Integrative Organismal Biology最新文献

{"title":"Variation in Molar Size and Proportions in the Hominid Lineage: An Inter- and Intraspecific Approach.","authors":"L A D'Addona, V Bernal, P N Gonzalez","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae041","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The implications of the inhibitory cascade (IC) model in dental diversification have been primarily studied at an interspecific or higher level. In contrast, the study of organisms with recent evolutionary divergence or at an interpopulational scale is still very limited. Here, we assess the effect of changes in molar size and the ratio of local activators to inhibitors on molar proportions based on a compilation of data of crown diameters of the first, second, and third lower and upper molars of extinct and extant hominids and modern human populations. The analysis of allometric changes between the size of each tooth and the size of the molar row shows a negative allometry in first molars (M1), isometric changes in second molars (M2), and a positive allometry in third molars (M3) in both hominin phylogeny and modern human populations. On the other hand, the proportions of lower and upper molars of several hominid species fall outside the morphospace defined by the IC model, while most of the modern human populations fall within the morphospace defined by the model as M1 > M2 > M3. We conclude that there is a phylogenetic structuring for molar size, particularly in the maxilla, with a trend toward mesial-to-distal reduction in the molar row area accompanied by allometric changes. Our findings also show the limitations of the IC model for explaining molar proportions in primates, particularly the variation in the relative size at the interspecific scale in the hominid lineage.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae041"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11631436/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142806769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prey Cue Preferences Among Northern Cottonmouths (<i>Agkistrodon piscivorus</i>) Acclimated to Different Year-Long Diets: Genetics or Experienced-Based Plasticity?","authors":"William I Lutterschmidt, Zander E Perelman, Eric D Roth, J M Weidler","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae040","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemoreception and recognition of specific prey are important sensory modalities for optimizing foraging success in snakes. Field observations suggest that cottonmouths are generalists, despite the specific epithet of the species (<i>piscivorus</i>) suggesting a fish prey preference. Because chemo-recognition of specific prey may reveal interesting evolutionary context for foraging strategy and if prey preference is either genetically or environmentally controlled, we investigated the prey cue preference of three experimental groups of <i>Agkistrodon piscivorus</i> (Northern Cottonmouths) with different diet histories. Two groups of captive snakes were acclimated to year-long diets of either fish (<i>n</i> = 11) or mice (<i>n</i> = 9) and a third group of recently wild-caught individuals served as a field diet group (<i>n</i> = 16). We investigated possible differences among diet history (fish, mouse, and field) and prey cue preference (control, fish, and mouse) and present results showing a significant difference among diet history with field snakes having significantly lower tongue-flick response. We also found a significant difference among prey cues, snakes within all diet histories showed a lower tongue-flick response to only the control scent cue. Both captive and field snakes showed no prey cue preference for either fish or mice. Because captive snakes did not show increased prey cue preference to their respective diet history, prey preference may be under genetic influence and not experience-based. Additionally, the lack of prey preference for fish or mice in the recently captured snakes in the field-diet group provides supporting evidence that <i>A. piscivorus</i> are generalists and opportunistic predators.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae040"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11575494/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142675824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experience with Aposematic Defense Triggers Attack Bias in a Mantid Predator (<i>Stagmomantis carolina</i>).","authors":"L E Schweikert, D R Chappell, Z Huang, G E Delpizzo, K Wahi, M O Saunders, V E Slye, L F Naughton, N I Rummelt, L E Bagge","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae039","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies of predator psychology in aposematism have suggested important effects of signal detection through space and time on outcomes of attack behavior. Both the integration of aposematic signals from prey and experience state of the predator can have important effects on attack decisions. The universality of these effects however, especially as it applies to non-avian predators such as arthropods, remains poorly understood. We examined the effects of multimodal aposematic signaling and prior experience with aposematism on attack latency and attack likelihood of the Carolina mantis (<i>Stagmomantis carolina</i>). Using artificial prey bearing visual and olfactory signals of the convergent lady beetle (<i>Hippodamia convergens</i>), we tested 2 cohorts of mantids (representing juvenile and adult stages) across 4 groups: visual only, odor only, combined signals, and control. We then used approaches in linear modeling to test the hypotheses that (1) prior experience with aposematism alters attack behavior toward aposematic prey and (2) multimodal signals have synergistic effects on attack behavior relative to either unisensory signal presented alone. We found support for the first hypothesis in that mantids employ attack biases against visual and olfactory aposematic signals, but only after prior exposure to aposematism and only as juveniles. While support is lacking for multimodal integration by the mantids, this study is the first to suggest a response of mantids to an aposematic olfactory signal (in addition to visual signal) and may suggest a developmental window for mantid predators to develop biases toward aposematic prey that are shaped by experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae039"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11572491/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142667805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Raccoons Reveal Hidden Diversity in Trabecular Bone Development.","authors":"T Reinecke, K D Angielczyk","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obae038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trabecular bone, and its ability to rapidly modify its structure in response to strain exerted on skeletal elements, has garnered increased attention from researchers with the advancement of CT technology that allows for the analysis of its complex lattice-like framework. Much of this research has focused on adults of select taxa, but analysis into trabecular development across ontogeny remains limited. In this paper, we explore the shift in several trabecular characteristics in the articular head of the humerus and femur in <i>Procyon lotor</i> across the entirely of the species' lifespan. Our results show that while body mass plays a role in determining trabecular structure, other elements such as bone growth, increased activity, and puberty result in trends not observed in the interspecific analysis of adults. Furthermore, differences in the trabeculae of the humerus and femur suggest combining distinct boney elements in meta-analysis may obfuscate the variety in the structures. Finally, rates at which fore and hindlimb trabeculae orient themselves early in life differ enough to warrant further exploration to identify the currently unknown causes for their variation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae038"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11495488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocean Planning and Conservation in the Age of Climate Change: A Roundtable Discussion.","authors":"C Frazão Santos, T Agardy, L B Crowder, J C Day, A Himes-Cornell, M L Pinsky, J M Reimer, E Gissi","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obae037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over recent years, recognition of the need to develop climate-smart marine spatial planning (MSP) has gained momentum globally. In this roundtable discussion, we use a question-and-answer format to leverage diverse perspectives and voices involved in the study of sustainable MSP and marine conservation under global environmental and social change. We intend this dialogue to serve as a stepping stone toward developing ocean planning initiatives that are sustainable, equitable, and climate-resilient around the globe.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae037"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11495413/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volumetric versus Element-scaling Mass Estimation and Its Application to Permo-Triassic Tetrapods.","authors":"M A Wright, T J Cavanaugh, S E Pierce","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obae034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Size has an impact on various aspects of an animal's biology, including physiology, biomechanics, and ecology. Accurately and precisely estimating size, in particular body mass, is therefore a core objective of paleobiologists. Two approaches for estimating body mass are common: whole-body volumetric models and individual element-scaling (e.g., bones, teeth). The latter has been argued to be more accurate, while the former more precise. Here, we use minimum convex hulls (MCHs) to generate a predictive volumetric model for estimating body mass across a broad taxonomic and size range (127 g - 2735 kg). We compare our MCH model to stylopodial-scaling, incorporating data from the literature, and find that MCH body mass estimation is both more accurate and more precise than stylopodial estimation. An explanation for the difference between methods is that reptile and mammal stylopod circumference and length dimensions scale differentially (slope 1.179 ± 0.102 vs. 1.038 ± 0.031, respectively), such that reptiles have more robust bones for a given size. Consequently, a mammalian-weighted stylopodial-scaling sample overestimates the body mass of larger reptiles, and this error increases with size. We apply both estimation equations to a sample of 12 Permo-Triassic tetrapods and find that stylopodial-scaling consistently estimates a higher body mass than MCH estimation, due to even more robust bones in extinct species (slope = 1.319 ± 0.213). Finally, we take advantage of our MCH models to explore constraints regarding the position of the center of mass (CoM) and find that relative body proportions (i.e., skull:tail ratio) influence CoM position differently in mammals, crocodylians, and Permo-Triassic tetrapods. Further, we find that clade-specific body segment expansion factors do not affect group comparisons but may be important for individual specimens with rather disproportionate bodies (e.g., the small-headed and large-tailed <i>Edaphosaurus</i>). Our findings suggest that the whole-body volumetric approach is better suited for estimating body mass than element-scaling when anatomies are beyond the scope of the sample used to generate the scaling equations and provides added benefits such as the ability to measure inertial properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae034"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11438236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142346016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of <i>Polycystic Kidney Disease-Like</i> Homologs in Planarian Nervous System Regeneration and Function.","authors":"K G Ross, S Alvarez Zepeda, M A Auwal, A K Garces, S Roman, R M Zayas","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae035","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Planarians are an excellent model for investigating molecular mechanisms necessary for regenerating a functional nervous system. Numerous studies have led to the generation of extensive genomic resources, especially whole-animal single-cell RNA-seq resources. These have facilitated <i>in silico</i> predictions of neuronal subtypes, many of which have been anatomically mapped by <i>in situ</i> hybridization. However, our knowledge of the function of dozens of neuronal subtypes remains poorly understood. Previous investigations identified that <i>polycystic kidney disease (pkd)-like</i> genes in planarians are strongly expressed in sensory neurons and have roles in mechanosensation. Here, we examine the expression and function of all the <i>pkd</i> genes found in the <i>Schmidtea mediterranea</i> genome and map their expression in the asexual and hermaphroditic strains. Using custom behavioral assays, we test the function of <i>pkd</i> genes in response to mechanical stimulation and in food detection. Our work provides insight into the physiological function of sensory neuron populations and protocols for creating inexpensive automated setups for acquiring and analyzing mechanosensory stimulation in planarians.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae035"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11448475/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142371759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risky Business: Predator Chemical Cues Mediate Morphological Changes in Freshwater Snails.","authors":"M J Wagner, P A Moore","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obae033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many prey organisms respond to the nonconsumptive effects of predators by altering their physiology, morphology, and behavior. These inducible defenses can create refuges for prey by decreasing the likelihood of consumption by predators. Some prey, as in marine mollusks, have been shown to alter their morphology in response to the presence of size-limited predation. To extend this work, we exposed pointed campeloma snails (<i>Campeloma decisum</i>) to chemical cues from a natural predator, the rusty crayfish (<i>Faxonius rusticus</i>), to better understand how snail morphology changes under the threat of predation. The total force needed to crush shells, total shell length, aperture width, and total weight, along with changes to these 3 body measurements, were recorded for each individual and used to quantify morphological changes as a function of risk. Snails exposed to crayfish chemical cues had shells that required significantly more force to crush their shells than controls (<i>P</i> = 0.023). Total shell length was greater in crayfish-exposed snails than in control snails (<i>P</i> = 0.012), and snails in the crayfish treatment also showed significantly more change in shell length than control snails (<i>P</i> = 0.007). Similarly, aperture width was significantly greater in exposed snails (<i>P</i> = 0.011). However, exposed snails exhibited significantly less change in aperture width than controls (<i>P</i> = 0.03). Finally, we found that snails exposed to crayfish weighed significantly more than snails in the control (<i>P</i> = 0.008). Thus, the results of this study show that morphology of gastropods is altered in the presence of predators, and this may be an antipredator tactic directly related to predation risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae033"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11404504/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142286287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jumping Performance and Behavior of the Globular Springtail <i>Dicyrtomina minuta</i>.","authors":"A A Smith, J S Harrison","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obae029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Springtails are among the most abundant arthropods on earth and they exhibit unique latch-mediated spring-actuated jumping behaviors and anatomical systems. Despite this, springtail jumps have not been well described, especially for those with a globular body plan. Here, we provide a complete description and visualization of jumping in the globular springtail <i>Dicyrtomina minuta</i>. A furca-powered jump results in an average take-off velocity of 1 ms^-1 in 1.7 ms, with a fastest acceleration to liftoff of 1938 ms^-2. All jumps involve rapid backwards body rotation throughout, rotating on average at 282.2 Hz with a peak rate of 368.7 Hz. Despite body lengths of 1-2 mm, jumping resulted in a backwards trajectory traveling up to 102 mm in horizontal distance and 62 mm in vertical. Escape jumps in response to posterior stimulation did not elicit forward-facing jumps, suggesting that <i>D. minuta</i> is incapable of directing a jump off a flat surface within the 90° heading directly in front of them. Finally, two landing strategies were observed: collophore-anchoring, which allows for an immediate arrest and recovery, and uncontrolled landings where the springtail chaotically tumbles. In comparison to other fast jumping arthropods, linear performance measures globular springtail jumps place them between other systems like fleas and froghoppers. However, in angular body rotation, globular springtails like <i>D. minuta</i> surpass all other animal systems. Given the extraordinary performance measures, unique behavioral responses, and understudied nature of these species, globular springtails present promising opportunities for further description and comparison.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae029"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11360184/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142116923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embodied Computational Evolution: A Model for Investigating Randomness and the Evolution of Morphological Complexity.","authors":"E Aaron, J H Long","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae032","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For an integrated understanding of how evolutionary dynamics operate in parallel on multiple levels, computational models can enable investigations that would be otherwise infeasible or impossible. We present one modeling framework, <i>Embodied Computational Evolution</i> (<i>ECE</i>), and employ it to investigate how two types of randomness-genetic and developmental-drive the evolution of morphological complexity. With these two types of randomness implemented as germline mutation and transcription error, with rates varied in an [Formula: see text] factorial experimental design, we tested two related hypotheses: ( <i><b>H₁</b> </i> ) Randomness in the gene transcription process alters the direct impact of selection on populations; and ( <i><b>H₂</b> </i> ) Selection on locomotor performance targets morphological complexity. The experiment consisted of 121 conditions; in each condition, nine starting phenotypic populations developed from different randomly generated genomic populations of 60 individuals. Each of the resulting 1089 phenotypic populations evolved over 100 generations, with the autonomous, self-propelled individuals under directional selection for enhanced locomotor performance. As encoded by their genome, individuals had heritable morphological traits, including the numbers of segments, sensors, neurons, and connections between sensors and motorized joints that they activated. An individual's morphological complexity was measured by three different metrics derived from counts of the body parts. In support of <i><b>H₁</b> </i> , variations in the rate of randomness in the gene transcription process varied the dynamics of selection. In support of <i><b>H₂</b> </i> , the morphological complexity of populations evolved adaptively.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae032"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11413536/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142286286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}