaTi RHEA was fabricated by laser-based powder bed fusion of metals. The microstructure features with nanosized semi-coherent ductile face-centered cubic titanium (Ti_FCC) precipitates in the body-centered cubic (BCC) matrix. The oxygen enrichment and significant thermal stresses induced by the PBF-LB/M process contributed to the formation of Ti_FCC precipitates. The semi-coherent Ti_FCC/matrix interface and the ductile nature of Ti_FCC reduced the cracking defects and greatly improved the printability of the WMoTaTi RHEA, while retaining excellent high-temperature performance. The compressive strengths of the as-printed WMoTaTi RHEA at 25, 1000 and 1600 °C are 1251.2 ± 19.5 MPa, 1159.3 ± 10.6 MPa and 96.4 ± 4.3 MPa, with the compressive strains of 6.7 ± 1.1 %, 18.3 ± 2.3 % and &gt;30.0 %, respectively. The nanoscale Ti_FCC phase underwent a transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) process from Ti_FCC to hexagonal close-packed Ti (Ti_HCP). The solid solution and secondary phase precipitates mainly contributed to the high strength, and the TRIP effect led to substantial plasticity at elevated temperatures for the as-printed WMoTaTi RHEA. This work offers a novel avenue for designing RHEAs with well printability and desirable performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107157"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of carbon sources on the sintering processes, microstructures, and mechanical proprieties of TiB2-reinforced ultrafine Ti(C,N)-based cermets fabricated via reactive spark plasma sintering","authors":"Xianrui Zhao ,&nbsp;Mengxian Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhanjiang Li ,&nbsp;Yangyang Zhao ,&nbsp;Xunbai Du ,&nbsp;Yunsong Cui ,&nbsp;Qiangyong Zhang ,&nbsp;Serhiy Serbin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>TiB₂-reinforced ultrafine Ti(C,N)-based cermets are fabricated via reactive spark plasma sintering. This study investigates the effect of carbon sources on the sintering processes, microstructures, and mechanical properties of cermets derived from a Co-Ni-Y-Ti-BN-WC-VC-Mo₂C-TaC-C system. Results reveal that the sintering process involves both solid-state reactions and liquid-phase sintering stages. Compared to graphitic graphite and graphene, amorphous carbon black and nanocarbon exhibit higher reactivity and smaller particle sizes. This characteristic inhibits the Co<img>Ti and Ti<img>Ni reactions but promotes the Ti-BN reaction, thereby reducing the shrinkage rate during the solid-state reaction stage. During the liquid-phase sintering stage, carbon dissolves into the molten metal and subsequently diffuses into preformed TiN to create Ti(C,N). The use of carbon black and nanocarbon facilitates greater consumption of carbon. Consequently, there is an increase in shrinkage rate during this stage, a reduction in residual carbon within the final sintered samples, and an enhancement in relative density. Moreover, C atoms present in the liquid phase would promote the diffusion of heavy metals into Ti(C,N). When graphite or graphene is used as a source of carbon, Ti(C,N) with a black core/Gy rim structure is obtained. In contrast, employing carbon black or nanocarbon encourages the diffusion of heavy metals toward the center of Ti(C,N). This behavior contributes to the achievement of weak core/rim-structured Ti(C,N) and coreless solid solution particles with finer particle sizes, respectively. As a result of these processes, the synthesized cermet attains an optimal hardness of 2145 HV and K_IC of 7.67 MPa·m^-1/2, along with a minimal wear depth of 8.19 μm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107159"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deformation behaviors and microstructure evolution of sintered W-10Re alloy under different conditions","authors":"Ya-Feng Wang ,&nbsp;Guo-Fan Li ,&nbsp;Jiu-Xiong Chen ,&nbsp;Lai-Ma Luo ,&nbsp;Yong-Qiang Qin ,&nbsp;Fei Sun ,&nbsp;Di Dong ,&nbsp;Yu-Cheng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high-temperature compressive properties of sintered W-10Re alloy were evaluated at temperatures of 1500–1600 °C and strain rates of 0.001–0.1 s⁻¹. The experimental results obtained from flow stress analysis indicate that deformation is primarily governed by dynamic recovery (DRV), with dynamic recrystallization (DRX) also observed, particularly at a strain rate of 0.001 s⁻¹. Within the safe processing region, the proportion of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) was found to decrease with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. It is considered that the optimal processing condition is the 1600 °C and 1 s⁻¹. Recrystallization nuclei were observed in the alloy, growing with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107158"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alloy design for powder bed fusion - laser beam: Grain boundary and segregation engineering in a novel molybdenum-boron-lanthanum alloy","authors":"L. Kaserer ,&nbsp;D. Brennsteiner ,&nbsp;J. Braun ,&nbsp;V. Goettgens ,&nbsp;I. Letofsky-Papst ,&nbsp;B. Mayr-Schmoelzer ,&nbsp;B. Distl ,&nbsp;G. Leichtfried","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molybdenum components manufactured using Powder Bed Fusion-Laser Beam (PBF-LB) currently cannot achieve the mechanical properties and quality of powder-metallurgically produced parts. This is a result of the process characteristics of steep thermal gradients and high solidification rates in PBF-LB, which promote the development of a coarse-grained, columnar microstructure. It has been observed that segregated oxygen impurities have a negative impact grain boundary cohesion, resulting in intergranular cracking and pore formation. This study aims to investigate the effect of a grain boundary and segregation engineering alloying approach for molybdenum using boron and lanthanum additions, and simultaneous adjustment of the PBF-LB process conditions.</div><div>Mo-B-La alloy specimens were manufactured from a Mo-1.5 wt% LaB₆ powder blend by in-situ alloying in PBF-LB using varying substrate plate temperatures of 200 °C, 500 °C and 800 °C. The results show that all specimens exhibit a fine-grained microstructure. A grain size of between 15 and 21 μm was achieved owing to the solute rejection effect of B and La during solidification. The specimens exhibit a mixed cellular and columnar dendritic subgrain structure of α-Mo cells or dendrites surrounded by intercellular or interdendritic Mo₂B filaments. La is found to support grain boundary purification from oxygen impurities owing to the formation of nanometer sized oxidic particles located at the interface between α-Mo and Mo₂B. 60–80 % of the added La evaporates during the process, which leads to the formation of spherical gas pores with a size &lt;Ø30 μm and limits the specimen's density to a maximum of 98.4 ± 0.4 %. The formation of cracks is significantly affected by the substrate plate temperature during the manufacturing process. Specimens manufactured at ≥500 °C are crack-free, while those produced at 200 °C exhibit cold cracks. Therefore, the bending strength of specimens manufactured at 200 °C is limited to 445 MPa, whereas those manufactured at 500 °C and 800 °C reach a bending strength of 1107 ± 117 MPa and 1210 ± 125 MPa, respectively, at room temperature. At elevated test temperatures, specimens demonstrate excellent properties, with bending strengths of 2151 ± 272 MPa and 1954 ± 510 MPa achieved at 400 °C and 600 °C, respectively.</div><div>The study concludes that the grain boundary and segregation engineering approach by alloying Mo with B and La, along with the simultaneous optimization of the process conditions by substrate plate heating, makes it possible to suppress the formation of the main quality inhibiting defects and to produce specimens with excellent mechanical properties in PBF-LB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107156"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of pore defects evolution in Mo14Re alloy welded joints under dislocation back stress","authors":"Xianjun Wang ,&nbsp;Junzhou Yang ,&nbsp;Shichen Wang ,&nbsp;Qiang Wang ,&nbsp;Li Wang ,&nbsp;Hairui Xing ,&nbsp;Yanchao Li ,&nbsp;Wen Zhang ,&nbsp;Muhammad Muzamil ,&nbsp;Ping Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mo<img>14Re alloy is widely utilized in aerospace and nuclear energy applications due to its exceptional high-temperature mechanical properties and radiation resistance. Despite its significant high-temperature stability, the presence of pore defects seriously damages the mechanical properties of the alloy. This study combines crystal plasticity finite element simulation to reveal the influence mechanism of dislocation back stress on pore defects in Mo<img>14Re alloy welded joints. In the fusion zone (FZ), the formation of pore defects is primarily influenced by differences in Schmid factors, stress concentration, and dislocation motion. Grains with high Schmid factors are more prone to dislocation movement and significant deformation, while grains with low Schmid factors exhibit weaker deformability, leading to stress concentration at grain boundaries and suppressing dislocation motion around pores. This exacerbates local deformation inhomogeneity and promotes pore formation. In the weld zone (WZ), the formation of pore defects is closely related to stress concentration and dislocation motion. Stress concentration typically occurs at grain boundaries, triggering the generation and propagation of dislocations. This often results in uneven plastic deformation, leading to insufficient deformation in certain areas and the formation of pore defects. In the FZ, lower energy input restricts dislocation motion at subgrain boundaries, leading to stress concentration and back stress accumulation, which promotes pore defect formation. In contrast, the higher energy in the WZ increases dislocation strain energy, enabling dislocations to overcome subgrain boundaries more easily.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107155"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface characterization of copper metal matrix composites reinforced with tungsten and molybdenum (Cu-W-Mo) through Microwave hybrid heating: A sustainable approach","authors":"Khalid Bashir,&nbsp;Dheeraj Gupta,&nbsp;Vivek Jain","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the innovative application of microwave hybrid heating (MHH) as a cost-effective and efficient method for fabricating advanced copper (Cu) powder-based metal matrix composites (MMCs). These composites are reinforced with tungsten (W) and molybdenum (Mo) powders at varying weight fractions (5 %, 10 %, and 15 %). The novelty of this research lies in the use of MHH, which combines microwave and conventional heating to achieve uniform, rapid processing, significantly reducing melting times and enhancing material properties. Using a microwave frequency of 2.45 GHz and a power setting of 900 W, pure Cu was successfully cast in just 7 min, while the reinforced composites melted even faster, within 4 min. Phase analysis was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed the formation of Cu₆₄O phases due to the process taking in the atmospheric environment. Microstructural studies further highlighted the presence of equiaxed grains and uniform dispersion of the W and Mo reinforcement particles throughout the Cu matrix. Increasing W and Mo content in Cu enhances the tensile strength and resistivity of the composite material. The MMC containing 15 % W and 15 % Mo achieved a Vickers microhardness value of 302.78 ± 15.13 HV which is 5.09 times higher than that of pure Cu. The composites exhibited excellent physical properties, including minimal porosity (less than 1.5 %). The Cu + 15 %W + 15 %Mo composite achieved an impressive relative density of 98.56 %, indicating excellent compaction and low defect levels. Moreover tensile strength of Cu + 15 %W + 15 %Mo was found 301 ± 15.05 MPa which was 1.65 times higher than that of pure Cu.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107147"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of annealing temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al15Ti35V20Nb15Zr15 alloy","authors":"Yatao Zhu ,&nbsp;Chenglei Wang ,&nbsp;Manchao Liang ,&nbsp;Zhantao Wang ,&nbsp;Mei Huang ,&nbsp;WeiJie Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the effects of annealing temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al₁₅Ti₃₅V₂₀Nb₁₅Zr₁₅ lightweight high-entropy alloy were systematically investigated. Results indicate that the Al₁₅Ti₃₅V₂₀Nb₁₅Zr₁₅ alloy exhibits a dual-phase structure consisting of body-centered cubic (BCC) and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phases. As the annealing temperature increases, the HCP phase grows along the grain boundaries, accompanied with the precipitation of a needle-like phase. The alloy primarily demonstrates a dendritic structure, and the rise in annealing temperature promotes dendrite refinement, reducing the grain size from approximately 227.21 μm to 88.28 μm. This refinement remarkably enhances the alloy's strength, hardness, and wear resistance. The yield strength of the alloy increases from ∼1718 MPa to ∼1941 MPa with the increase of annealing temperature. However, this enhancement partially affects plasticity primarily because of the precipitation of acicular phases, which hinders dislocation motion and the increase in internal stress within the alloy, thereby leading to reduced ductility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107154"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wear mechanisms and crack-healing mechanisms of Ti(C,N)-(W,Ti)C-TiSi2 gradient cermet tool in dry turning of 17-4PH stainless steel","authors":"Xinyao Cui ,&nbsp;Chuanzhen Huang ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Shi ,&nbsp;Hanlian Liu ,&nbsp;Chongzhen Du ,&nbsp;Shijie Li ,&nbsp;Zhen Wang ,&nbsp;Longhua Xu ,&nbsp;Shuiquan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Ti(C,N)-(W,Ti)C-TiSi₂ gradient cermet tool (GT5) fabricated by vacuum hot pressing sintering was used for continuous dry turning of 17-4PH stainless steel at different cutting speeds, and its cutting performance and crack-healing mechanisms were explored in comparison with those of Ti(C,N)-(W,Ti)C-TiSi₂ homogeneous cermet tool (TWS20) and Ti(C,N)-(W,Ti)C homogeneous cermet tool (TW15). The results showed that the wear resistance and cutting performance of the GT5 tool were significantly better than those of TWS20 and TW15 tools. At the cutting speed of 150 m/min, the tool life of the GT5 tool was approximately 1.32 times and 2 times that of TWS20 and TW15 tools, respectively. Flank wear, crater wear, chipping and tool material flaking were the main failure modes of the GT5 tool. The main wear mechanisms of the GT5 tool were adhesive wear, oxidative wear and slight abrasive wear, of which oxidative wear was conducive to crack-healing. The contributions of gradient structure to the residual compressive stress, hardness and toughness of its surface layer tool material and the strengthening of tool material by crack-healing mechanisms were responsible for better cutting performance of the GT5 tool. During the dry cutting, the thermal cracks were repaired and filled by the particle TiO₂ and glass phase SiO₂ generated from the oxidation reaction of TiSi₂ and a small amount of WSi₂. In addition, the crack tip was passivated by glass phase oxides, which contributed to inhibition of crack propagation and avoidance of tool material flaking. It was confirmed that the crack-healing mechanism could improve the cutting performance and prolong the tool life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107153"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tantalum coatings formed on titanium by electrospark deposition with computer numerical control in a controlled gas environment","authors":"Vladimir Aleksandrovich Koshuro,&nbsp;Marina Alekseevna Fomina,&nbsp;Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Fomin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tantalum coatings were obtained on commercially pure titanium by electrospark deposition (ESD) at normal (760 Torr) and reduced (380 Torr) pressure in air or argon atmosphere. A monolayer of ESD tantalum coating with the thickness from 3.6 to 6.5 to 13.2–22.0 μm was applied at the working current of 0.5–2.0 A and constant speed of movement of the tool electrode equal to 60 mm/min along the trajectory, which was set using a complex with computer numerical control (CNC). The width of the deposited tracks in air atmosphere varied from 0.27 to 0.49 to 0.41–0.89 mm and in argon the track width stabilized in the range of 0.73–0.85 mm at an operating current of 1.0–2.0 A. The coatings formed in air were characterized by a high oxygen content from 17.36 to 19.38 to 40.81–47.15 at.% and nitrogen from 2.07 to 2.61 to 3.73–4.17 at.%, an average splat value from 72.6 to 74.4 to 118.1–202.4 μm, and microhardness from 5.4 to 7.7 to 12.1–12.3 GPa. The use of an argon environment allowed limiting the oxygen content in the range of 17.99–41.00 at.%, lowering the nitrogen content to 1.65–2.20 at.%, stabilization of the average splat size in the range of 89.0–121.9 μm, and reduction in the microhardness to 5.3–9.0 GPa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107151"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143620018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The CuNb alloys prepared by laser directed energy deposition: Effect of Ti addition on microstructure and properties","authors":"Congwen Tang ,&nbsp;Dengzhi Wang ,&nbsp;Pengfei Sun ,&nbsp;Tao Lai ,&nbsp;Heng Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Zhou ,&nbsp;Gang Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Preparing Cu<img>Nb alloys on copper substrate by laser directed energy deposition (LDED) can improve the ablative resistance effectively. However, the mechanical properties of the Cu<img>Nb alloys deteriorate due to the weak Cu<img>Nb interfacial bonding. To address this challenge, we propose a strategy that an interphase TiO is introduced to optimize the interface structure. Adding Ti element can significantly transform the morphology of the Nb from cellular structure to fine dendrite. It was found that the formation of TiO interphase can transform the incoherent Cu/Nb interface into the semi-coherent Cu/TiO/Nb interface that the dislocations can transmit across more easily. Therefore, the Cu-Nb-Ti deposited alloys exhibit higher total elongation. In addition, the Cu-Nb-Ti deposited alloys exhibit higher strength due to the grain boundary strengthening and solute solution strengthening, and the Cu-Nb-1.5Ti deposited alloy achieves the most excellent synthetic performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 107152"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}