{"title":"On the Front Line in Burma","authors":"P. Kornicki","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"After the Japanese invasion of Burma, the British and Indian armies were forced to retreat to India, where they finally held their ground at Imphal and then began to turn the tables and force the Japanese armies to retreat. The long Burma Campaign which involved grueling jungle warfare required up-to-date intelligence and that depended upon linguists and codebreakers. The Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre (India) sent out Mobile Sections following the troops: their job was to scour the battlefields for documents, diaries and battle orders, often found on corpses, translate them and convey the intelligence they contained as quickly as possible. Later in the war the South-East Asia Translation and Interrogation Center was formed under Admiral Mountbatten to bring together all the Japanese linguists and intelligence officers, including some who had been trained at the School of Japanese Instruction in Simla, which later moved to Karachi.","PeriodicalId":137020,"journal":{"name":"Eavesdropping on the Emperor","volume":"251 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115388506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hush-Hush","authors":"P. Kornicki","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The Bedford Japanese School was the brainchild of Colonel John Tiltman of the Government Code & Cypher School, which had moved to Bletchley Park in 1939. Tiltman considered that a crash course aimed at classicists from Oxford and Cambridge might produce the linguists urgently needed at Bletchley Park, and he chose Oswald Tuck, a retired naval captain, as the teacher. The first course began in February 1942 and lasted for less than 6 months. Although Tiltman had not expected it to produce more than a handful of suitable linguists, the course was an unqualified success, and the graduates of the first course were employed all over the world as codebreakers and linguists. This was largely due to Tuck’s pedagogical skills, personal charm and shrewd understanding of how the course could be pared down to the minimum. In all eleven courses were run, and Tuck was helped by Eric Ceadel, who had completed the first course.","PeriodicalId":137020,"journal":{"name":"Eavesdropping on the Emperor","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126570466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"HMS Pembroke V, Alias Station X, Alias Bletchley Park","authors":"P. Kornicki","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Bletchley Park absorbed most of the graduates of the Bedford Japanese School but could never get enough Japanese linguists. Consequently, the Naval Section and the Air Section began running their own Japanese courses within Bletchley Park: after the elimination of Italy from the war, Italian linguists working at Bletchley Park were given crash courses in naval Japanese by John Lloyd, who had worked for the British consular service in Japan. It was at Bletchley Park that the dispatches of the Japanese ambassador in Berlin, General Ōshima Hiroshi, were deciphered and translated. Ōshima was a personal friend of Hitler and was extremely well informed on Hitler’s intentions and was unaware that his extensive dispatches to Tokyo were being intercepted and read in London, thanks to the breaking of the Japanese diplomatic cypher machine by American codebreakers.","PeriodicalId":137020,"journal":{"name":"Eavesdropping on the Emperor","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128493706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Australia to Leyte Gulf","authors":"P. Kornicki","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"In 1940 a small group of mathematicians and classicists began to work on Japanese codes with the encouragement of the Australian Army, and several of them began to learn Japanese. In the same year the Censorship Office in Melbourne launched a Japanese course to meet the needs for censors with a command of Japanese. This was the first Allied response to the demand for Japanese linguists. Some of the graduates were posted to Wireless Units in Queensland or the Northern Territory where they derived intelligence from Japanese wireless communications. After US forces had been forced to abandon the Philippines, General Douglas MacArthur had set up his headquarters in Australia. While the US Navy established the Fleet Radio Unit Melbourne, MacArthur created Central Bureau in Brisbane to deal with encrypted messages. This was staffed by graduates of US language schools, the Censorship Office School in Melbourne and Bedford Japanese School. Soon afterwards the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section was formed, which provided linguists to follow the troops as they fought their way towards Japan: they interrogated prisoners and translated documents found on the battlefield.","PeriodicalId":137020,"journal":{"name":"Eavesdropping on the Emperor","volume":"252 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117303366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The End of the War in the Pacific","authors":"P. Kornicki","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The Allies were making plans to invade the Japanese main islands in late 1945 and spring 1946 when the Japanese government, following the dropping of the atomic bombs and the Soviet Union’s declaration of war on Japan, decided to bring the war to an end and the Emperor broadcast the decision on the radio on 15 August. On 27 August a fleet of Allied ships entered Tokyo Bay and the surrender ceremony took place on 2 September on board the battleship USS Missouri. On board the British battleship HMS King George V was a British naval officer who had learnt Japanese at the US Navy Japanese Language School: he acted as interpreter when a Japanese pilot came on board to guide the ship to its anchorage. Other surrender ceremonies took place in Hong Kong, Singapore and other places which had been captured by Japanese forces: on each occasion Allied linguists were present to act as interpreters.","PeriodicalId":137020,"journal":{"name":"Eavesdropping on the Emperor","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124427817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Backroom Boys—and Girls","authors":"P. Kornicki","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"After finishing their course at the Bedford Japanese School in 1942, some people were sent out to the Wireless Experimental Centre in Delhi, which was the equivalent to Bletchley Park in India and which also absorbed cryptographers from the Far East Combined Bureau after the fall of Singapore. The Wireless Experimental Centre was primarily concerned with monitoring communications connected with the Burma Campaign and the Japanese attempted invasion of India. Meanwhile, the members of the Women’s Royal Naval Service who had been working at the Far East Combined Bureau in Singapore, and who had been the first British servicewomen to be posted overseas, were transferred to Kilindini Naval Base near Mombasa, where the British Eastern Fleet was based after having been forced to leave its base on Ceylon (Sri Lanka). In 1944, as the tide of the war was turning, the Eastern Fleet returned to Ceylon: one of the troopships, SS Khedive Ismail, was torpedoed by a Japanese submarine and this led to the largest single loss of Allied servicewomen and of African troops in the war, including some of the Wrens.","PeriodicalId":137020,"journal":{"name":"Eavesdropping on the Emperor","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126429291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Wavy Navy in the United States","authors":"P. Kornicki","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"In 1943 five junior officers in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve made their way to Boulder, Colorado, to join a course at the US Navy Japanese Language School. The US Navy had turned its attention to Japanese language training before the outbreak of war, largely thanks to the efforts of two intelligence officers who had grown up in Japan. While the US Army began training Japanese Americans, the US Navy Japanese Language School did not accept Japanese Americans as students but did use them as teachers. Most of the five RNVR officers already had extensive naval experience, including combat on the high seas, but they finished their 18-month course too late to be able to play much of a part in the war, unlike their American fellow students, who saw action in the Pacific.","PeriodicalId":137020,"journal":{"name":"Eavesdropping on the Emperor","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117350566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Dulwich Boys and their Successors","authors":"P. Kornicki","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"To meet the need for linguists in the war with Japan, the War Office finally responded to pressure from SOAS and in 1942 instituted a series of language courses at SOAS in London. For the first course, which consisted only of men, schoolboys were recruited from all over Britain and they were accommodated at Dulwich College during their 18-month course, so they became known as the Dulwich Boys. Frank and Otome Daniels were the key teachers, but Daniels had to recruit many more teachers as the courses expanded, including some Canadians of Japanese origin, some Japanese residents in the UK who were released from internment so that they could teach, and assorted others. Other courses at SOAS were taught by linguists and phoneticians with no knowledge of Japanese who nevertheless successfully trained students to recognize and understand spoken military Japanese, a skill that they put to good use monitoring air-to-ground communications in the Burma Campaign.","PeriodicalId":137020,"journal":{"name":"Eavesdropping on the Emperor","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132520902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Japan Must Fight Britain","authors":"P. Kornicki","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"After the Anglo-Japanese Alliance came to an end in 1923, and especially in the 1930s, relations between Britain and Japan gradually worsened. This had been predicted privately by Lt.-Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton in Britain but publicly by Hector Bywater and publicly in Japan by Ishimaru Tōta, whose books were translated into English. Although the War Office made no linguistic preparations for war, GC&CS (the Government Code & Cypher School) had begun working on Japanese naval codes in the 1920s and for this purpose hired former members of the British consular service in Japan, who had a good knowledge of Japanese, along with Eric Nave, a brilliant Australian linguist and cryptographer working for the Royal Australian Navy. The outbreak of war in Europe in 1939 created a need for linguists to work as censors, and this brought the famous translator Arthur Waley and a retired naval captain with a good knowledge of Japanese, Oswald Tuck, back to work.","PeriodicalId":137020,"journal":{"name":"Eavesdropping on the Emperor","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116067455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Finishing the Job","authors":"P. Kornicki","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197602805.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"After the war came to an end, British linguists in Burma and Malay were busy screening Japanese surrendered personnel in order to identify war crimes suspects. Also, they interviewed Japanese commanders to gain a historical understanding of the war in South-East Asia, for the Japanese forces had destroyed all their records. The British Commonwealth Occupation Force reached Japan in 1946 and was given responsibility for policing the Occupation of Japan in the south-western part of the country. Few of those who participated felt that the Occupation was worthwhile. For the Tokyo Trials, Allied interpreters were not used: instead, members of the Japanese Foreign Ministry acted as interpreters, though their work was supervised by American linguists.","PeriodicalId":137020,"journal":{"name":"Eavesdropping on the Emperor","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123112829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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