Integrative Organismal Biology最新文献

{"title":"The Meioflume: A New System for Observing the Interstitial Behavior of Meiofauna.","authors":"W M Ballentine, K M Dorgan","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae016","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Meiofauna (benthic invertebrates < 1 mm in size) facilitate sediment biogeochemical cycling, alter sediment microbial community structure, and serve as an important trophic link between benthic micro- and macrofauna, yet the behaviors that mechanistically link individuals to their ecological effects are largely unknown. Meiofauna are small and sediments are opaque, making observing the <i>in situ</i> activities of these animals challenging. We developed the Meioflume, a small, acrylic flow tunnel filled with grains of cryolite, a transparent sand analog, to simulate the <i>in situ</i> conditions experienced by meiofauna in an observable lab environment. The Meioflume has a working area (28.57 mm × 10.16 mm × 1 mm) that is small enough to quickly locate fauna and clearly observe behavior but large enough that animals are not tightly confined. When connected to a syringe press, the Meioflume can produce low velocity flows consistently and evenly across the width of its working area while retaining the contents. To demonstrate its functionality in observing the behavior of meiofauna, we placed individual meiofaunal animals (a protodrilid annelid, a harpacticoid copepod, and a platyhelminth flatworm) in Meioflumes and filmed their behavioral response to a sudden initiation of porewater flow. All animals were clearly visible within the flume and could be observed responding to the onset of flow. The design and construction of the Meioflume make it an accessible, affordable tool for researchers. This experimental system could be modified to address many questions in meiofaunal ecology, such as studying behavior in response to chemical cues, allowing us to observe meiofaunal behaviors to better understand their ecological effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae016"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11177882/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141330852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ground Reaction Forces and Energy Exchange During Underwater Walking.","authors":"K M Gamel, S Pinti, H C Astley","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae013","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Underwater walking was a crucial step in the evolutionary transition from water to land. Underwater walkers use fins and/or limbs to interact with the benthic substrate and produce propulsive forces. The dynamics of underwater walking remain poorly understood due to the lack of a sufficiently sensitive and waterproof system to measure substrate reaction forces (SRFs). Using an underwater force plate (described in our companion paper), we quantify SRFs during underwater walking in axolotls (<i>Ambystoma mexicanum</i>) and Spot prawn (<i>Pandalus platyceros</i>), synchronized with videography. The horizontal propulsive forces were greater than the braking forces in both species to overcome hydrodynamic drag. In axolotls, potential energy (PE) fluctuations were far smaller than kinetic energy (KE) fluctuations due to high buoyant support (97%), whereas the magnitudes were similar in the prawn due to lower buoyant support (93%). However, both species show minimal evidence of exchange between KE and PE, which, along with the effects of hydrodynamic drag, is incompatible with inverted pendulum dynamics. Our results show that, despite their evolutionary links, underwater walking has fundamentally different dynamics compared with terrestrial walking and emphasize the substantial consequences of differences in body plan in underwater walking.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae013"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11191838/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141442551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological Diversity of Turtle Hyoid Apparatus is Linked to Feeding Behavior.","authors":"G Jorgewich-Cohen, I Werneburg, M Jobbins, G S Ferreira, M D Taylor, D Bastiaans, M R Sánchez-Villagra","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae014","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The hyoid apparatus of tetrapods is highly diverse in its morphology. It plays an important role in feeding, breathing, sound production, and various other behaviors. Among turtles, the diversity of the hyoid apparatus has been recurrently linked to their habitat. The ossification of the hyoid corpus is often the main trait used in correlations with \"niche\" occupancy, an ossified corpus being associated with aquatic environments and a cartilaginous corpus with terrestrial life. Most studies conducted so far have focused on species belonging to Testudinoidea, the clade that occupies the biggest diversity of habitats (i.e., terrestrial, semi-terrestrial, and aquatic animals), while other turtle lineages have been largely understudied. We assessed the adult anatomy of the hyoid apparatus of 92 turtle species from all \"families\", together with ossification sequences from embryological series of 11 species, some described for the first time here. Using nearly 40 different discrete anatomical characters, we discuss the evolutionary patterns and the biological significance of morphological transformations in the turtle hyoid elements. Morphological changes are strongly associated to feeding modes, with several instances of convergent evolution within and outside the Testudines clade, and are not as strongly connected to habitat as previously thought. Some of the hyoid character states we describe are diagnostic of specific turtle clades, thus providing phylogenetically relevant information.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae014"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11090499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140916431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological Diversity and Evolution of Jaw Morphologies in Zeiform Fishes (Teleostei, Paracanthopterygii).","authors":"J W Peters, K K Duclos, M V H Wilson, T C Grande","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae011","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zeiformes (dories, tinselfishes, and oreos) are primarily benthopelagic acanthomorph fishes, distributed between 50 and 1000 m depth on continental slopes and on flanks of oceanic islands and seamounts. Among the interesting morphological adaptations of zeiform fishes are their unique and highly protrusible jaws involving premaxillae with long ascending processes and a four-bar linkage, including mobile palatines that pivot on their posterior articulation. This adaptation for increased jaw protrusion has enabled zeiform fishes to capture elusive prey more efficiently and is arguably a major factor in their morphological diversity and evolutionary success. This study examines the evolution of zeiform jaw morphologies using 3D landmark-based multivariate morphometrics as well as phylomorphospace analysis. Results show that the descendants of the zeiform ancestor branched rapidly early in their history, retaining conservative jaw morphologies during this early branching, but subsequently strongly diverged in many of the resulting lineages. Results from this study are compared with earlier research based on overall body form, demonstrating that morphological variation within Zeiformes arose along at least two distinct trajectories: body form and jaw morphology. Variation among genera in body form is not associated with variation among the same genera in jaw morphology, and vice versa. Hypotheses to explain the apparent decoupling of body shape and jaw morphology are addressed along with avenues for further study to better understand the morphological evolution of these iconic fishes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae011"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11090498/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140916427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraspecific Variation in the Placement of Campaniform Sensilla on the Wings of the Hawkmoth <i>Manduca Sexta</i>.","authors":"K E Stanchak, T Deora, A I Weber, M K Hickner, A Moalin, L Abdalla, T L Daniel, B W Brunton","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae007","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flight control requires active sensory feedback, and insects have many sensors that help them estimate their current locomotor state, including campaniform sensilla (CS), which are mechanoreceptors that sense strain resulting from deformation of the cuticle. CS on the wing detect bending and torsional forces encountered during flight, providing input to the flight feedback control system. During flight, wings experience complex spatio-temporal strain patterns. Because CS detect only local strain, their placement on the wing is presumably critical for determining the overall representation of wing deformation; however, how these sensilla are distributed across wings is largely unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that CS are found in stereotyped locations across individuals of <i>Manduca sexta</i>, a hawkmoth. We found that although CS are consistently found on the same veins or in the same regions of the wings, their total number and distribution can vary extensively. This suggests that there is some robustness to variation in sensory feedback in the insect flight control system. The regions where CS are consistently found provide clues to their functional roles, although some patterns might be reflective of developmental processes. Collectively, our results on intraspecific variation in CS placement on insect wings will help reshape our thinking on the utility of mechanosensory feedback for insect flight control and guide further experimental and comparative studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae007"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11074993/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140876336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening H3 Histone Acetylation in a Wild Bird, the House Sparrow (<i>Passer Domesticus</i>).","authors":"D Ray, E L Sheldon, C Zimmer, L B Martin, A W Schrey","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae004","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epigenetic mechanisms are increasingly understood to have major impacts across ecology. However, one molecular epigenetic mechanism, DNA methylation, currently dominates the literature. A second mechanism, histone modification, is likely important to ecologically relevant phenotypes and thus warrants investigation, especially because molecular interplay between methylation and histone acetylation can strongly affect gene expression. There are a limited number of histone acetylation studies on non-model organisms, yet those that exist show that it can impact gene expression and phenotypic plasticity. Wild birds provide an excellent system to investigate histone acetylation, as free-living individuals must rapidly adjust to environmental change. Here, we screen histone acetylation in the house sparrow (<i>Passer domesticus</i>); we studied this species because DNA methylation was important in the spread of this bird globally. This species has one of the broadest geographic distributions in the world, and part of this success is related to the way that it uses methylation to regulate its gene expression. Here, we verify that a commercially available assay that was developed for mammals can be used in house sparrows. We detected high variance in histone acetylation among individuals in both liver and spleen tissue. Further, house sparrows with higher epigenetic potential in the <i>Toll Like Receptor-4 (TLR-4</i>) promoter (i.e., CpG content) had higher histone acetylation in liver. Also, there was a negative correlation between histone acetylation in spleen and <i>TLR-4</i> expression. In addition to validating a method for measuring histone acetylation in wild songbirds, this study also shows that histone acetylation is related to epigenetic potential and gene expression, adding a new study option for ecological epigenetics.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae004"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10956398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140184401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Androgen Receptors in the Dermal Glands of Male and Female Ouachita Dusky Salamanders.","authors":"A M Gunelson, M A Tuong, N L Staub","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae001","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The presence of androgens in female development is an important, yet often overlooked, topic. We tested for the presence of androgen receptors (ARs) in the dermal glands of male and female <i>Desmognathus brimleyorum</i>, a plethodontid salamander. This species engages in a courtship behavior called the tail-straddling walk. During this process, communication between males and females is hypothesized to be facilitated by pheromones secreted from modified granular glands (MGGs) on the dorsal tail base, where the female's chin is positioned. These glands are present not only dorsally but also laterally and ventrally on the tail of both males and females. Using immunohistochemistry with a polyclonal antibody, ARs were located in the MGGs of both sexes. Males had a higher percentage of immunopositive cells per MGG than females. The presence of ARs in both sexes highlights the similarity between MGGs in males and females and suggests androgens play a role in female gland function. Furthermore, our results suggest courtship communication is bidirectional, and females have a more active role, signaling the male, than previously described.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae001"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11616775/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142785528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex and State-Dependent Effects on Proactive Behaviors of Bent-Wing Bats Across Contexts","authors":"Y-J Kuo, Y-F Lee, Y-M Kuo, Y. L. Tai","doi":"10.1093/iob/obad041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obad041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Animals within a population may show distinct behavioral types that differ consistently among individuals over time and across contexts, collectively known as animal personality. Individual state variables arising from intrinsic features of organisms and their interactions with the environment may contribute to or aid in maintaining these interindividual behavioral differences. The present study examined the effects of the body mass, body condition, flight morphology, and parasite load on the personality traits of bent-wing bats Miniopterus fuliginosus. We assessed the bats in three testing contexts, hole-board box (HB), tunnel-box (TB), and flight-tent (FT), that mimicked their natural environmental settings and allowed for different locomotion modes. A PCA analysis loaded the three mutually positively correlated personality traits of the bats, boldness, activity, and exploration, in each context onto a single component of proactiveness. In accordance with the AIC criteria, the sex, body mass, body condition index (BCI), and wingtip shape were selected as predictors for the proactiveness of the bats in the TB and FT tests. In the HB tests, the biomass and abundances of parasitic bat flies were additionally selected but body condition was excluded. We found a negative effect of the body mass on the proactiveness of the female bats in both the HB and FT tests, and that on the proactiveness of the male bats in the HB tests but not so in the FT tests. The sexual differences and negative correlation between the body mass of the bats and their proactive responsiveness are consistent with the mechanism of state-dependent energy assimilation efficiency. Our results may also concur with the predicted feedback mechanism stemming from the characteristic conditions associated with the environment of the bats. This latter inference offers insights for exploring the patterns of personality traits along gradients or seasonality of ecological conditions.","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"30 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138954692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Evolutionary Patterns of Modularity in the Linkage Systems of the Skull in Wrasses and Parrotfish.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/iob/obad040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obad040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/iob/obad035.].</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":"obad040"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10723849/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138794287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shaped by Their Environment: Variation in Blue Whale Morphology across Three Productive Coastal Ecosystems.","authors":"D R Barlow, K C Bierlich, W K Oestreich, G Chiang, J W Durban, J A Goldbogen, D W Johnston, M S Leslie, M J Moore, J P Ryan, L G Torres","doi":"10.1093/iob/obad039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obad039","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Species ecology and life history patterns are often reflected in animal morphology. Blue whales are globally distributed, with distinct populations that feed in different productive coastal regions worldwide. Thus, they provide an opportunity to investigate how regional ecosystem characteristics may drive morphological differences within a species. Here, we compare physical and biological oceanography of three different blue whale foraging grounds: (1) Monterey Bay, California, USA; (2) the South Taranaki Bight (STB), Aotearoa New Zealand; and (3) the Corcovado Gulf, Chile. Additionally, we compare the morphology of blue whales from these regions using unoccupied aircraft imagery. Monterey Bay and the Corcovado Gulf are seasonally productive and support the migratory life history strategy of the Eastern North Pacific (ENP) and Chilean blue whale populations, respectively. In contrast, the New Zealand blue whale population remains in the less productive STB year-round. All three populations were indistinguishable in total body length. However, New Zealand blue whales were in significantly higher body condition despite lower regional productivity, potentially attributable to their non-migratory strategy that facilitates lower risk of spatiotemporal misalignment with more consistently available foraging opportunities. Alternatively, the migratory strategy of the ENP and Chilean populations may be successful when their presence on the foraging grounds temporally aligns with abundant prey availability. We document differences in skull and fluke morphology between populations, which may relate to different feeding behaviors adapted to region-specific prey and habitat characteristics. These morphological features may represent a trade-off between maneuverability for prey capture and efficient long-distance migration. As oceanographic patterns shift relative to long-term means under climate change, these blue whale populations may show different vulnerabilities due to differences in migratory phenology and feeding behavior between regions. &lt;b&gt;Spanish abstract&lt;/b&gt; La ecología y patrones de historia de vida de las especies a menudo se reflejan en la morfología animal. Las ballenas azules están distribuidas globalmente, con poblaciones separadas que se alimentan en diferentes regiones costeras productivas de todo el mundo. Por lo tanto, brindan la oportunidad de investigar cómo las características regionales de los ecosistemas pueden impulsar diferencias morfológicas dentro de una especie. Aquí, comparamos la oceanografía física y biológica de tres zonas de alimentación diferentes de la ballena azul: (1) Bahía de Monterey, California, EE. UU., (2) Bahía del sur de Taranaki (BST), Nueva Zelanda, y (3) Golfo de Corcovado, Chile. Adicionalmente, comparamos la morfología de las ballenas azules de estas regiones utilizando imágenes de aeronaves no tripuladas. La Bahía de Monterey y el Golfo de Corcovado son estacionalmente productivos y apoyan la estrategi","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":"obad039"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10701340/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138794288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}