Integrative Organismal Biology最新文献

{"title":"Sensory nerve-secreted factors regulate basal keratinocyte function <i>in vitro</i>.","authors":"A Srivastava, A Noble, S L Payne","doi":"10.1093/iob/obaf009","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obaf009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Basal keratinocytes in the skin epidermis respond to microenvironmental signals during homeostatic maintenance of the skin and following injury by proliferating, migrating, and differentiating to restore the epidermal barrier. Injuries to the skin can result in non-healing wounds, characterized by prolonged inflammation, failure to close, and chronic pain. The skin is densely innervated by peripheral sensory nerves, which contribute to the wound repair response. Although it is known that nerves are important for successful wound healing, the underlying cellular mechanisms of this phenomenon, and particularly the role of nerves in directing keratinocyte re-epithelialization, are poorly understood. To explore the relationship between sensory nerves and keratinocyte function <i>in vitro</i>, we cultured keratinocytes with conditioned media collected from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in both homeostatic and post-wounding conditions and found that keratinocyte migration, proliferation, and phenotype, functions essential for re-epithelialization, were modulated by DRG conditioned media. Using a proteomic approach, we characterized the secretome of cultured DRG and identified key factors essential for wound healing, including extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors, and metabolic factors involved with ATP production, which was correlated with alternations in keratinocyte metabolism when cultured in DRG conditioned medium. Our results advance our understanding of the microenvironmental cues that direct keratinocyte function during normal cellular turnover and cutaneous wound healing <i>in vitro</i>, helping to drive the development of therapeutics that target dysregulated re-epithelialization.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"7 1","pages":"obaf009"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945292/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of Paternal Care Behaviors in Response to Stream Conditions by Eastern Hellbenders (<i>Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis</i>).","authors":"R S M O'Brien, J Groffen, A A Dayer, W A Hopkins","doi":"10.1093/iob/obaf007","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obaf007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid environmental changes associated with the Anthropocene mean that flexible behavioral responses may be a critical determinant of animals' resiliency to anthropogenic disturbance, particularly for species with long generation times and low vagility. One type of behavior that exemplifies this potentially important flexibility is parental care. Eggs and juvenile animals are sensitive to environmental stressors, and the ability of parents to adjust care behaviors to buffer their offspring from rapidly changing conditions may be critical to successful reproduction. In this study, we explore the role of parental care in buffering eggs from anthropogenic stressors in the long-lived, fully aquatic eastern hellbender salamander (<i>Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis</i>). Using custom-designed infrared cameras installed in underwater artificial shelters in a natural stream, we describe hellbender paternal care behaviors in greater detail than has previously been possible, assess the extent to which hellbender fathers buffer their eggs from increasing levels of silt and decreasing concentrations of dissolved oxygen in nesting cavities, and describe the possible trade-offs that hellbender fathers exhibit between paternal care and self-maintenance behaviors. We found that while hellbender parents buffered their offspring from low dissolved oxygen concentrations by increasing parental care, there was an apparent trade-off between parental care and self-maintenance responses to low oxygen. Hellbender fathers did not show evidence of buffering their offspring from the effects of increasing silt or organic material in their nest cavities. We also found that filial cannibalism is a widespread behavior across nests, with almost all fathers exhibiting some cannibalism, although the extent varied widely. Our study indicates that hellbender parents may be able to reduce the impacts of declines in dissolved oxygen concentration on their offspring to a limited extent, but they may be unable to fully protect offspring from increasing silt.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"7 1","pages":"obaf007"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11925150/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Winter Is Coming: Integrative Analysis of Cold Acclimation in a Freeze Tolerant Frog.","authors":"E E Yokum, D L Goldstein, C M Krane","doi":"10.1093/iob/obaf008","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obaf008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cope's gray treefrog <i>Dryophytes chrysoscelis</i> is a seasonally freeze tolerant anuran that undergoes a preparatory period of cold acclimation in order to survive repeated freezing and thawing each winter. The mechanisms that enable freeze tolerance in this species are not entirely understood and the ecophysiological cues that regulate cold acclimation are unstudied. In the present study, we describe aspects of behavior, morphology, and physiology of frogs progressing through cold acclimation, using a previously established protocol of changing light and temperature that successfully induces the capacity to survive whole body freezing and thawing. Wild-caught males were captured in July in southwest Ohio, and behavioral, morphological, and physiological variables were compared beginning in August among frogs maintained under constant (\"warm\") environmental conditions (22°C, 12:12 light: dark) and those undergoing cold acclimation (October through December) to 5°C, 8:16 light: dark. During cold acclimation frogs ceased eating, heart rate (HR) was reduced, body mass decreased, and the righting response and toe pinch reflexes were slower and less coordinated. Some of these variables also changed in animals maintained under constant, warm, and environmental conditions during the same period: feeding decreased, HR decreased, body mass increased, and dorsal skin color shifted from green to brown. However, these warm frogs began to reverse those changes and increased feeding and HR in late January. These data indicate that behavior, morphology, and physiology in <i>D. chrysoscelis</i> are subject to seasonal variations that are augmented by cold acclimation (i.e., a reduction in photoperiod and environmental temperature). Freeze competence derived from these events may be affected by volatile climates and seasonal warming.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"7 1","pages":"obaf008"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11933796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Metrics of Discrete-Individual Repeatability of the Stress Response.","authors":"U K Beattie, L M Romero, J M Reed","doi":"10.1093/iob/obaf005","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obaf005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is currently no consensus on the most biologically meaningful way to calculate discrete-individual repeatability of stress response curves. In the current study, we compared three metrics of discrete-individual repeatability that incorporate the whole stress response curve: profile repeatability, Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) flexibility. As part of this work, we present a new R package for computing profile repeatability, \"profrep.\" Using three datasets (one synthetic and two corticosterone datasets from live birds), our objectives were (1) to compare how these metrics correlate with one another and (2) to determine how representative repeatability scores of fewer replicates were to the \"consensus\" score (i.e., the score of the full dataset). We found that (1) these three discrete-individual repeatability metrics do not consistently correlate with one another; (2) KL divergence and HPA flexibility are poor at distinguishing individuals from each other (i.e., they give similar scores for each individual regardless of perceived repeatability); and (3) profile repeatability tends to overestimate repeatability when fewer replicates are available, and the consensus score is low. Despite this drawback of profile repeatability, we suggest that it may be the most well-suited metric for assessing discrete-individual repeatability.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"7 1","pages":"obaf005"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11894371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary Breadth Predicts Toxin Expression Complexity in the Venoms of North American Gartersnakes.","authors":"T C Heptinstall, R A Rosales García, R M Rautsaw, E A Myers, M L Holding, A J Mason, E P Hofmann, T D Schramer, M P Hogan, M Borja, G Castañeda-Gaytán, C R Feldman, D R Rokyta, C L Parkinson","doi":"10.1093/iob/obaf003","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obaf003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Selection on heritable phenotypic variation has played a prominent role in shaping the remarkable adaptations found across the Tree of Life. Complex ecological traits, such as snake venoms, are thought to be the products of selection because they directly link to fitness and survival. Snake venom increases the efficiency of prey capture and processing and is thus likely under intense selection. While many studies of snake venom have investigated the relationship between venom and diet, they have primarily focused on medically relevant front-fanged snakes. However, recent work has suggested that many non-front fanged snakes also rely on venom for subduing prey, despite having reduced toxicity toward humans. Here, we set out to uncover variation in toxin-producing genes, along with the ecological and evolutionary pressures impacting snake venom characteristics in the North American gartersnakes (Squamata: Natricidae: <i>Thamnophis</i>), a model group of non-front-fanged snakes. We annotated and analyzed Duvernoy's venom gland transcriptomes from 16 species representing all the major lineages within <i>Thamnophis</i>. We then generated measures of complexity of both toxins and dietary breadth. We found strong correlations between the complexity of toxin gene expression and phylogenetic diversity of diet, but no relationship between the complexity of the genetic makeup of the transcriptomes (allelic or sequence variation) and diet complexities. We also found phylogenetic signal associated with venom complexity, suggesting some influence of ancestry on venom characteristics. We suggest that, in non-front-fanged snakes, expression of toxins rather than sequence complexity is under strong selection by dietary diversity. These findings contradict similar studies from front-fanged snakes where increased transcriptomic complexity varies positively with dietary diversity, exposing a potential novel relationship between a complex phenotype-toxin expression-and its selective pressures-diet.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"7 1","pages":"obaf003"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11822205/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143433014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropogenic Impacts on Coral-Algal Interactions of the Subtropical Lagoonal Reef, Norfolk Island.","authors":"M L Ho, C Page, B Leggat, T Gaston, S Eckhardt, T Ainsworth","doi":"10.1093/iob/obaf004","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obaf004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reef building corals are important in subtropical marine ecoregions, shaping ecosystems and providing habitats for fish and benthic species. Algal communities contribute substantially to the benthic population structure across subtropical coral reefs, however increasing algal cover on subtropical reefs is also linked to degraded ecosystems as has been shown on tropical systems. As such, the dynamics of coral-algal interactions on subtropical reefs are also likely to be an indicator of ecosystem health on subtropical ecosystems. The subtropical lagoonal coral reef of Norfolk Island within the Norfolk Marine Park has been impacted by a regime of disturbance since 2020 including flooding, sedimentation, and heat stress events. Assessing the type and extent of algal interactions with the dominant coral <i>Pocillopora damiconis</i> within the reef sites of Emily Bay, Slaughter Bay, and Cemetery Bay has the potential to provide insight into drivers of ecosystem decline within the reef. Similarly, photochemical efficiency, as measured by yield (Fv/Fm) using pulse amplitude modulated fluorometry, can be used to provide a measure of the health of corals on reefs during degradation events. Here we assess the extent of coral-algal interactions and health of colonies of <i>P. damicornis</i> prior to the onset of summertime conditions (April 2023) and during summertime conditions (December 2023). Seasonal and within site dynamics of coral-algal interactions were evident by a significant bloom of red cyanobacteria (<i>P</i> < 0.0001, April 2023) and <i>Lyngbya</i> {<i>P</i> < 0.01 [Slaughter Bay West (SBW)], <i>P</i> < 0.01 [Slaughter Bay East (SBE)], December 2023}. Within reef, variability of coral-algal interactions was most evident for <i>Lyngbya</i>, and on the Norfolk reef, interactions of <i>Lyngbya</i> with <i>P. damincornis</i> were found to be significantly higher at slaughter bay west (SBW 30.2% of interactions) and east (SBE 24.6% of interactions) in December 2023 than at neighboring Emily (11.6% of interactions) and Cemetery Bay (0.6% of interactions). Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) fluorometry also highlighted the potential for algal interactions to influence the photochemical efficiency of <i>Pocillopora damicornis</i>. Benthic structure, as measured by coral-algal interactions, and coral health within the Norfolk lagoonal, both highlight the potential for anthropogenic drivers of reef decline to influence the health of the ecosystem. Further investigation is therefore necessary to elucidate the specific causes and consequences of algae linked to poor water quality, such as red cyanobacteria and <i>Lyngbya</i>, interacting with corals.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"7 1","pages":"obaf004"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11851010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143501000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peptidergic Modulation of the Lobster Cardiac System Has Opposing Action on Neurons and Muscles.","authors":"I S Petropoulos, A E Jordan, P S Dickinson, D J Powell","doi":"10.1093/iob/obaf002","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obaf002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modulation of neuronal networks, primarily through neuropeptides, generates variations in motor patterns that allow organisms to adapt to environmental changes or sensory inputs. Modulation is complex, with receptors for neuromodulators expressed at various locations within a nervous system; neuromodulators can thus alter muscle dynamics peripherally via the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and the muscle itself. The neurogenic cardiac neuromuscular system of the American lobster (<i>Homarus americanus</i>) is a well-characterized model for investigating peptidergic modulation. Myosuppressin (pQDLDHVFLRFamide) is an endogenous peptide that interestingly decreases contraction frequency while also increasing contraction force by acting at both the lobster heart central pattern generator (CPG; the cardiac ganglion) and the periphery (cardiac muscles). Myosuppressin decreases heartbeat frequency by decreasing the burst frequency of the cardiac ganglion. Here, we investigated the remaining question, does myosuppressin exert its peripheral effects directly on the cardiac muscle, the NMJ, or both? To elucidate myosuppressin's effects on the cardiac muscle, the muscle was isolated from the CPG, and contractions were evoked using focal application of the endogenous neurotransmitter, l-glutamate, while superfusing myosuppressin over the heart. Myosuppressin increased glutamate-evoked contraction amplitude in the isolated muscle, suggesting that myosuppressin exerts its peripheral effects directly on the cardiac muscle. To examine effects on the NMJ, excitatory junction potentials were evoked by stimulating the motor nerve and recording the intracellular membrane voltage from a single muscle fiber both in control saline and in the presence of myosuppressin. Myosuppressin did not modulate the amplitude of excitatory junction potentials suggesting that myosuppressin acts directly on the muscle and not via the NMJ, to cause an increase in contraction force.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"7 1","pages":"obaf002"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11816307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143407335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Carnivoran Adaptive Landscape Reveals Trade-offs among Functional Traits in the Skull, Appendicular, and Axial Skeleton.","authors":"C J Law, L J Hlusko, Z J Tseng","doi":"10.1093/iob/obaf001","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obaf001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Analyses of form-function relationships are widely used to understand links between morphology, ecology, and adaptation across macroevolutionary scales. However, few have investigated functional trade-offs and covariance within and between the skull, limbs, and vertebral column simultaneously. In this study, we investigated the adaptive landscape of skeletal form and function in carnivorans to test how functional trade-offs among these skeletal regions contribute to ecological adaptations and the topology of the landscape. We found that morphological proxies of function derived from carnivoran skeletal regions exhibit trade-offs and covariation across their performance surfaces, particularly in the appendicular and axial skeletons. These functional trade-offs and covariation correspond as adaptations to different adaptive landscapes when optimized by various factors including phylogeny, dietary ecology, and, in particular, locomotor mode. Lastly, we found that the topologies of the optimized adaptive landscapes and underlying performance surfaces are largely characterized as a single gradual gradient rather than as rugged, multipeak landscapes with distinct zones. Our results suggest that carnivorans may already occupy a broad adaptive zone as part of a larger mammalian adaptive landscape that masks the form and function relationships of skeletal traits.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"7 1","pages":"obaf001"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11756339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143028291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Wing-Flashing Behavior on Prey Capture Performance of San Clemente Loggerhead Shrikes.","authors":"Y A Mora, S Sheldon, J Carrero, S M Farabaugh, D Sustaita","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae042","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Loggerhead shrikes (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>) are medium-sized predatory songbirds that feed on arthropods and vertebrates. Prior to attacking their prey, shrikes have been observed performing \"wing-flashing\" behavior, consisting of rapid fluttering of the wings that seems to emphasize the white patches on their dorsal surfaces. We sought to quantify this behavior by analyzing videos of San Clemente loggerhead shrikes attacking insect and vertebrate prey, to understand whether and how wing-flashing affects prey capture performance. We measured predictors of wing-flashing behavior, wing-flashing kinematics, and prey capture performance in terms of the number of strikes required to kill prey, prey strike durations, prey escape distances, and prey survival probabilities. Juveniles were more likely to perform wing-flashing behavior than adults, and lizards elicited wing-flashing more than mice and crickets. Adult males tended to flash their wings faster than juvenile males, and although wing-flashing rates were similar between ages for females and across prey types (∼15 Hz), shrikes flashed their wings for longer durations toward lizards. Wing-flashing was generally associated with fewer strikes to kill prey and resulted in longer prey strike durations for adult shrikes, longer prey escape distances, and lower prey survival probabilities for male shrikes. Our results suggest that wing-flashing behavior of loggerhead shrikes enhances their prey capture performance, possibly by stimulating prey to move-and not to move, depending on prey type-making them more vulnerable to predatory strikes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"7 1","pages":"obae042"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11748143/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143023326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in Molar Size and Proportions in the Hominid Lineage: An Inter- and Intraspecific Approach.","authors":"L A D'Addona, V Bernal, P N Gonzalez","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae041","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The implications of the inhibitory cascade (IC) model in dental diversification have been primarily studied at an interspecific or higher level. In contrast, the study of organisms with recent evolutionary divergence or at an interpopulational scale is still very limited. Here, we assess the effect of changes in molar size and the ratio of local activators to inhibitors on molar proportions based on a compilation of data of crown diameters of the first, second, and third lower and upper molars of extinct and extant hominids and modern human populations. The analysis of allometric changes between the size of each tooth and the size of the molar row shows a negative allometry in first molars (M1), isometric changes in second molars (M2), and a positive allometry in third molars (M3) in both hominin phylogeny and modern human populations. On the other hand, the proportions of lower and upper molars of several hominid species fall outside the morphospace defined by the IC model, while most of the modern human populations fall within the morphospace defined by the model as M1 > M2 > M3. We conclude that there is a phylogenetic structuring for molar size, particularly in the maxilla, with a trend toward mesial-to-distal reduction in the molar row area accompanied by allometric changes. Our findings also show the limitations of the IC model for explaining molar proportions in primates, particularly the variation in the relative size at the interspecific scale in the hominid lineage.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae041"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11631436/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142806769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}