Integrative Organismal Biology最新文献

{"title":"Design of a Highly Sensitive, Low-cost Underwater Force Plate to Record Substrate Reaction Forces","authors":"K. M. Gamel, Sophia Pinti, Henry C. Astley","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obae008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The study of underwater walking presents major challenges because the small forces applied during underwater walking are difficult to measure due to the lack of a sufficiently sensitive force plate that functions underwater. Understanding the force interaction between the underwater walker and the substrate may lead to better understanding of the evolution, ecology, and biomechanics of underwater walking. The shift from aquatic to terrestrial life was a crucial transition in animal evolution where, underwater walking preceded the invasion of land and combines mechanics from terrestrial locomotion (substrate reaction forces) and aquatic swimming (buoyancy and drag). In this work, we describe our design of a low-cost underwater force plate made using 3D printed multi axis load cells equipped with commercial strain gauges amplified with a custom circuit board, and custom code to gather force data. The use of 3D printed sensors allows customization of the material and thickness of the shear beam load cell to accommodate the loads for a wide range of study species. We show that our design can detect loads as small as 1mN (filtered) with minimal noise and present sample live animal trials of several species. The 3D multiaxial load cells, circuit design, and custom code are open-source and available online.","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140248180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraspecific Variation in the Placement of Campaniform Sensilla on the Wings of the Hawkmoth <i>Manduca Sexta</i>.","authors":"K E Stanchak, T Deora, A I Weber, M K Hickner, A Moalin, L Abdalla, T L Daniel, B W Brunton","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae007","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flight control requires active sensory feedback, and insects have many sensors that help them estimate their current locomotor state, including campaniform sensilla (CS), which are mechanoreceptors that sense strain resulting from deformation of the cuticle. CS on the wing detect bending and torsional forces encountered during flight, providing input to the flight feedback control system. During flight, wings experience complex spatio-temporal strain patterns. Because CS detect only local strain, their placement on the wing is presumably critical for determining the overall representation of wing deformation; however, how these sensilla are distributed across wings is largely unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that CS are found in stereotyped locations across individuals of <i>Manduca sexta</i>, a hawkmoth. We found that although CS are consistently found on the same veins or in the same regions of the wings, their total number and distribution can vary extensively. This suggests that there is some robustness to variation in sensory feedback in the insect flight control system. The regions where CS are consistently found provide clues to their functional roles, although some patterns might be reflective of developmental processes. Collectively, our results on intraspecific variation in CS placement on insect wings will help reshape our thinking on the utility of mechanosensory feedback for insect flight control and guide further experimental and comparative studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11074993/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140876336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Metameric Echinoderm","authors":"R. L. Turner","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obae005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Animal phyla are distinguished by their body plans, the ways in which their bodies are organized. A distinction is made, for example, among phyla with bodies of many segments (metameric; e.g., annelids, arthropods, chordates), others with completely unsegmented bodies (americ; e.g., flatworms, mollusks), and a few phyla with bodies of two or three regions (oligomeric; e.g., echinoderms, hemichordates). The conventional view of echinoderms as oligomeric coelomates adequately considers early development, but it fails to recognize the metameric body plan that develops in the juvenile rudiment and progresses during indeterminate adult growth. As in the three phyla traditionally viewed to be metameric (annelids, arthropods, chordates), metamery, or metamerism, in echinoderms occurs by (1) subterminal budding of (2) serially repeated components of (3) mesodermal origin. A major difference in most echinoderms is that metamery is expressed along multiple body axes, usually five. The view of a metameric echinoderm might invite new discussions of metazoan body plans and new approaches to the study of morphogenesis, particularly in comparative treatments with annelids, arthropods, and chordates.","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140082777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening H3 Histone Acetylation in a Wild Bird, the House Sparrow (<i>Passer Domesticus</i>).","authors":"D Ray, E L Sheldon, C Zimmer, L B Martin, A W Schrey","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae004","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epigenetic mechanisms are increasingly understood to have major impacts across ecology. However, one molecular epigenetic mechanism, DNA methylation, currently dominates the literature. A second mechanism, histone modification, is likely important to ecologically relevant phenotypes and thus warrants investigation, especially because molecular interplay between methylation and histone acetylation can strongly affect gene expression. There are a limited number of histone acetylation studies on non-model organisms, yet those that exist show that it can impact gene expression and phenotypic plasticity. Wild birds provide an excellent system to investigate histone acetylation, as free-living individuals must rapidly adjust to environmental change. Here, we screen histone acetylation in the house sparrow (<i>Passer domesticus</i>); we studied this species because DNA methylation was important in the spread of this bird globally. This species has one of the broadest geographic distributions in the world, and part of this success is related to the way that it uses methylation to regulate its gene expression. Here, we verify that a commercially available assay that was developed for mammals can be used in house sparrows. We detected high variance in histone acetylation among individuals in both liver and spleen tissue. Further, house sparrows with higher epigenetic potential in the <i>Toll Like Receptor-4 (TLR-4</i>) promoter (i.e., CpG content) had higher histone acetylation in liver. Also, there was a negative correlation between histone acetylation in spleen and <i>TLR-4</i> expression. In addition to validating a method for measuring histone acetylation in wild songbirds, this study also shows that histone acetylation is related to epigenetic potential and gene expression, adding a new study option for ecological epigenetics.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10956398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140184401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluctuating and stable high temperatures differentially affect reproductive endocrinology of female pupfish","authors":"Madeline J Housh, Jennifer Telish, K. Forsgren, Sean C Lema","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obae003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 For many fishes, reproductive function is thermally constrained such that exposure to temperatures above some upper threshold has detrimental effects on gametic development and maturation, spawning frequency, and mating behavior. Such impairment of reproductive performance at elevated temperatures involves changes to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis signaling and diminished gonadal steroidogenesis. However, how HPG pathways respond to consistently high versus temporally elevated temperatures is not clear. Here, sexually mature Amargosa River Pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae) were maintained under thermal regimes of either stable ∼25°C (low temperature), diurnal cycling temperatures between ∼27-35°C (fluctuating temperature), or stable ∼35°C (high temperature) conditions for 50 days to examine effects of these conditions on HPG endocrine signaling components in the pituitary gland and gonad, ovarian and testicular gametogenesis status, and liver gene expression relating to oogenesis. Female pupfish maintained under stable high and fluctuating temperature treatments showed reduced gonadosomatic index (GSI) values as well as a lower proportion of oocytes in the lipid droplet and vitellogenic stages. Females in both fluctuating and stable 35°C conditions exhibited reduced ovarian mRNAs for steroid acute regulatory protein (star), cholesterol side chain-cleavage enzyme, P450scc (cyp11a1), and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3bhsd), while ovarian transcripts encoding 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11bhsd) and sex hormone binding globulin (shbg) were elevated in females at constant 35°C only. Ovarian aromatase (cyp19a1a) mRNA levels were unaffected but circulating 17β-estradiol (E2) was lower in females at 35°C compared to the fluctuating temperature condition. In the liver, mRNA levels for choriogenins and vitellogenin were downregulated in both the fluctuating and 35°C conditions, while hepatic estrogen receptor 2a (esr2a) and shbg mRNAs were elevated in 35°C females. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential for elevated temperatures to impair ovarian steroidogenesis and reduce egg envelope and vitellogenin protein production in female C. n. amargosae pupfish, while also shedding light on how thermal regimes that only intermittently reach the upper thermal range for reproduction have differential impacts on reproductive endocrine pathways than constantly warm conditions.","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139825948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluctuating and stable high temperatures differentially affect reproductive endocrinology of female pupfish","authors":"Madeline J Housh, Jennifer Telish, K. Forsgren, Sean C Lema","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obae003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 For many fishes, reproductive function is thermally constrained such that exposure to temperatures above some upper threshold has detrimental effects on gametic development and maturation, spawning frequency, and mating behavior. Such impairment of reproductive performance at elevated temperatures involves changes to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis signaling and diminished gonadal steroidogenesis. However, how HPG pathways respond to consistently high versus temporally elevated temperatures is not clear. Here, sexually mature Amargosa River Pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae) were maintained under thermal regimes of either stable ∼25°C (low temperature), diurnal cycling temperatures between ∼27-35°C (fluctuating temperature), or stable ∼35°C (high temperature) conditions for 50 days to examine effects of these conditions on HPG endocrine signaling components in the pituitary gland and gonad, ovarian and testicular gametogenesis status, and liver gene expression relating to oogenesis. Female pupfish maintained under stable high and fluctuating temperature treatments showed reduced gonadosomatic index (GSI) values as well as a lower proportion of oocytes in the lipid droplet and vitellogenic stages. Females in both fluctuating and stable 35°C conditions exhibited reduced ovarian mRNAs for steroid acute regulatory protein (star), cholesterol side chain-cleavage enzyme, P450scc (cyp11a1), and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3bhsd), while ovarian transcripts encoding 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11bhsd) and sex hormone binding globulin (shbg) were elevated in females at constant 35°C only. Ovarian aromatase (cyp19a1a) mRNA levels were unaffected but circulating 17β-estradiol (E2) was lower in females at 35°C compared to the fluctuating temperature condition. In the liver, mRNA levels for choriogenins and vitellogenin were downregulated in both the fluctuating and 35°C conditions, while hepatic estrogen receptor 2a (esr2a) and shbg mRNAs were elevated in 35°C females. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential for elevated temperatures to impair ovarian steroidogenesis and reduce egg envelope and vitellogenin protein production in female C. n. amargosae pupfish, while also shedding light on how thermal regimes that only intermittently reach the upper thermal range for reproduction have differential impacts on reproductive endocrine pathways than constantly warm conditions.","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139885857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sample Size And Geometric Morphometrics Methodology Impact The Evaluation of Morphological Variation","authors":"A. Rummel, E. T. Sheehy, E. R. Schachner, B. P. Hedrick","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obae002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Geometric morphometrics has had a profound impact on our understanding of morphological evolution. However, factors such as sample size and the views and elements selected for two-dimensional geometric morphometric (2DGM) analyses, which are often dictated by specimen availability and time rather than study design, may affect the outcomes of those analyses. Leveraging large intraspecific sample sizes (n > 70) for two bat species, Lasiurus borealis and Nycticeius humeralis, we evaluate the impact of sample size on calculations of mean shape, shape variance, and centroid size. Additionally, we assessed the concordance of multiple skull 2D views with one another and characterized morphological variation in skull shape in L. borealis and N. humeralis, as well as a closely related species, Lasiurus seminolus. Given that L. seminolus is a morphologically cryptic species with L. borealis, we assessed whether differences in skull shape and in 2DGM approach would allow species discrimination. We found that reducing sample size impacted mean shape and increased shape variance, that shape differences were not consistent across views or skull elements, and that trends shown by the views and elements were not all strongly associated with one another. Further, we found that L. borealis and L. seminolus were statistically different in shape using 2DGM in all views and elements. These results underscore the importance of selecting appropriate sample sizes, 2D views, and elements based on the hypothesis being tested. While there is likely not a generalizable sample size or 2D view that can be employed given the wide variety of research questions and systems evaluated using 2DGM, a generalizable solution to issues with 2DGM presented here is to run preliminary analyses using multiple views, elements, and sample sizes, thus ensuring robust conclusions.","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139606350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex and State-Dependent Effects on Proactive Behaviors of Bent-Wing Bats Across Contexts","authors":"Y-J Kuo, Y-F Lee, Y-M Kuo, Y. L. Tai","doi":"10.1093/iob/obad041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obad041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Animals within a population may show distinct behavioral types that differ consistently among individuals over time and across contexts, collectively known as animal personality. Individual state variables arising from intrinsic features of organisms and their interactions with the environment may contribute to or aid in maintaining these interindividual behavioral differences. The present study examined the effects of the body mass, body condition, flight morphology, and parasite load on the personality traits of bent-wing bats Miniopterus fuliginosus. We assessed the bats in three testing contexts, hole-board box (HB), tunnel-box (TB), and flight-tent (FT), that mimicked their natural environmental settings and allowed for different locomotion modes. A PCA analysis loaded the three mutually positively correlated personality traits of the bats, boldness, activity, and exploration, in each context onto a single component of proactiveness. In accordance with the AIC criteria, the sex, body mass, body condition index (BCI), and wingtip shape were selected as predictors for the proactiveness of the bats in the TB and FT tests. In the HB tests, the biomass and abundances of parasitic bat flies were additionally selected but body condition was excluded. We found a negative effect of the body mass on the proactiveness of the female bats in both the HB and FT tests, and that on the proactiveness of the male bats in the HB tests but not so in the FT tests. The sexual differences and negative correlation between the body mass of the bats and their proactive responsiveness are consistent with the mechanism of state-dependent energy assimilation efficiency. Our results may also concur with the predicted feedback mechanism stemming from the characteristic conditions associated with the environment of the bats. This latter inference offers insights for exploring the patterns of personality traits along gradients or seasonality of ecological conditions.","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138954692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Evolutionary Patterns of Modularity in the Linkage Systems of the Skull in Wrasses and Parrotfish.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/iob/obad040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obad040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/iob/obad035.].</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10723849/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138794287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shaped by Their Environment: Variation in Blue Whale Morphology across Three Productive Coastal Ecosystems.","authors":"D R Barlow, K C Bierlich, W K Oestreich, G Chiang, J W Durban, J A Goldbogen, D W Johnston, M S Leslie, M J Moore, J P Ryan, L G Torres","doi":"10.1093/iob/obad039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obad039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Species ecology and life history patterns are often reflected in animal morphology. Blue whales are globally distributed, with distinct populations that feed in different productive coastal regions worldwide. Thus, they provide an opportunity to investigate how regional ecosystem characteristics may drive morphological differences within a species. Here, we compare physical and biological oceanography of three different blue whale foraging grounds: (1) Monterey Bay, California, USA; (2) the South Taranaki Bight (STB), Aotearoa New Zealand; and (3) the Corcovado Gulf, Chile. Additionally, we compare the morphology of blue whales from these regions using unoccupied aircraft imagery. Monterey Bay and the Corcovado Gulf are seasonally productive and support the migratory life history strategy of the Eastern North Pacific (ENP) and Chilean blue whale populations, respectively. In contrast, the New Zealand blue whale population remains in the less productive STB year-round. All three populations were indistinguishable in total body length. However, New Zealand blue whales were in significantly higher body condition despite lower regional productivity, potentially attributable to their non-migratory strategy that facilitates lower risk of spatiotemporal misalignment with more consistently available foraging opportunities. Alternatively, the migratory strategy of the ENP and Chilean populations may be successful when their presence on the foraging grounds temporally aligns with abundant prey availability. We document differences in skull and fluke morphology between populations, which may relate to different feeding behaviors adapted to region-specific prey and habitat characteristics. These morphological features may represent a trade-off between maneuverability for prey capture and efficient long-distance migration. As oceanographic patterns shift relative to long-term means under climate change, these blue whale populations may show different vulnerabilities due to differences in migratory phenology and feeding behavior between regions. <b>Spanish abstract</b> La ecología y patrones de historia de vida de las especies a menudo se reflejan en la morfología animal. Las ballenas azules están distribuidas globalmente, con poblaciones separadas que se alimentan en diferentes regiones costeras productivas de todo el mundo. Por lo tanto, brindan la oportunidad de investigar cómo las características regionales de los ecosistemas pueden impulsar diferencias morfológicas dentro de una especie. Aquí, comparamos la oceanografía física y biológica de tres zonas de alimentación diferentes de la ballena azul: (1) Bahía de Monterey, California, EE. UU., (2) Bahía del sur de Taranaki (BST), Nueva Zelanda, y (3) Golfo de Corcovado, Chile. Adicionalmente, comparamos la morfología de las ballenas azules de estas regiones utilizando imágenes de aeronaves no tripuladas. La Bahía de Monterey y el Golfo de Corcovado son estacionalmente productivos y apoyan la estrategi","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10701340/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138794288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}