Integrative Organismal Biology最新文献

{"title":"<i>Smilodon fatalis</i> Canine and Alveolus Junction Gap: Using MicroCT Scans and 3D Slicer.","authors":"M S Haji-Sheikh, M J Haji-Sheikh, V L Naples","doi":"10.1093/iob/obag014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obag014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cranium of the sabertooth cat <i>Smilodon fatalis</i> from Rancho La Brea, now called La Brea Tar Pits and Museum (LBTPM), has been extensively studied; however, little research has been done on the placement and depth of the canines in the alveolus (tooth socket). During sample preparation, 110 years ago, canines often fell into the cleaning vats, so it is important to revisit and check these samples. Over the last 50 years, computerized tomography (CT) scans, including MicroCT and NanoCT scans, have moved from studying living humans to studying fossils. MicroCT scans can verify external observations such as misalignment of teeth. The reliance on 19th and 20th-century curations has always been fraught with complications. This study uses one of the largest collections of CT/MicroCT scans of this California sabertooth cat and demonstrates details that cannot be seen externally. A gap at the apical root would make the canine appear longer than in life. Results of our data set show that some of the specimens have improperly fitted canines, which can create errors in modelling. Finally, we demonstrate the use of 3D Slicer to virtually insert the canines and help determine whether a specific canine belongs to a specific cranium.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"obag014"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13136899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147837524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photoperiod, but not testosterone, increases basal metabolic rate in house sparrows.","authors":"H Galante, S J Lane, E K Elderbrock, J D Kittilson, K J Greenlee, T J Greives","doi":"10.1093/iob/obag013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obag013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organisms in natural environments often undergo life history stage transitions that optimize behaviors (i.e., migration, reproduction, and foraging) with environmental conditions. These changes in behavior are facilitated by changes in physiology such as metabolism and energy production. Previous work on seasonally breeding songbirds observed that elevated levels of sex steroids during reproduction are accompanied by increases in basal metabolic rate (BMR), the minimum energy required to live for an adult organism. This increase in BMR is also associated with increasing daylengths in long-day seasonally breeding animals. Whether, and to what extent, the seasonal increase in BMR is a direct result of testosterone or in response to increases in duration and amount of activity occurring during longer days is not fully known. Experimental studies indicate that testosterone is capable of modulating mitochondrial function through activation of androgen and estrogen receptors within the mitochondria. However, whether testosterone directly influences BMR, and if it is related to changes in mitochondrial abundance remains unclear. Mitochondrial abundance can be quantified by assessing mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) which has been positively correlated with oxidative capacity and ATP production. Here, we assessed BMR of individual male house sparrows (<i>Passer domesticus</i>) during three experimental treatment periods: non-breeding short day photoperiods prior to hormonal manipulation (SD), followed by testosterone implants while still on non-breeding short days (SD + T), and then photostimulated on long days (LD) after implant removal, mimicking natural breeding conditions. We also collected blood samples to quantify testosterone and mtDNAcn of red blood cells (RBC mtDNAcn). Our results indicate testosterone did not directly alter BMR and that BMR was only elevated under longer daylengths associated with longer active periods. The total minutes of the day the birds were active increased under LD, thus indicating activity, and not increases in sex hormones, is likely responsible for the increases in BMR. We also observed no effect of treatment period on RBC mtDNAcn. Combined, the results from this study indicate that testosterone is not affecting BMR through changes in mitochondrial density (mtDNAcn) in red blood cells. However, changes in photoperiod affected BMR by either increasing daily activity or by stimulating the growth of reproductive tissues in seasonally breeding birds.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"obag013"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13083693/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147722717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fusion of the Pharyngeal Wall to the Soft Palate Around the Laryngeal Inlet Isolates the Airway in Odontocete Cetaceans.","authors":"A W Vogl, R Cieri, P Palia, R Shadwick, P Cottrell, S Raverty","doi":"10.1093/iob/obag012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obag012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In odontocete cetaceans (toothed whales, dolphins, and porpoises), a palatopharyngeal sphincter permanently anchors the laryngeal inlet in the nasopharynx and isolates the airway from the gut tube. Using an MRI data set of a pacific white-sided dolphin (<i>Aethalodelphis obliquidens</i>), together with dissections of the dolphin and two neonatal harbour porpoises (<i>Phocoena phocoena</i>), we show that the sphincter is formed by fusion of part of the superior constrictor of the pharyngeal wall to the soft palate. The part of the superior constrictor that participates in forming the sphincter is brought close to the midline by the presence of palatine plates that: (1) project medially from the ventral aspects of the pterygoid bone on each side, (2) lie caudal to the palatine bones of the hard palate where the soft palate normally attaches in other mammals, and (3) divide rostral parts of the soft palate into a part dorsal to the plates and a part ventral to the plates. Based on the presence and the anatomy of major muscles of the soft palate, we present a biomechanical model for how the palatopharyngeal sphincter functions and is positioned during swallowing and breathing. We conclude that the sphincter is most contracted during swallowing to hold the laryngeal inlet in position while large prey items pass through the laryngopharynx, and is most relaxed during breathing when the laryngeal inlet maximumly opens to allow unrestricted airflow.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"obag012"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13070554/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147672920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomechanics of the Attachment of the Intertidal Seaweed <i>Fucus distichus</i>.","authors":"F Klimm, A P Summers, T Speck","doi":"10.1093/iob/obag010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obag010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Benthic marine seaweeds are subjected to considerable hydrodynamic loads which may damage and dislodge them. Different forms of attachment systems assure that they remain in place, such as the attachment disc of the intertidal brown alga <i>Fucus distichus</i>. Discerning how such attachments function helps to understand the seaweed's ecological performance, may unravel interesting mechanical design features and in future may even inspire biomimetic attachment structures. Methodologically, the marine field setting is challenging and often limits comprehensive mechanical analysis. In this study, we present a setup that allows continuous <i>in situ</i> mechanical tests. We apply it to dislodge the attachment of young individuals of <i>F. distichus</i> (disc and stipe base), cross-validate our results with tensile tests in the lab, and present a thorough mechanical characterization of the attachment structure. Even though the stipes of <i>F. distichus</i> are weak (low breaking strength) and compliant (low elastic modulus in tension), they are thick and extensible and the work required to dislodge the attachment structure is primarily required to stretch the stipes in their elastic range. Discs are weaker than stipes (lower breaking strength), probably due to weak substrate cohesion rather than weak disc adhesion. This stresses the importance of the stipe broadening into a disc to provide a wide contact area and thereby a well-balanced attachment structure. Complementary analyses of thallus morphology and size distribution suggest that for young (small) thalli, the risk of dislodgement due to drag does not dictate thallus size. However, substrate cohesion at the sampled site may impose upper mechanical constraints to thallus size. <i>Fucus distichus</i> thalli not only resist drag with their attachment, but we illustrate in flume experiments that in water flow, thalli also bent down toward the substrate and streamline considerably, which will reduce the drag the attachment has to bear.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"obag010"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13080366/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147698492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shifting Perceptions about Microbes and Scientists: Reflections on Activities with High School Students.","authors":"E Funk, A Lasek, K A Schmidtke, A J Reese","doi":"10.1093/iob/obag011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obag011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Engaging students in science influences not only their knowledge but also their interest in becoming part of a scientific community. Where people hold negatively stereotyped views, they are unlikely to appreciate communications of nuanced findings, e.g., that the category of \"microbes\" is composed of both disease-causing and good/useful agents. This curriculum article describes three activities that could help students consider positive and negative microbial agents and who does science. The first activity aims to help students learn about disease-causing microbes. Here, 25 stuffed microbes were placed around the room with labels. Students were given a handout with a matching activity that they could complete by reviewing the labels on the stuffed microbes. Students were encouraged to explore, learn, and record their answers in small groups. To go over the results, students generated a bingo board and reviewed the answers with the instructor. The second activity focused on good/useful microbes. Here, students watched a video and a slideshow, and discussions about microbes involved in a range of useful and often health-promoting functions. The third activity introduced a diverse range of living scientists. Here, pictures of 12 living scientists were posted in a hallway with stories. Students engaged in a scavenger hunt that prompted them to find key features within these posters and solve a word puzzle. Students filled out assessments before and after the activities, asking about how many disease-causing agents they knew, how many good/useful agents they knew, and how they would describe a scientist. After the activities, students reported being able to name more bad and good/useful microbial agents. Additionally, more students described scientists with positive stereotyping language. Students expressed that they enjoyed the activities. Thus, engaging students in these three activities can shift self-reported knowledge about microbes and perceptions about scientists in a positive direction. Our discussion explores how these activities could translate to other student populations or scientific topics.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"obag011"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13048273/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147623019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No Effect in Plasma Corticosterone Levels After Observation of Diseased Conspecifics.","authors":"B M Hardy, M Chang, S McCallum, S Santangelo, P C Lopes","doi":"10.1093/iob/obag008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obag008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organisms commonly respond to stressors in their environment by increasing the secretion of corticosterone (CORT). While increased CORT is acknowledged as a response to predation risk by organisms inhabiting a landscape of fear, new research raises the potential for changes in CORT as a response to the risk of infection by organisms in their environment. An increase in CORT of a healthy, uninfected individual in response to their perception of the risk of infection in their environment could change their susceptibility to infection, highlighting a significant role for CORT to alter host-pathogen dynamics. To investigate the effects of infection risk on host CORT levels, we conducted an experiment where healthy domestic canaries (<i>Serinus canaria</i>) observed canaries either infected with <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> (MG), which present behavioral and visual symptoms of infection, or symptom-free, sham-infected controls. We measured CORT from blood samples collected after either long-term (6 days) or short-term (1 h) observation of MG or sham-infected individuals. We found no difference in CORT levels between observers of MG or sham-infected birds at either time point, with the limitation of small sample size in the short-term observation (12 birds). We suggest further research should investigate changes in CORT at finer scales to ensure a complete picture of CORT profiles in response to infection risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"obag008"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13080362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147698505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Freshwater Fish Biodiversity Changes Before and After the Indrapuri Dam Construction in the Bihar Region.","authors":"A Khatoon, M K Jaiswal, B Sharma","doi":"10.1093/iob/obag005","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obag005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Freshwater biodiversity suffers when dams are constructed. It is important to evaluate how these changes take place, to what level they impact. In this review, we summarized the effects of the Indrapuri Dam's construction on fish biodiversity over the years on the basis of available studies. We compared the fish biodiversity study done in 1957 before it was built to the studies that were done several years after the dam was ready in 1968. Available information was categorized into five most relevant and other less relevant studies between 1957 and 2023. These studies indicate that fish biodiversity declined drastically after the dam construction. A total of 95 different species of fish lived in the Indrapuri Dam basin before the dam was made; however, only 25 species were noted in 2017 after the construction of the dam. Further, this number increased to 41 in 2023. Several fish species disappeared between 1957 and 2023, notably, those that prefer well-oxygenated and stream-like environments. Biodiversity kept decreasing post-construction for a very long time. The biggest representative order, Cypriniformes, reduced by 75%, followed by the order Siluriformes, which reduced by 61%. Possible reasons for this reduction in diversity could be changes in migratory routes of fishes, the requirement of fast-flowing water, the requirement of upstream movement for spawning, or the requirement of a specific substrate for breeding. Some new fish species showed up in 2014 but were never reported after that. Though many species couldn't survive these disturbances, fish biodiversity in the dam area has now started improving. By 2023, 12 new fish species belonging to the families Bagridae, Erethistidae, Cichlidae, Cyprinidae, Osphronemidae, and Belonidae had established themselves downstream of the dam. To analyze the reasons for the changing biodiversity in this region, we also reviewed the available studies related to water parameters. Water parameters in the area have improved recently. Some fish species are settling back. If the water parameters continue to improve in line with the recent trend, it is anticipated that the fish biodiversity in the region will improve in the near future.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"obag005"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13008580/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147511584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance of Adult <i>Kryptolebias marmoratus</i> Hermaphrodites to Irreversible Sex Change by Exogenous Androgens.","authors":"J Ficklin, S L Moy, A Sinha, E S Haag","doi":"10.1093/iob/obag009","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obag009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The <i>Kryptolebias marmoratus</i> species complex contains the only known self-fertile hermaphroditic vertebrates. All three taxa in this clade live in mangrove forests of the Caribbean basin, and all have individuals with both testis and ovarian tissue in their gonads. Two, <i>K. marmoratus</i> and <i>K. hermaphroditus</i>, use self-fertility as their main mode of reproduction and have colonized remote islands. <i>K. marmoratus</i> also has well-documented production of fertile males through sex change of adult hermaphrodites. The control of sex change in <i>K. marmoratus</i> is poorly understood. Individuals believed to be genetically identical can be raised in the same environment, yet change sex at drastically different times or not at all. However, juvenile fish can be permanently masculinized by immersion in the androgen methyltestosterone (MT). Here, we first document substantial individual variation in overall gonad size and in testis content within and between the gonads of adult <i>K. marmoratus</i> hermaphrodites. This led us to hypothesize that variation in testis-derived androgen may create a positive feedback that drives sex change in some individuals, but not others. We used endocrine manipulations to test a prediction of this hypothesis, namely that sex change in adults could be triggered by exogenous androgens. While exposure to MT led to full masculinization of pigmentation and partial masculinization of the gonad, it was not enough to maintain a permanent transition like that seen in a natural sex change. Additional treatments with 11-ketotestosterone and the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole had weaker effects, which were also impermanent. In this way, adult <i>K. marmoratus</i> differ from larvae, and from adults of other gonochoric teleosts (i.e., with true females and males), in which permanent masculinization of females has been reported after administration of both androgens and aromatase inhibitor. This resistance may reflect changes in adult sexual physiology that evolved to address the underlying need of hermaphrodites to maintain many female traits despite the presence of elevated androgens in a common circulatory system.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"obag009"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13032168/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147573981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unsupervised Wing-Bone Morphogroups in Bats Reveal Phylogenetic and Functional Patterns.","authors":"S S Zalapa, J M Vargas-Aldaco, S Guerrero-Vázquez, F J López Chávez, E Ruiz-Sanchez","doi":"10.1093/iob/obag007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obag007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bat wings are complex biomechanical systems whose skeletal components play a central role in shaping flight performance. Although wing morphology in bats has traditionally been characterized using aerodynamic indices and ecological guilds, the contribution of individual wing bones to emergent patterns of wing design remains poorly understood. Here, we test whether interspecific variation in wing bone proportions is sufficient to generate objective, unsupervised morpho-wing bone groups (MWBGs) across Chiroptera. We quantified proportional variation in 10 wing bone elements relative to forearm length in 526 individuals representing 59 species from six bat families. Log-ratio-transformed measurements were analyzed using principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering, followed by linear discriminant analysis for group validation. We identified five robust MWBGs that explain coordinated variation in distal, intermediate, and proximal wing elements. These groups were recovered independently of <i>a priori</i> ecological classifications and showed higher discriminant performance than established foraging guilds. Phylogenetic mapping revealed that some MWBGs reflect strong phylogenetic conservatism (e.g., Molossidae), whereas others arise repeatedly across unrelated lineages, suggesting functional convergence in wing skeletal design. Distal phalanges and metacarpals emerged as key contributors to multivariate differentiation. Our results demonstrate that proportional variation in individual wing bones captures fundamental structural dimensions of bat wing morphology and provides a complementary, skeleton-centered framework for investigating the evolution of flight diversity in bats.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"obag007"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13048274/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147623011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population- and Species-Level Variation in Near- and Mid-infrared Radiation in Birds: A Preliminary Analysis.","authors":"T Lee, M Barrett, L Pilon, A J Shultz, T McGlynn","doi":"10.1093/iob/obag006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obag006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal coloration has diverse functions, such as camouflage, communication, thermoregulation, and protection from UV damage and more, and can be shaped by environmental selective pressures. Some climatic selective pressures are strong enough to produce consistent patterns in many species across large-scale geographic gradients, leading to the creation of macrophysiological rules such as Gloger's rule, which predicts that endothermic populations in hot, humid areas will be visibly darker than those in cool, dry areas, and the thermal melanism hypothesis, which predicts that ectothermic animals will be visibly darker in cooler areas. While these rules often capture trends in animal absorptance in the visible spectrum, wavelengths of visible light are not the only relevant wavelengths to an animal's energy budget: solar radiation extends beyond the visible spectrum [0.4-0.7 μm] into the near-infrared; thus, thermal pressures may result in changes in surface reflectance characteristics beyond the visible [e.g., 0.7-2.5 μm] in birds. Further, heat exchange with the environment extends into the mid-infrared (MIR), including heat loss through the atmospheric transparency window [8-14 μm]. It is unknown whether animal absorptance in the NIR or emittance in MIR might also follow macrophysiological rules, as seen in the visible spectrum, such as more absorptance of NIR and less emittance of MIR in cooler areas for ectotherms under the thermal melanism hypothesis. Here, we examine both UV-NIR absorptance and MIR emittance in five species of birds: the Great Horned Owl, Northern Bobwhite, Steller's Jay, Song Sparrow, and Common Raven. We show that NIR absorptance varies by species and population, corresponding to their habitat and thermoregulatory strategies. MIR emittance, in contrast, was stable across species and populations but differed slightly across populations of Northern Bobwhites. We conclude by highlighting the importance of considering the full spectrum from UV to MIR in research on animal adaptation. Further consideration of infrared radiation is necessary for a complete view of animals' phenotypic diversity and possible responses to thermal challenge.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"obag006"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13048275/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147622961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}