International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials最新文献

{"title":"Microstructure and properties of WMoCu refractory alloys with skeleton structure fabricated by laser powder bed fusion","authors":"Zhen Tan ,&nbsp;Zhenlu Zhou ,&nbsp;Huidong Hou ,&nbsp;Xiaoxuan Li ,&nbsp;Wei Shao ,&nbsp;Chao Chen ,&nbsp;Dingyong He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>W<img>Mo<img>Cu refractory alloys were fabricated via LPBF using spray granulation-plasma spheroidized W<img>Mo alloy powders and Cu powders. The as-fabricated W<img>Mo<img>Cu refractory alloys could attain a relative density exceeding 99 %, featuring a continuous W<img>Mo solid solution skeleton that encapsulates Cu phase within interconnected interstitial gaps. Microstructural characterization demonstrates a bimodal grain structure of refined W<img>Mo grains coexisting with relative coarse Cu grains. Residual stresses and localized strain accumulation originate from the thermos-physical mismatch between W<img>Mo and Cu phases during LPBF solidification. Residual compressive stress exists in the W<img>Mo phase, while Cu phase alleviates tensile stresses through dislocation slip and grain boundary migration, which induces strain-driven reorganization of dislocations into low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs). Compared to conventional W<img>Mo<img>Cu alloys fabricated by powder metallurgy, the W<img>Mo<img>Cu alloys show enhanced compressive strength but compromised thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. The W<img>Mo solid solution effect simultaneously induces solid solution strengthening and promotes grain refinement during LPBF processing, thereby significantly improving the strength. Conversely, the combined solid solution and grain refinement substantially enhance electron and phonon scattering mechanisms, resulting in a notable reduction in electrical and thermal conductivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107392"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure evolution and microhardness improvement of tantalum-modified tungsten heavy alloy processed by high-pressure torsion processing","authors":"Xue Wang ,&nbsp;Aofei Jiao ,&nbsp;Yahui Zhu ,&nbsp;Yashan Guo ,&nbsp;Kemin Xue ,&nbsp;Ping Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the 90(W-xTa)7Ni3Fe with tantalum content of 11 wt%, 18 wt% and 23 wt% were conducted at 400 °C with a pressure of 1.5 GPa by 10, 15 and 25 turns of high-pressure torsion (HPT) processing. Tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) with good consolidation and excellent mechanical properties was obtained. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) instruments were used to analyze the effects of tantalum content and HPT revolutions on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of tungsten heavy alloy. The results show that the fine grained microstructure is basically composed of hard W phase, soft Ta phase and γ-(Ni, Fe) bonded phase. Moderate Ta can promote the grain refinement by controlling the shear strain accumulation on W matrix, Ta phase and γ phase, and promote the formation of NiTa strengthening phase. Under the action of large shear strain, the W grains in 18 T samples occurred continuous dynamic recrystallization (cDRX) and dynamic recovery with slight grain growth from 2.20 μm after 15 turns to 2.62 μm after 25 turns, but the Ta grains experienced continuous shear refinement and cDRX refinement simultaneously with the average grain size of 2.07 μm - 2.63 μm. The ultrafine γ phase grains with 90.2 % proportion high angle boundaries were formed by dynamic recrystallization. Significant grain refinement, high density dislocations and powder consolidation give rise to the microhardness improvement, and 18 T samples showed the highest microhardness of 529.4 ± 4.1 HV_0.5. In the strengthening mechanism of WHA samples processed by HPT processing, dislocation strengthening plays a dominant role with over 40 % contribution to the total strength, whose contributing proportion gradually increased with the HPT revolutions, indicating that HPT process is a promising technique to develop ultrafine grained WHAs with superior mechanical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107388"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of Ti(C,N)w and preparation of whisker-reinforced Ti(C,N)-based cermets","authors":"Tianzhu Liu ,&nbsp;Yingbiao Peng ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Tan ,&nbsp;Gang Liu ,&nbsp;Meihe Yuan ,&nbsp;Yong Du","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Whisker reinforcement is an effective approach to address the insufficient strength and toughness of Ti(C,N)-based cermets. The incorporation of whiskers homologous to the matrix is crucial for preserving the one-dimensional characteristics. In this study, Ti(C,N) whiskers were synthesized via a fluoride-assisted carbothermal reduction and nitridation method using microcrystalline cellulose as the carbon source. The fluoride resource and synthesis temperature were carefully designed based on the decomposition behaviors of NaF and KF, as well as reaction thermodynamics. Systematic investigation of precursor ratios revealed that the optimal molar ratio of n(TiO₂):n(C):n(KF) = 1:12:5 achieved the highest whisker yield, with the diameter of 2–5 μm. The growth followed a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism with the K_<em>x</em>TiF_<em>y</em> as the self-generated catalytic droplets. The effect of varying Ti(C,N) whisker contents on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti(C,N)-based cermets was systematically investigated. Similar to Ti(C,N) particles, typical “core-rim” structures can also be observed on undissolved Ti(C,N)_w, ensuring a promising bonding strength. Notably, “tooth-like” inner rims formed on whisker cores, due to the solid-state diffusion with disperse-contacting second carbides. The doping of Ti(C,N)_w resulted in a bimodal grain size feature, thus promoting the dissolution of finer Ti(C,N) particles and the formation of grey particles and white core-grey rim structures. Remarking improvements of fracture toughness with less loss of hardness can be achieved for whisker-reinforced Ti(C,N)-based cermets. When replacing over 30 % Ti(C,N) by Ti(C,N)_w, the cermet exhibited optimal comprehensive performances of 1480 HV10 and a fracture toughness of 11.65 MPa·mm^1/2.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107389"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of different Ti doping modes on diamond/Cu–Sn composites forming via laser powder bed melting","authors":"Yakun Tao ,&nbsp;Yan Zhou ,&nbsp;Longchen Duan ,&nbsp;Shifeng Wen ,&nbsp;Yusheng Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study used laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) to fabricate four composites: diamond/Cu–Sn, diamond/Cu–Sn doped with titanium (Ti), diamond/Cu–Sn doped with titanium carbide (TiC), and Ti-coated diamond/Cu–Sn, and explore their potential applications in diamond tool manufacturing. Additionally, the diamond content was consistently maintained at 1 vol% to systematically investigate the effect of different Ti incorporation methods on the diamond-matrix bonding, melt pool spreading, and mechanical properties of the Cu–Sn-based diamond composites during L-PBF processing. The comprehensive optimization of surface roughness, relative density, and three-point bending strength found that the Ti coating on the diamond particles was the most effective Ti introduction method. The Ti-coated diamond/Cu–Sn composite demonstrated an expanded process window with optimal laser parameters of a 300–700 mm/s scanning speed range and a 250–350 W power range. The Ti coating served dual functions of mitigating the laser-induced thermal damage to diamonds and significantly improving the diamond-Cu–Sn alloy wettability, which reduced the inter-track porosity. Compared to the uncoated diamond composites, the optimized composite achieved a peak relative density of 98.7 % and an 850 MPa bending strength at 350 W laser power and 300 mm/s scanning speed, representing 5.22 % and 36 % improvements, respectively. The microstructural analysis revealed in situ formation of TiC at the diamond–metal interfaces, substantially enhancing the interfacial bonding strength. This study elucidated the mechanism of Ti<img>C reactions generating robust carbides to strengthen interfacial chemical bonding, which provided novel insights for developing high-performance diamond-Cu–Sn tools using L-PBF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107385"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144878240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and properties of WC-12Co fabricated by LPBF using plasma spheroidized powder","authors":"Qiaoyun Shen ,&nbsp;Songyuan Hao ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Hao ,&nbsp;Rulong Ma ,&nbsp;Pei Wang ,&nbsp;Yongchun Shu ,&nbsp;Jilin He","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study compares WC-Co samples fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) using plasma spheroidized and granulated powders. The LPBF-processed samples using plasma-spheroidized powder exhibited a 76.5 % reduction in porosity compared to those fabricated with granulated powder. The results show that the plasma-spheroidized WC-Co powder significantly improves the densification of the printed samples which mainly benefits from its higher laser absorptivity. The LPBF-ed WC-Co sample obtained with granulated powder has lower hardness due to the aggregation of coarse grains and denser interfaces between coarse and fine grains. The wear mechanism of the LPBF-ed WC-Co sample obtained with granulated powder is mainly abrasive wear, while the wear mechanism of the LPBF-ed WC-Co sample obtained with plasma spheroidized WC-Co powder is a combination of abrasive wear and adhesive wear. Due to the presence of α-Co, the LPBF-ed WC-Co sample obtained with plasma spheroidized WC-Co powder has better wear resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107376"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a drop-casting fixture to improve microstructure repeatability and data pedigree of arc cast alloy research","authors":"Nathaniel J. Lies ,&nbsp;Matthew E. Carroll ,&nbsp;Aaron P. Stebner","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arc cast samples made for alloy development research using a conventional water-cooled copper hearth often exhibit columnar microstructures and some amount of unmelted material, the extent of which may vary from sample to sample or operator to operator. To increase consistency and in turn comparability across different samples and operators, a drop-casting fixture for a non-consumable electrode arc casting furnace was developed to provide repeatable solidification conditions. In comparing the use of the new fixture to a conventional hearth, pure molybdenum castings exhibited more equiaxed microstructures evidenced by circularity measurements of grain cross-sections improving from 0.51 ± 0.03 to 0.67 ± 0.004, and a set of Mo-MoRe alloys showing an average circularity of 0.75 ± 0.008, indicating that an additional benefit is more homogenous, isotropic samples. The equiaxed microstructure repeatability was verified across multiple molybdenum samples and multiple dilute MoRe alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107386"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on improving the surface integrity and wear resistance of CVD α-Al2O3 coated tool by a combined blasting process","authors":"Hui Zhang ,&nbsp;Han Chen ,&nbsp;Ming Lu ,&nbsp;Yongguo Wang ,&nbsp;Jijun Yuan ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The surface integrity of coated tools plays a critical role in determining their wear resistance and service life during machining. To improve surface integrity and enhance wear resistance, this study adopts a novel composite post-treatment process that integrates wet sandblasting (WB) and low-angle rotary micro-blasting (LRM) for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) coatings. Three post-treatment methods applied to CVD-TiN/TiCN/TiN/α-Al₂O₃/TiN composite-coated tools are compared: (1) WB combined with LRM, (2) WB combined with sprayed abrasives polishing (SAP), and (3) conventional WB. Key evaluation parameters include surface morphology, cutting edge morphology, surface roughness, edge roughness, phase structure, coating thickness, cutting edge radius, shape factor (K value), wear characteristics, tool life, and machining performance. The results demonstrate that the WB and LRM composite process offers superior performance. It produced the lowest surface roughness values:158.8 nm on the rake face, 133.4 nm on the flank face, and 176 nm at the cutting edge. In cutting tests, the WB and LRM-treated tools exhibited a tool life of 6.5 min, comparable to that of the WB and SAP method, and representing an 18.18 % improvement over conventional WB. Among the three techniques, WB and LRM consistently produced the smoothest surfaces, with an average surface roughness of 769.4 nm maintained over the entire cutting lifespan. This method not only results in enhanced surface smoothness and wear resistance but also ensures optimal machined surface quality, while preserving the cutting edge radius, K value, and coating thickness across the rake face, flank face, and cutting edge, at levels comparable to the other post-treatment methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107383"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of ultrafine-grained TZM alloy","authors":"Ruyue Wang ,&nbsp;Chengcheng Shi ,&nbsp;Hao Qiu ,&nbsp;Yaqin Zhou ,&nbsp;Xuchang Cui ,&nbsp;Hao Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research investigated the hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of ultrafine-grained TZM alloy over a temperature range of 1200–1350 °C and strain rates from 0.001 to 1 s⁻¹. A strain-compensated Arrhenius constitutive model was developed and hot working maps were generated. Microstructural analysis revealed that at low temperatures and high strain rates, dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was insufficient, leading to a higher dislocation density and strong texture. As the temperature increased and the strain rate decreased, grain deformation was predominantly controlled by continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX). The proportion of recrystallized grains increased, as indicated by a rise in high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) and a reduction in dislocation density. Furthermore, the results showed that 〈100〉//CD and 〈111〉//CD were the primary slip directions. Elevated temperatures and reduced strain rates promoted the preferential growth of recrystallized grains along &lt;100&gt;//CD, enhancing texture strength. Based on the experimental findings, a schematic model of the microstructural evolution of ultrafine-grained TZM alloy during high-temperature deformation was proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107387"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of nano-Cr₃C₂ on wear resistance of copper based diamond composites fabricated by vacuum hot pressing","authors":"Jie Ren ,&nbsp;Yinlong Ma ,&nbsp;Zhigang Sun ,&nbsp;Baoyi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107384","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107384","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To solve the problem of excessive wear and failure in impregnated diamond bits due to drilling in high-temperature and hard formations, the nano-reinforced copper composites with and without diamond were prepared by vacuum hot pressing-sintering process, with 0 wt%, 1 wt%, 2 wt%, and 3 wt% of nano-Cr₃C₂ being added to the composites. In this paper nano-Cr₃C₂ reinforced diamond composites properties and wear behavior, and the relative densities, bending strengths, hardness and wear ratio of the composites were tested, and the surface, fracture and wear surfaces of the composites were characterized. Adding 2 wt% nano-Cr₃C₂ increased the composite's relative density, the friction coefficient decreased significantly compared to non-reinforced composites. The bending strength of the composite without diamond was increased by 18.5 %, the hardness was increased by 7.5 %, and the wear ratio was increased, because nano-Cr₃C₂ played the role of dispersion reinforcement. As the wear resistance and the holding power of diamond in the composite with diamond were significantly improved, the bending strength increased by 42.2 %, and the wear ratio increased by 45 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107384"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-temperature oxidation behavior of aluminum-added Cr-Cr2Ta two-phase alloys: Mechanism of aluminum influence and critical conditions for internal-external oxidation transition","authors":"Junkun Huang ,&nbsp;Dongsheng Liu ,&nbsp;Jiawei Lv ,&nbsp;Dandan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2025.107381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To enhance the oxidation behavior of Cr-Cr₂Ta-based two-phase alloys, this study investigated the effects of varying aluminum additions on the high-temperature oxidation behavior of Cr-Cr₂Ta two-phase alloys in air at 1200 °C. During the oxidation of alloys, the two-phase boundary is the main route for aluminum diffusion. By establishing a diffusion model for aluminum within the (Cr, Al)₂O₃ solid solution oxide layer, the critical aluminum concentration required to form a continuous α-Al₂O₃ layer in Cr-Cr₂Ta two-phase alloys was calculated. The results indicate that a rational control of aluminum content in the alloy significantly aids in enhancing its oxidation resistance. While the addition of aluminum effectively improves the oxidation resistance of Cr-Cr₂Ta alloys, excessive aluminum addition leads to cracking in the alloy matrix during oxidation, which is detrimental to maintaining the protective effect of the α-Al₂O₃ layer. Conversely, alloys with aluminum content near the critical value exhibit excellent oxidation resistance and do not experience cracking throughout the oxidation process. Additionally, a fixed aluminum‑chromium ratio of <span><math><msubsup><mi>r</mi><mrow><mi>Al</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>Cr</mi></mrow><mo>∗</mo></msubsup></math></span> = 0.45 ± 0.02 exists in the Cr-Cr₂Ta alloy, which ensures the formation of an Al₂O₃ layer on the alloy surface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 107381"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}