International journal of disaster risk reduction最新文献

{"title":"Comprehensive analysis of data aggregation techniques for flood vulnerability and bivariate flood risk mapping of a coastal urban floodplain","authors":"Vineela Nandam,&nbsp;P.L. Patel","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aggregation techniques that are frequently used to quantify indicator-based flood risk or vulnerability are often prone to rank-reversal problems. This necessitates the need to identify a robust aggregation technique in this context. This study aims to develop a framework for mapping flood risk by quantifying indicator-based flood vulnerability using a reliable data-aggregation technique. Further, this approach is integrated with hydrodynamic modelling to assess flood hazard, while considering potential near-future Land-Use-Land-Cover (LULC) changes. Total 12 indicators were identified and categorized into physical, socio-economic, and environmental vulnerability components. Among the widely employed techniques that include Analytical-Hierarchy-Process (AHP), entropy, Principal-Component-Analysis, integrated AHP-TOPSIS, and AHP-Entropy, AHP-TOPSIS approach is found to be more stable to rank-reversal problem. Therefore, using AHP-TOPSIS approach, flood vulnerability is quantified. A quasi-2D hydrodynamic model has been used to predict flood depth, velocity, and momentum for flood magnitudes of 1 in 50-, 100- and 250-year return periods, while accounting for projected LULC changes of year 2035. Flood risk is then mapped using bivariate choropleth scheme which inherently distinguishes dominant element among hazard and vulnerability. Additionally, adaptive capacity of the region is mapped by considering temporary-shelters, building-heights, literacy, and road-network. The results showed that the regions falling under high to very-high flood risk categories are constantly increasing under the influence of LULC changes as well as increasing flood magnitudes. Although urban areas exhibit high vulnerability, high adaptive capacity helps mitigate the risk of loss of life. However, damage to infrastructure and the economy exist. These findings provide insights for effective non-structural flood mitigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 105330"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143526996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disaster resilience in the geohazard-prone mountainous areas: Evidence from the Hengduan Mountain, southwest China","authors":"Jue Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Kang ,&nbsp;Baoyi Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geohazards are threatening people's lives and property and exacerbating environmental degradation, particularly in mountainous areas. There is an increasing call for resilience building for disaster prevention and mitigation. Taking 99 counties in the Hengduan Mountain in Southwest China as an example, this study assesses county-level disaster resilience based on the modified Baseline Resilience Index for Communities (BRIC), proposes a threat-resilience-damage framework to categorize study areas into eight types, and utilizes coupling coordination model to identify strength and weakness of regional resilience system, and thus proposes quantified tailor-made resilience building strategies for different types of areas. It should be noted that regional disaster resilience is highly correlated with its subsystems' coupling coordination, jointly affecting a region's damage suffered from geohazards. Even in areas with low resilience, subsystems' coupling coordination can reduce losses through effective cross-system cooperation. On the contrary, regions with high resilience but low subsystems' coupling coordination may suffer severe damage in geohazards. Placing resilience in the context of regional geohazard realities and analyzing the coupling coordination of resilience subsystems can meet the needs of resilience construction under different geohazard scenarios and help to propose more precise strategies for disaster risk reduction and regional sustainable development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 105331"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143526985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flood risk communication: Challenges and opportunities in Brazilian cities","authors":"Murilo Noli da Fonseca ,&nbsp;Luciene Pimentel da Silva ,&nbsp;Fantina Maria Santos Tedim","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>How flood risk is communicated is a key factor in disaster risk reduction. This is particularly true in the Global South countries, where several regions are susceptible to extreme weather events and have a significantly vulnerable population, deprived of urban services and facilities. Therefore, this research set out to assess the incorporation of flood risk communication into planning and public management in brazilian cities. We analysed official documents and carried out semi-structured interviews with local officials linked to the disaster risk management to assess their practices and identify any gaps in flood risk communication. The results indicate that the limited perception of risk communication as purely an emergency measure is a significant barrier. A clear reliance on technological infrastructure was also noted, and this limits its effectiveness in areas with poor internet access. Customising messages for different audiences and adapting complex technical information were also identified as critical challenges. An informal assessment of risk communication strategies is a frequent practice. Hence, to improve risk communication, a multi-faceted approach is needed, including continuous education, personalisation of messages, use of multiple channels, training of professionals, and investment in technological infrastructure. Collaboration between sectors and the creation of formal assessment methods are crucial for strengthening the resilience of communities, improving management, and reducing the impacts of disasters. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing insights into the challenges faced by cities in implementing flood risk communication, offering recommendations to enhance the resilience of vulnerable communities and support evidence-based policy development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"119 ","pages":"Article 105292"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143508388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges experienced by female healthcare workers engaged in active duty in earthquake-affected regions due to their gender: A case study of the Kahramanmaraş earthquake","authors":"Süreyya Gümüşsoy ,&nbsp;Sezgin Durmuş ,&nbsp;Mukadder Tortumlu Özbek ,&nbsp;Efe Uyanık ,&nbsp;Merve Kaya Çelik ,&nbsp;Ali Ekşi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Female employees from pre-hospital emergency medical services (PHEMS) and their experiences play a crucial role in emergency response, disaster preparedness, and intervention activities, contributing substantially to the resilience of communities. However, existing societal gender roles and disaster management policies that fail to account for the vulnerabilities of women and female employees result in underutilization of this potential power. This research aims to investigate the challenges and gender-based issues experienced by female employees from PHEMS deployed to disaster areas in the aftermath of the Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes as part of the Prehospital Emergency Health Services during disaster response. This study employs a qualitative research approach known as phenomenological inquiry. The research sample comprises 20 female employees from PHEMS. The research data were collected through in-depth interviews with participants using a semi-structured interview guide. MAXQDA 21 software program was utilized for data coding and analysis. They encountered issues related to accommodation, hygiene, and privacy in their work areas. Furthermore, upon returning to normal life after deployment, they exhibited symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including intrusive memories, sleep problems, nightmares, crying spells, and a fear of impending disaster, even when in safe environments. Supporting caregiving roles during and after disasters and reducing the workload imposed by gender norms may better harness the potential of female employees from PHEMS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 105361"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geohazard types, households’ behavioral decision-making, and livelihood strategies: Empirical evidence from Southwest China","authors":"Wenxin Wu ,&nbsp;Li Peng ,&nbsp;Jing Tan ,&nbsp;Guihong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Households' behavioral decision-making is critical for disaster prevention and mitigation, and also strengthening settlement resilience. To investigate the relationship between geohazard types and behavioral decision-making, this study focused on landslides and debris flow in Southwest China's mountainous regions. Using random sampling, 63 villages threatened by two different geohazard types in Chongqing and Sichuan were studied, then 1019 sample questionnaires in total were kept. We used statistical methods to analyze differences in households' individual characteristics and behavioral decision-making as a result of different geohazard types. Propensity score matching was used to determine whether different geohazards varied the behavioral decision-making of households. There were four main findings. (1) Following model fitting, the sample's mean absolute deviation reduced from 56 % before matching to 4.9 %, demonstrating that the kind of geohazard has an important effect in behavioral decisions, after controlling for other variables. (2) Peer effects in relocation behavior regardless of the type of geohazard threat to the household(ATT = 0.0098,P &gt; 0.1). (3) Various geohazard characteristics resulted in different behavioral decisions, and different behavioral decisions reflected the characteristics of multiple geohazards. (4) Different geohazards had different attributes, and households had diverse perceptions and impressions of them, leading to differences in behavioral decision-making. From a micro perspective, this study focuses on households' behavioral decision-making in disaster prevention under the influence of various types of geohazards, confirming that people's behavioral decision-making is influenced by geohazard type, which contributes to the theoretical discussion of disaster prevention behavior in academia and provides a richer perspective for bottom-up disaster risk governance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 105360"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A probabilistic modeling and simulation framework for power grid flood risk assessment","authors":"Panagiotis Asaridis ,&nbsp;Daniela Molinari ,&nbsp;Francesco Di Maio ,&nbsp;Francesco Ballio ,&nbsp;Enrico Zio","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Floods can cause power outages with widespread impacts on socio-economic activities dependent on electricity for their functioning. Effective flood risk management requires comprehensive damage assessment, yet methodologies to estimate the entire range of expected damages are lacking. This paper presents a new modeling and simulation probabilistic framework for the assessment of damages to power grids exposed to floods. The framework combines modeling tools and approaches from engineering, economics and sociology, namely a flood inundation model to generate stochastic hazard scenarios, fragility curves to describe the stochastic failure process of components in the power grid conditioned to the hazard, a simulation-based model to analyze the power flow, and a socio-economic model to characterize the customers connected to the power grid. Consequently, the framework enables: (i) considering the stochastic magnitude and frequency of floods, (ii) evaluating the vulnerability of power grids components, (iii) estimating their spatio-temporal probabilities of failure, (iv) analyzing the cascading effects across power transmission and distribution networks, and (v) assessing the impact of power outages on the final customers and their likelihood. A synthetic case study is worked out by adapting the IEEE 14 power grid benchmark to the Italian context, proving how the framework allows the identification of the most critical components for the security of power supply during flooding. The outcomes from the implementation of the framework can support civil protection agencies and grid operators in the decision on pre- and post-disruption mitigation strategies, so to guarantee public safety, secure power supply and ensure financial well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 105353"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An innovative framework to conduct peer reviews of disaster risk management capabilities under the Union Civil Protection Mechanism (UCPM)","authors":"Veronica Casartelli ,&nbsp;Dana Salpina ,&nbsp;Angelica Marengo ,&nbsp;Gaetano Vivo ,&nbsp;Judith Sørensen ,&nbsp;Jaroslav Mysiak","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In a rapidly evolving risk landscape, policy peer reviews assessing the disaster risk management (DRM) capabilities are increasingly recognised by public institutions and international organisations as a valuable tool for enhancing capacity building and sharing good practices. During these reviews, experts from other countries evaluate and provide feedback on the DRM practices of the host country, helping to identify areas of excellence and areas needing improvement. Implemented peer reviews create conditions conducive for successful transformation processes that may lead to greater disaster resilience. In this view, the 2020–2024 Peer review programme cycle of the Union Civil Protection Mechanism (UCPM) has significantly improved the implementation of peer reviews for DRM and civil protection systems. Major changes involved a restructuring of the overall approach and the development of an innovative Peer Review Assessment Framework (PRAF) to support comprehensive and holistic analysis. These changes resulted from a literature review, comparative analysis of past reports, semi-structured interviews to key experts, and the authors’ own elaboration. This research presents the methodology behind the development of the PRAF and describes its innovative features. It further discusses how its flexible, yet comprehensive structure enables in-depth analyses, fosters policy coherence, and identifies resilience pathways across different scales. Beyond its application within the UCPM Peer review programme, the PRAF holds broad relevance for researchers and policymakers alike.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 105350"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143551433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening all-of-society approaches for disaster resilient societies through competency building: A European research agenda","authors":"Nathan Clark ,&nbsp;Kees Boersma ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Raju ,&nbsp;Antonio Opromolla ,&nbsp;Kati Orru ,&nbsp;Sten Hansson ,&nbsp;Raffaella Russo ,&nbsp;Maria Vittoria Gargiulo ,&nbsp;Gabriella Duca ,&nbsp;Paolo Capuano ,&nbsp;Pia-Johanna Schweizer ,&nbsp;Lydia Cumiskey ,&nbsp;Max Steinhausen ,&nbsp;Matthieu Branlat ,&nbsp;Alexandra Olson ,&nbsp;Nina Blom Andersen ,&nbsp;Robert Larruina ,&nbsp;Funda Atun ,&nbsp;Cees van Westen ,&nbsp;Rosa Tamborrino ,&nbsp;Maike Vollmer","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing frequency of disasters, alongside the recent COVID-19 pandemic, climate emergency, and ongoing/new crises including conflicts and their disproportionate impacts on many communities, all point towards the cascading, multidimensional, and systemic nature of risks. In the wake of this ever-changing risk landscape, it is paramount to adopt multi-sectoral, multidisciplinary risk reduction, preparedness, and adaptation approaches, which are inclusive and innovative, and which reduce vulnerability. In line with the recent midterm review of the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, this calls for nuanced and critical actions at all levels based on strategies to increase risk awareness and vulnerability reduction, which are co-developed and enabled through <em>all-of-society</em> engagement and participation.</div><div>This paper builds from the research and experience of more than 8 European-funded research projects involving over 100 research and practitioner organisations, which has shown the positive impacts of all-of-society approaches for involving members of the population in areas of disaster risk management (DRM), disaster risk reduction (DRR), and climate change adaptation (CCA). The paper presents evidence-based insights and lessons learnt from these European projects focusing on improving engagement between authorities and citizens and building capacities through inclusive participatory actions. This includes reflections on diverse methodological approaches leading to integrated outcomes. Based on the outcomes of the projects, we propose four key-dimensions of investing in disaster resilient societies: 1) <em>enhancing the participation</em> of multiple stakeholders, and 2) <em>building capacities</em> in order to 3) <em>reduce vulnerabilities,</em> enabled by 4) <em>organizational change</em> leading to the adaptability of formal DRM organisations’ routines and operating structures.</div><div>Key outcomes and recommendations from the projects are provided to guide future research, policy, and practice on all-of-society engagement for strengthening societal resilience to disasters with a specific focus on competency building among populations at-risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"121 ","pages":"Article 105345"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143687717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Participatory methodology for risk management planning: A strategy for the implementation of the Tenerife Island Volcanic Emergency Action Plan","authors":"Tamara Lucía Febles Arévalo ,&nbsp;Jaime Díaz Pacheco ,&nbsp;Pedro Dorta Antequera ,&nbsp;Abel López-Díez","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Volcanic disaster risk reduction and management are key elements required for the territories exposed to this threat to achieve sustainable development. Risk management has evolved considerably, especially through the strengthening of approaches based on vertical and horizontal coordination and cooperation among institutions, organizations, and individuals, multi-stakeholder participation and public awareness, and the creation of public-private partnerships. Disaster preparedness plays an essential role in reducing impacts, improving response capacity, and ensuring subsequent recovery. In this context, following the eruption of La Palma (Canary Islands) in 2021, this study addresses the challenge of promoting the first island-wide preparedness process to reduce volcanic risk, involving the participation of stakeholders in decision making. The process began in 2022 with the drafting of a strategy for the implementation of the Tenerife Island Volcanic Emergency Action Plan, which was first approved in 2020. The use of the Participatory Action Research approach facilitated the meeting of agents linked to emergency management, and the incorporation of their contributions in drafting, and attempting to promote the transition to a preparedness paradigm defined by participation, involvement of all stakeholders, and improvement of risk governance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 105356"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143600722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative assessment of the impact of climate change to the tourism of Tønsberg, Norway","authors":"Evdoxia Karaferi ,&nbsp;Akrivi Chatzidaki ,&nbsp;Jørgen Solstad ,&nbsp;Dimitrios Vamvatsikos","doi":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A model is developed to assess the impact of a changing climate to the tourism of the town of Tønsberg, offering data suitable for evaluating the downstream implications to related business sectors. The methodology comprises downscaled data from EuroCORDEX scenarios, weather station observations, and records of visitors to museums of the municipality. To achieve this, correlation patterns are sought between the weather station observations and monthly/yearly visitor numbers. The highest correlation was found to be provided by the mean temperature over the weekends, which complies well with the nature of Tønsberg as a short (sub-daily) visit destination over weekends, without overnight stays. By developing a regression model and tying it to local weather predictions derived from EuroCORDEX, we are able to quantify the probabilistic distribution of yearly visitors and observe the potential effects of a changing climate. Assuming all else remains as is, this shows benefits for the tourism of Tønsberg, befitting its northern coastal (non-alpine) nature. The methodology presented is general enough to be applicable to other cities as long as sufficient data is available.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13915,"journal":{"name":"International journal of disaster risk reduction","volume":"120 ","pages":"Article 105351"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}