Integrative Organismal Biology最新文献

{"title":"Dietary Breadth Predicts Toxin Expression Complexity in the Venoms of North American Gartersnakes.","authors":"T C Heptinstall, R A Rosales García, R M Rautsaw, E A Myers, M L Holding, A J Mason, E P Hofmann, T D Schramer, M P Hogan, M Borja, G Castañeda-Gaytán, C R Feldman, D R Rokyta, C L Parkinson","doi":"10.1093/iob/obaf003","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obaf003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Selection on heritable phenotypic variation has played a prominent role in shaping the remarkable adaptations found across the Tree of Life. Complex ecological traits, such as snake venoms, are thought to be the products of selection because they directly link to fitness and survival. Snake venom increases the efficiency of prey capture and processing and is thus likely under intense selection. While many studies of snake venom have investigated the relationship between venom and diet, they have primarily focused on medically relevant front-fanged snakes. However, recent work has suggested that many non-front fanged snakes also rely on venom for subduing prey, despite having reduced toxicity toward humans. Here, we set out to uncover variation in toxin-producing genes, along with the ecological and evolutionary pressures impacting snake venom characteristics in the North American gartersnakes (Squamata: Natricidae: <i>Thamnophis</i>), a model group of non-front-fanged snakes. We annotated and analyzed Duvernoy's venom gland transcriptomes from 16 species representing all the major lineages within <i>Thamnophis</i>. We then generated measures of complexity of both toxins and dietary breadth. We found strong correlations between the complexity of toxin gene expression and phylogenetic diversity of diet, but no relationship between the complexity of the genetic makeup of the transcriptomes (allelic or sequence variation) and diet complexities. We also found phylogenetic signal associated with venom complexity, suggesting some influence of ancestry on venom characteristics. We suggest that, in non-front-fanged snakes, expression of toxins rather than sequence complexity is under strong selection by dietary diversity. These findings contradict similar studies from front-fanged snakes where increased transcriptomic complexity varies positively with dietary diversity, exposing a potential novel relationship between a complex phenotype-toxin expression-and its selective pressures-diet.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"7 1","pages":"obaf003"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11822205/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143433014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropogenic Impacts on Coral-Algal Interactions of the Subtropical Lagoonal Reef, Norfolk Island.","authors":"M L Ho, C Page, B Leggat, T Gaston, S Eckhardt, T Ainsworth","doi":"10.1093/iob/obaf004","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obaf004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reef building corals are important in subtropical marine ecoregions, shaping ecosystems and providing habitats for fish and benthic species. Algal communities contribute substantially to the benthic population structure across subtropical coral reefs, however increasing algal cover on subtropical reefs is also linked to degraded ecosystems as has been shown on tropical systems. As such, the dynamics of coral-algal interactions on subtropical reefs are also likely to be an indicator of ecosystem health on subtropical ecosystems. The subtropical lagoonal coral reef of Norfolk Island within the Norfolk Marine Park has been impacted by a regime of disturbance since 2020 including flooding, sedimentation, and heat stress events. Assessing the type and extent of algal interactions with the dominant coral <i>Pocillopora damiconis</i> within the reef sites of Emily Bay, Slaughter Bay, and Cemetery Bay has the potential to provide insight into drivers of ecosystem decline within the reef. Similarly, photochemical efficiency, as measured by yield (Fv/Fm) using pulse amplitude modulated fluorometry, can be used to provide a measure of the health of corals on reefs during degradation events. Here we assess the extent of coral-algal interactions and health of colonies of <i>P. damicornis</i> prior to the onset of summertime conditions (April 2023) and during summertime conditions (December 2023). Seasonal and within site dynamics of coral-algal interactions were evident by a significant bloom of red cyanobacteria (<i>P</i> < 0.0001, April 2023) and <i>Lyngbya</i> {<i>P</i> < 0.01 [Slaughter Bay West (SBW)], <i>P</i> < 0.01 [Slaughter Bay East (SBE)], December 2023}. Within reef, variability of coral-algal interactions was most evident for <i>Lyngbya</i>, and on the Norfolk reef, interactions of <i>Lyngbya</i> with <i>P. damincornis</i> were found to be significantly higher at slaughter bay west (SBW 30.2% of interactions) and east (SBE 24.6% of interactions) in December 2023 than at neighboring Emily (11.6% of interactions) and Cemetery Bay (0.6% of interactions). Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) fluorometry also highlighted the potential for algal interactions to influence the photochemical efficiency of <i>Pocillopora damicornis</i>. Benthic structure, as measured by coral-algal interactions, and coral health within the Norfolk lagoonal, both highlight the potential for anthropogenic drivers of reef decline to influence the health of the ecosystem. Further investigation is therefore necessary to elucidate the specific causes and consequences of algae linked to poor water quality, such as red cyanobacteria and <i>Lyngbya</i>, interacting with corals.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"7 1","pages":"obaf004"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11851010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143501000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peptidergic Modulation of the Lobster Cardiac System Has Opposing Action on Neurons and Muscles.","authors":"I S Petropoulos, A E Jordan, P S Dickinson, D J Powell","doi":"10.1093/iob/obaf002","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obaf002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modulation of neuronal networks, primarily through neuropeptides, generates variations in motor patterns that allow organisms to adapt to environmental changes or sensory inputs. Modulation is complex, with receptors for neuromodulators expressed at various locations within a nervous system; neuromodulators can thus alter muscle dynamics peripherally via the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and the muscle itself. The neurogenic cardiac neuromuscular system of the American lobster (<i>Homarus americanus</i>) is a well-characterized model for investigating peptidergic modulation. Myosuppressin (pQDLDHVFLRFamide) is an endogenous peptide that interestingly decreases contraction frequency while also increasing contraction force by acting at both the lobster heart central pattern generator (CPG; the cardiac ganglion) and the periphery (cardiac muscles). Myosuppressin decreases heartbeat frequency by decreasing the burst frequency of the cardiac ganglion. Here, we investigated the remaining question, does myosuppressin exert its peripheral effects directly on the cardiac muscle, the NMJ, or both? To elucidate myosuppressin's effects on the cardiac muscle, the muscle was isolated from the CPG, and contractions were evoked using focal application of the endogenous neurotransmitter, l-glutamate, while superfusing myosuppressin over the heart. Myosuppressin increased glutamate-evoked contraction amplitude in the isolated muscle, suggesting that myosuppressin exerts its peripheral effects directly on the cardiac muscle. To examine effects on the NMJ, excitatory junction potentials were evoked by stimulating the motor nerve and recording the intracellular membrane voltage from a single muscle fiber both in control saline and in the presence of myosuppressin. Myosuppressin did not modulate the amplitude of excitatory junction potentials suggesting that myosuppressin acts directly on the muscle and not via the NMJ, to cause an increase in contraction force.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"7 1","pages":"obaf002"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11816307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143407335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Carnivoran Adaptive Landscape Reveals Trade-offs among Functional Traits in the Skull, Appendicular, and Axial Skeleton.","authors":"C J Law, L J Hlusko, Z J Tseng","doi":"10.1093/iob/obaf001","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obaf001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Analyses of form-function relationships are widely used to understand links between morphology, ecology, and adaptation across macroevolutionary scales. However, few have investigated functional trade-offs and covariance within and between the skull, limbs, and vertebral column simultaneously. In this study, we investigated the adaptive landscape of skeletal form and function in carnivorans to test how functional trade-offs among these skeletal regions contribute to ecological adaptations and the topology of the landscape. We found that morphological proxies of function derived from carnivoran skeletal regions exhibit trade-offs and covariation across their performance surfaces, particularly in the appendicular and axial skeletons. These functional trade-offs and covariation correspond as adaptations to different adaptive landscapes when optimized by various factors including phylogeny, dietary ecology, and, in particular, locomotor mode. Lastly, we found that the topologies of the optimized adaptive landscapes and underlying performance surfaces are largely characterized as a single gradual gradient rather than as rugged, multipeak landscapes with distinct zones. Our results suggest that carnivorans may already occupy a broad adaptive zone as part of a larger mammalian adaptive landscape that masks the form and function relationships of skeletal traits.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"7 1","pages":"obaf001"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11756339/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143028291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Wing-Flashing Behavior on Prey Capture Performance of San Clemente Loggerhead Shrikes.","authors":"Y A Mora, S Sheldon, J Carrero, S M Farabaugh, D Sustaita","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae042","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Loggerhead shrikes (<i>Lanius ludovicianus</i>) are medium-sized predatory songbirds that feed on arthropods and vertebrates. Prior to attacking their prey, shrikes have been observed performing \"wing-flashing\" behavior, consisting of rapid fluttering of the wings that seems to emphasize the white patches on their dorsal surfaces. We sought to quantify this behavior by analyzing videos of San Clemente loggerhead shrikes attacking insect and vertebrate prey, to understand whether and how wing-flashing affects prey capture performance. We measured predictors of wing-flashing behavior, wing-flashing kinematics, and prey capture performance in terms of the number of strikes required to kill prey, prey strike durations, prey escape distances, and prey survival probabilities. Juveniles were more likely to perform wing-flashing behavior than adults, and lizards elicited wing-flashing more than mice and crickets. Adult males tended to flash their wings faster than juvenile males, and although wing-flashing rates were similar between ages for females and across prey types (∼15 Hz), shrikes flashed their wings for longer durations toward lizards. Wing-flashing was generally associated with fewer strikes to kill prey and resulted in longer prey strike durations for adult shrikes, longer prey escape distances, and lower prey survival probabilities for male shrikes. Our results suggest that wing-flashing behavior of loggerhead shrikes enhances their prey capture performance, possibly by stimulating prey to move-and not to move, depending on prey type-making them more vulnerable to predatory strikes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"7 1","pages":"obae042"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11748143/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143023326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation in Molar Size and Proportions in the Hominid Lineage: An Inter- and Intraspecific Approach.","authors":"L A D'Addona, V Bernal, P N Gonzalez","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae041","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The implications of the inhibitory cascade (IC) model in dental diversification have been primarily studied at an interspecific or higher level. In contrast, the study of organisms with recent evolutionary divergence or at an interpopulational scale is still very limited. Here, we assess the effect of changes in molar size and the ratio of local activators to inhibitors on molar proportions based on a compilation of data of crown diameters of the first, second, and third lower and upper molars of extinct and extant hominids and modern human populations. The analysis of allometric changes between the size of each tooth and the size of the molar row shows a negative allometry in first molars (M1), isometric changes in second molars (M2), and a positive allometry in third molars (M3) in both hominin phylogeny and modern human populations. On the other hand, the proportions of lower and upper molars of several hominid species fall outside the morphospace defined by the IC model, while most of the modern human populations fall within the morphospace defined by the model as M1 > M2 > M3. We conclude that there is a phylogenetic structuring for molar size, particularly in the maxilla, with a trend toward mesial-to-distal reduction in the molar row area accompanied by allometric changes. Our findings also show the limitations of the IC model for explaining molar proportions in primates, particularly the variation in the relative size at the interspecific scale in the hominid lineage.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae041"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11631436/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142806769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prey Cue Preferences Among Northern Cottonmouths (<i>Agkistrodon piscivorus</i>) Acclimated to Different Year-Long Diets: Genetics or Experienced-Based Plasticity?","authors":"William I Lutterschmidt, Zander E Perelman, Eric D Roth, J M Weidler","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae040","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemoreception and recognition of specific prey are important sensory modalities for optimizing foraging success in snakes. Field observations suggest that cottonmouths are generalists, despite the specific epithet of the species (<i>piscivorus</i>) suggesting a fish prey preference. Because chemo-recognition of specific prey may reveal interesting evolutionary context for foraging strategy and if prey preference is either genetically or environmentally controlled, we investigated the prey cue preference of three experimental groups of <i>Agkistrodon piscivorus</i> (Northern Cottonmouths) with different diet histories. Two groups of captive snakes were acclimated to year-long diets of either fish (<i>n</i> = 11) or mice (<i>n</i> = 9) and a third group of recently wild-caught individuals served as a field diet group (<i>n</i> = 16). We investigated possible differences among diet history (fish, mouse, and field) and prey cue preference (control, fish, and mouse) and present results showing a significant difference among diet history with field snakes having significantly lower tongue-flick response. We also found a significant difference among prey cues, snakes within all diet histories showed a lower tongue-flick response to only the control scent cue. Both captive and field snakes showed no prey cue preference for either fish or mice. Because captive snakes did not show increased prey cue preference to their respective diet history, prey preference may be under genetic influence and not experience-based. Additionally, the lack of prey preference for fish or mice in the recently captured snakes in the field-diet group provides supporting evidence that <i>A. piscivorus</i> are generalists and opportunistic predators.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae040"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11575494/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142675824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experience with Aposematic Defense Triggers Attack Bias in a Mantid Predator (<i>Stagmomantis carolina</i>).","authors":"L E Schweikert, D R Chappell, Z Huang, G E Delpizzo, K Wahi, M O Saunders, V E Slye, L F Naughton, N I Rummelt, L E Bagge","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae039","DOIUrl":"10.1093/iob/obae039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies of predator psychology in aposematism have suggested important effects of signal detection through space and time on outcomes of attack behavior. Both the integration of aposematic signals from prey and experience state of the predator can have important effects on attack decisions. The universality of these effects however, especially as it applies to non-avian predators such as arthropods, remains poorly understood. We examined the effects of multimodal aposematic signaling and prior experience with aposematism on attack latency and attack likelihood of the Carolina mantis (<i>Stagmomantis carolina</i>). Using artificial prey bearing visual and olfactory signals of the convergent lady beetle (<i>Hippodamia convergens</i>), we tested 2 cohorts of mantids (representing juvenile and adult stages) across 4 groups: visual only, odor only, combined signals, and control. We then used approaches in linear modeling to test the hypotheses that (1) prior experience with aposematism alters attack behavior toward aposematic prey and (2) multimodal signals have synergistic effects on attack behavior relative to either unisensory signal presented alone. We found support for the first hypothesis in that mantids employ attack biases against visual and olfactory aposematic signals, but only after prior exposure to aposematism and only as juveniles. While support is lacking for multimodal integration by the mantids, this study is the first to suggest a response of mantids to an aposematic olfactory signal (in addition to visual signal) and may suggest a developmental window for mantid predators to develop biases toward aposematic prey that are shaped by experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae039"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11572491/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142667805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Raccoons Reveal Hidden Diversity in Trabecular Bone Development.","authors":"T Reinecke, K D Angielczyk","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obae038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trabecular bone, and its ability to rapidly modify its structure in response to strain exerted on skeletal elements, has garnered increased attention from researchers with the advancement of CT technology that allows for the analysis of its complex lattice-like framework. Much of this research has focused on adults of select taxa, but analysis into trabecular development across ontogeny remains limited. In this paper, we explore the shift in several trabecular characteristics in the articular head of the humerus and femur in <i>Procyon lotor</i> across the entirely of the species' lifespan. Our results show that while body mass plays a role in determining trabecular structure, other elements such as bone growth, increased activity, and puberty result in trends not observed in the interspecific analysis of adults. Furthermore, differences in the trabeculae of the humerus and femur suggest combining distinct boney elements in meta-analysis may obfuscate the variety in the structures. Finally, rates at which fore and hindlimb trabeculae orient themselves early in life differ enough to warrant further exploration to identify the currently unknown causes for their variation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae038"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11495488/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocean Planning and Conservation in the Age of Climate Change: A Roundtable Discussion.","authors":"C Frazão Santos, T Agardy, L B Crowder, J C Day, A Himes-Cornell, M L Pinsky, J M Reimer, E Gissi","doi":"10.1093/iob/obae037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obae037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over recent years, recognition of the need to develop climate-smart marine spatial planning (MSP) has gained momentum globally. In this roundtable discussion, we use a question-and-answer format to leverage diverse perspectives and voices involved in the study of sustainable MSP and marine conservation under global environmental and social change. We intend this dialogue to serve as a stepping stone toward developing ocean planning initiatives that are sustainable, equitable, and climate-resilient around the globe.</p>","PeriodicalId":13666,"journal":{"name":"Integrative Organismal Biology","volume":"6 1","pages":"obae037"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11495413/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142499764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}