International Journal of Pharmaceutics最新文献

{"title":"Advances in metal nanofabrication using microbial exopolysaccharides: Emerging biomedical applications","authors":"Kumar Manimaran ,&nbsp;Thammasak Rojviroon ,&nbsp;Orawan Rojviroon ,&nbsp;Ranjith Rajendran ,&nbsp;Dede Heri Yuli Yanto ,&nbsp;Gopal Venkatesh ,&nbsp;Gayathri Segaran ,&nbsp;Sumonman Niamlang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural polysaccharide-based nanoparticle (NPs) production has been receiving more attention recently. These exopolysaccharides (EPS) are easy to make, harmless, and inexpensive. On the other hand, interest in hydrocolloids and films has grown dramatically, and their use in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and fragrance, paper and textile, and oil industries is highly promising. In light of this, the current chapter goal is to describe a thorough approach for extracting and purifying EPS, one that includes screening, fermentation optimisation, pre-treatment, protein removal, precipitation, and purification. Due to the failure of conventional medical therapy, the evolution of drug resistance against cancer and microbiological diseases poses a serious threat to human wellness. As an alternative to traditional anticancer and antibacterial medicines, the production of numerous metallic (Ag, Au, Zn, and Ti) nanoparticles has gained importance. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) from bacteria are now being touted as a possible biological substrate for the environmentally friendly production of metal nanoparticles. NPs are efficiently reduced and stabilized by the polyanionic functional groups (hydroxyl, carboxylic, sulphate, and phosphate) found in EPS. While used against different types of cancer and pathogenic bacteria, EPS-mediated NPs show a broad variety of anticancer and antimicrobial abilities. Explores the use of bacterial EPS-mediated metal NPs in detail, including EPS extraction, the synthesis of green EPS-mediated NPs, their characterisation, and possible uses as anticancer, and antibacterial drugs. In summary, EPS-fabricated nanoparticles have a number of advantageous qualities that make them desirable for strategies based on nanotechnology and medicine. Their promise as alternatives to current cancer and microbial infection therapies is facilitated by their biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and sustainability, opening the door for fascinating developments in these specific fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"685 ","pages":"Article 126232"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145212641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of drug distributions in brain tumor therapy: An in silico comparative study of multi-side-hole and standard end-hole catheters in convection-enhanced delivery","authors":"Ying Wang ,&nbsp;Aili Zhang ,&nbsp;Limei Cao ,&nbsp;Ziyi Lou ,&nbsp;Xinhui Si ,&nbsp;Xuelan Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is a promising technique for treating brain tumors by enabling drugs to bypass the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The types of catheters and physicochemical properties of drugs both influence drug distribution within tumors. In this study, based on a 3D brain model reconstructed from magnetic resonance (MR) images, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation is employed to investigate the effects of a multi-side-hole catheter (MSHC) on the CED administration of six anticancer drugs. Results indicate that reducing catheter diameter at the same infusion rate increases the effective volumes of all six drugs. When administered through the MSHC, five of the six drugs (excluding paclitaxel) show increased effective distribution volumes, while none of the drugs demonstrate higher volume-averaged concentrations. In summary, compared to the standard end-hole catheter (SEHC), the MSHC shows superior therapeutic efficacy for doxorubicin, cisplatin, fluorouracil, and carmustine. When methotrexate is administered via MSHC, it is necessary to balance the increased distribution volume against the reduced volume-averaged concentration. Paclitaxel is more suitable for administration in the SEHC, especially with a low infusion rate and a small-diameter catheter. These findings can provide recommendations for the clinical implementation of CED.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"685 ","pages":"Article 126230"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A transdermal drug delivery system based on estradiol liposomes enhances the alleviation of psoriatic skin inflammation","authors":"Jiaqing Guo ,&nbsp;Leyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Ziwei Li ,&nbsp;Yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Ning Yang ,&nbsp;HaiFeng Tang ,&nbsp;Dongxu Chi ,&nbsp;Ye Bi ,&nbsp;Botong Liu ,&nbsp;Lesheng Teng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Psoriasis is a highly prevalent and chronic inflammatory skin disease, the initiation and progression of psoriasis is closely associated with immune activation and abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes. Estradiol (E2) plays a significant role in psoriasis pathogenesis, exhibits favorable anti-inflammatory effects and could suppress the inflammation characteristic of psoriasis. However, the transdermal efficiency of current E2 formulations is generally low, and alternative administration routes may be associated with adverse effects. Here, we present a transdermal delivery system of liposome gel designed to facilitate the transdermal delivery of E2 to ameliorate psoriatic skin inflammation. The phospholipids within the liposomes interact with the lipids of the stratum corneum, permeating dense skin structure and thereby increasing the intradermal retention of the drug. The gel matrix provides structural support, which reduces fluidity of the system, enhances liposome stability, and effectively prevents the rapid clearance of the drug from skin surface. Extensive <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> studies were conducted to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of E2 liposome gel in treating psoriasis. The results showed that E2 liposome gel could effectively penetrate the skin barrier and deliver E2 to the site of inflammation. This led to a significant inhibition of the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-23 (IL-23), and interleukin-17A (IL-17A), effectively suppressed the abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes, thereby ameliorating psoriatic skin inflammation. In conclusion, this study provides a safer and more efficient strategy for the sustained and controlled release of E2. This not only offers a more promising therapeutic approach for psoriasis, but also provides new insights for exploring the role of E2 in other inflammatory diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"685 ","pages":"Article 126234"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The three levels of stabilization in pickering emulsions stabilized by a non-modified bentonite particle: from particle efficiency to emulsion stabilization efficiency","authors":"Asdrubal Aurélie ,&nbsp;Picard Céline ,&nbsp;Franceschi Sophie ,&nbsp;Payre Bruno ,&nbsp;Hucher Nicolas","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When it comes to Pickering emulsions, the first question that arises is the ability of a particle to position itself at the oil/water interface and then ensure stabilization of the emulsion formed. However, when we try to transpose this type of emulsion to industrial requirements, for example, another question arises: can the sole presence of particles enable us to obtain stable, homogeneous and fully emulsified emulsions? We have been able to prove, for the first time, that pristine bentonite particles, which have not undergone any modification to their surface chemistry, are capable of stabilizing emulsions for at least two years. To this end, we have shown that the emulsification process must be accompanied by very high shear. In fact, only a process in which the particles were subjected to high-energy ultrasound (25–30 kJ) showed this high stabilization capacity. Spectroscopy, surface free energy measurement, and microscopic characterizations confirmed that at this stage these pristine bentonite particles remained unchanged, except for their morphology. A very simple formula containing water, 4 % particles, 20 % Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride and 1 % preservative has demonstrated its ability to form a fully emulsified, homogeneous and stable Pickering emulsion, Rheological and microscopic measurements of the formulated emulsion clearly show that part of the particles are positioned at the interface as expected and moreover that it is through the organization of a 3D network of particles present in excess in the continuous phase that this Pickering emulsion achieves both homogeneity and stability. Our methodology provides a robust approach for explaining the relevant parameters for obtaining a fully emulsified and stable emulsion over time, using pristine, non-modified, bentonite particles for topical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"685 ","pages":"Article 126229"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-based prediction of aerodynamic performance in arformoterol-lactose dry powder inhaler formulations using surface roughness features","authors":"Jin-Hyuk Jeong ,&nbsp;Soyeon Hong ,&nbsp;Ji-Hyeon Kwon ,&nbsp;Soyoun Yang ,&nbsp;Dong-Wook Kim ,&nbsp;Nan Song ,&nbsp;Hyunsouk Cho ,&nbsp;Chun-Woong Park","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are widely used for pulmonary drug delivery, and their aerodynamic performance is highly dependent on particle surface morphology. This paper presents a machine learning-based framework to quantitatively predict DPI aerodynamic behavior using surface roughness parameters from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Ten DPI formulations were prepared with various storage conditions and compositions. Thirteen surface roughness features were extracted using ImageJ and SurfCharJ and used as inputs for predictive models, including multilayer perceptrons (MLPs), support vector machines (SVMs), logistic regression (LR), and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The models were trained to estimate the emitted dose (ED), delivered dose (DD), fine particle fraction (FPF), and fine particle dose (FPD).</div><div>Among the models, the MLPs paired with RF-based feature selection best predicted the ED and DD. CNNs trained directly on SEM images predicted FPF and FPD better. Surface roughness parameters kurtosis (Rku) and skewness (Rsk) were the most consistent critical predictors across all performance metrics, showing nonlinear relationships with the aerodynamic behavior and specific inflection thresholds associated with marked shifts in particle adhesion and detachment. Higher Rku and Rsk values indicated sharp and asymmetric surface structures and were associated with improved dispersion performance (higher DD, FPF, and FPD), but reduced ED, reflecting more efficient deaggregation.</div><div>Combining predictive modeling and mechanistic interpretation, this integrative approach provides a data-driven and interpretable basis for a rational arformoterol-lactose DPI formulation design. The results highlighted Rku and Rsk as practical morphological indicators optimizing the performance of inhalable dry powders in pulmonary drug delivery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"685 ","pages":"Article 126219"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time monitoring and characterization of thin film drug delivery systems using optical coherence tomography","authors":"Johan Barfoed ,&nbsp;Eleftheria Pantazoglou ,&nbsp;Gavrielle R. Untracht ,&nbsp;Nazanin Zanjanizadeh Ezazi,&nbsp;Line Hagner Nielsen,&nbsp;Peter E. Andersen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of drug delivery systems demands close attention to product quality and consistency of quality attributes to guarantee reproducibility in fabrication, performance and therapeutic effectiveness. While some methods exist for monitoring in-line manufacturing, these methods are limited in terms of spatial resolution or depth penetration, which can lead to inconsistent characterization. Furthermore, conventional static characterization methods often lack the ability to monitor time-dependent changes within drug delivery systems. This limits their effectiveness in capturing dynamic processes such as swelling, disintegration, and drug release, underscoring the need for advanced techniques that offer reliable, high-resolution, and depth-specific insights into these mechanisms over time. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive, high-resolution imaging technique which shows promise for comprehensive characterization of structural and dynamic characterization of drug delivery systems. In this study, we explore applications of OCT to structural and dynamic characterization of thin film drug delivery systems. We demonstrate that OCT can be used to non-destructively monitor the spatial variation of the refractive index and thickness of thin films, providing crucial feedback for quality control and ensuring standardized doses in individual film units. Further, we demonstrate that OCT can be used to monitor the dissolution dynamics, enabling characterization of time-controlled release mechanisms. These results suggest that OCT has the potential to enhance thin-film characterization by enabling more precise monitoring of critical quality attributes, which can contribute to improved manufacturing consistency and better control over the uniformity of the dose in each film unit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"685 ","pages":"Article 126201"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of a modified Arrhenius equation for predicting drug nitrosation in solid dosage form","authors":"Yuki Takegawa ,&nbsp;Misaki Sugimoto ,&nbsp;Hiromasa Uchiyama ,&nbsp;Kazunori Kadota ,&nbsp;Yuichi Tozuka","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To prevent contamination by nitrosamine drug substance-related impurities (NDSRIs) in solid dosage forms, the modeling of drug nitrosation reactions was investigated. The nitrosation reaction rate of desloratadine (DES) in the physical mixtures (PMs) was measured under various temperature, relative humidity, and alkaline excipient (AE) content conditions. The nitrosation reaction rate increased with increasing relative humidity and temperature. In contrast, an increase in AE content resulted in a decreased nitrosation reaction rate. The relationship between these three conditions and reaction rate was analyzed by multiple regression analysis using the least-squares method. The modified Arrhenius equation was expressed as ln <em>k</em> = 41.38 −13026 × (1/<em>T</em>) + 0.038 × (%RH) − 0.44 × (% w/w(AE)). The values predicted by the modified Arrhenius equation were in good agreement with the experimental values, indicating that the model equation was valid. The prediction accuracy of the modified Arrhenius equation was higher than that of the original Arrhenius equation. The modified Arrhenius equation can be applied to the nitrosation reactions of various drugs and is expected to improve the quality, safety, and efficiency of drug research, development, and manufacturing processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"685 ","pages":"Article 126212"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green nanofiber biocomposites for drug delivery: A sustainable approach to advanced pharmaceutical systems","authors":"Rayan Y. Mushtaq ,&nbsp;H.P.S. Abdul Khalil","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advancement of sustainable and biocompatible materials has opened new avenues in drug delivery systems, especially through the integration of plant-based nanofiber biocomposites. These materials, derived from renewable sources such as cellulose, lignin, starch, and pectin, offer superior properties like high surface area, porosity, tunable mechanical strength, and biodegradability. This review provides a focused analysis of their role in drug delivery, highlighting electrospinning-based fabrication methods and mechanisms of drug encapsulation and release. Their applications in controlled release, targeted therapy, wound healing, and phytochemical delivery are also discussed. Furthermore, the review discusses regulatory and clinical translation challenges, along with innovations such as AI-optimized design, where machine learning tools are increasingly applied to predict drug–polymer interactions and optimize formulation parameters, and bioresponsive platforms capable of stimuli-triggered or environment-specific release for precision therapy. Regulatory and clinical translation challenges are also considered. The aim is to delineate the state-of-the-art and guide future development of sustainable nanofiber-based drug delivery technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"685 ","pages":"Article 126202"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing immune cell secretion crosstalk in pulmonary pathogenesis: A microfluidic lung-on-a-chip approach","authors":"Jiawang Wu ,&nbsp;Yi Fu ,&nbsp;Xiaolan Wang ,&nbsp;Ting Liu ,&nbsp;Xinting Zhang ,&nbsp;Chongchang Qu ,&nbsp;Qianyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuanglan Xu ,&nbsp;Jiao Yang ,&nbsp;Xiqian Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a highly biomimetic in vitro microfluidic technology, the Lung-on-a-Chip (LOC) is capable of precisely simulating the pulmonary microenvironment and physiological functions, thereby providing an essential tool for the study of pulmonary diseases. The LOC constructs alveolar, airway, and vascular structures through multi-layered channels and biomaterials, supporting the culture of various types of cells. Its microstructural design can mimic the mechanical stimuli of respiratory movements, thereby influencing cellular behavior. Immune cells and their secreted cytokines play a crucial role in maintaining pulmonary homeostasis, and the LOC model offers a unique perspective for studying the behavioral characteristics of immune cells, their signaling pathways, and their synergistic interactions with other cells. This review focuses on the in-depth investigation of the mechanisms underlying the role of immune cells and their secretory products in pulmonary diseases using LOC technology, with the aim of providing theoretical foundations and innovative ideas for the development of therapeutic strategies and targets for pulmonary diseases. In the future, LOC technology is expected to advance the treatment and drug development for respiratory diseases through personalized medicine, multi-organ-on-a-chip systems, and interdisciplinary collaborations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"685 ","pages":"Article 126203"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation optimization of ritonavir tablets containing spray dried dispersion from HPMCAS-L or PVP-VA and comparative dissolution/permeation performance","authors":"Ayse Nur Oktay ,&nbsp;James E. Polli","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tablets are the most preferred oral dosage form due to advantages such as high-speed manufacturing, cost-effectiveness, stability, and patient compliance. Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) can enhance the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs, but a strategic approach to convert ASD powders into tablets is lacking. This study aimed to optimize formulation and process for tablets containing ritonavir-HPMCAS-L ASD powders and compare its dissolution/permeation performance to tablets employing PVP-VA. Microcrystalline cellulose(MCC) and dibasic calcium phosphate(DCP) were evaluated as fillers, while croscarmellose sodium(CCS), crospovidone(CP) and sodium starch glycolate(SSG) served as disintegrants. Optimization considered two SDD powder levels, two disintegrant levels, and two spray-drying inlet temperatures (70 and 140 °C). Further process optimization tested various compaction forces via direct compression and dry granulation. Tablet optimization of ritonavir using HPMCAS-L identified the following optimum parameters, including favorable in vitro dissolution: dry granulation (14kN pre- compression +7 kN compression), 65.5 % SDD intermediate, 10 % CCS as a disintegrant, 24 % MCC as a filler and 0.5 % magnesium stearate as lubricant. Applying these parameters to ritonavir ASD tablets fabricated with PVP-VA, SoluPlus, HPMCAS-L and HPMCAS-L:H resulted in HPMCAS-L also exhibiting favorable in vitro dissolution, like PVPV-VA. When subjected to dissolution/permeation evaluation, tablets with PVP-VA exhibited higher ritonavir permeation than those from HPMCAS-L. Tablets with PVP-VA showed ritonavir permeation like from Norvir tablets, and solution from Norvir powder. These results may reflect the dissolution-resulting colloid as a critical component to overall drug absorption from ASD, beyond even favorable dissolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14187,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"685 ","pages":"Article 126211"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}