Sustainable Technology eJournal最新文献_第3页

Technological Improvement Rate Estimates for All Technologies: Use of Patent Data and an Extended Domain Description 所有技术的技术改进率估计:专利数据和扩展领域描述的使用

Sustainable Technology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-03-14 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3571060

Anuraag Singh, G. Triulzi, C. Magee

{"title":"Technological Improvement Rate Estimates for All Technologies: Use of Patent Data and an Extended Domain Description","authors":"Anuraag Singh, G. Triulzi, C. Magee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3571060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3571060","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we attempt to provide a comprehensive granular account of the pace of technological change. More specifically, we survey estimated yearly performance improvement rates for nearly all definable technologies for the first time. We do this by creating a correspondence of all patents within the US patent system to a set of technology domains. A technology domain is a body of patented inventions achieving the same technological function using the same knowledge and scientific principles. We obtain a set of 1757 domains using an extension of the previously defined classification overlap method (COM). These domains contain 97.14% of all patents within the entire US patent system. From the identified patent sets, we calculated the average centrality of the patents in each domain to estimate their improvement rates, following a methodology tested in prior work. The estimated improvement rates vary from a low of 1.9% per year for the Mechanical Skin treatment - Hair Removal and wrinkles domain to a high of 228.8% per year for the Network management - client-server applications domain. We developed a one-line descriptor identifying the technological function achieved and the underlying knowledge base for the largest 50, fastest 20 as well as slowest 20 of these domains, which cover more than forty percent of the patent system. In general, the rates of improvement were not a strong function of the patent set size and the fastest improving domains are predominantly software-based. We make available an online system that allows for automated searching for domains and improvement rates corresponding to any technology of interest to researchers, strategists and policy formulators.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"2008 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130661809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Correcting Misunderstandings of Literal Infringement Scope Regarding After-Arising Technologies Protected by the Doctrine of Equivalents 等同原则保护后生技术字面侵权范围的修正

Sustainable Technology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-03-05 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3549932

Joshua D. Sarnoff

{"title":"Correcting Misunderstandings of Literal Infringement Scope Regarding After-Arising Technologies Protected by the Doctrine of Equivalents","authors":"Joshua D. Sarnoff","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3549932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3549932","url":null,"abstract":"Based on conflicting Federal Circuit case law, many academics have written, and many practitioners likely believe, that claim meanings or their applications may expand over time for purposes of literal infringement. But this common wisdom is wrong. Under existing Federal Circuit rules, the first precedent controls in the event of a conflict over doctrine, unless and until reversed en banc. The first precedent on the issue, the 2000 Schering Corp. v. Amgen, Inc. case, held that claim scope does not reach after-arising technologies for literal infringement, and suggested that if it did then such claims would lack written description support. Under existing validity precedents, temporally expanding claim scope would violate both Section 112(a)'s enablement and written description requirements, as explicitly held in the 1977 In re Hogan decision and as implied by the more recent 2010 Ariad Pharmaceuticals v. Eli Lilly & Co. en banc decision. Further, were claims able to expand over time for literal infringement, they would violate the axiomatic equivalency of claim scope for validity and infringement. Once it is recognized that claim scope for literal infringement does not protect against after arising technologies, further resort will be made to seek such protection under the doctrine of equivalents. This will lead to increased uncertainty regarding the scope of patent protection. This article demonstrates that academics and practitioners may be confused regarding the U.S. law of literal infringement's temporal scope. It describes the conflicting cases that have led to that confusion. And it explains why Section 112(f)'s rule of construction for functional claiming language may be understood to limit all claim scope to temporally fixed, known-to-be equivalent technologies. The article concludes by noting potential conflict with the pioneering invention doctrine and concerns should the law be changed to permit claiming the future.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130434537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Studying the Influence of the Thermoelectric Materials Parameters on the Dynamics of Singlecascade Cooling Devices 热电材料参数对单级串冷装置动力学的影响研究

Sustainable Technology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-02-28 DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2020.195730

V. Zaykov, V. Mescheryakov, Y. Zhuravlov

{"title":"Studying the Influence of the Thermoelectric Materials Parameters on the Dynamics of Singlecascade Cooling Devices","authors":"V. Zaykov, V. Mescheryakov, Y. Zhuravlov","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2020.195730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.195730","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of the variants of parameters of the original thermoelectric materials of the same efficiency on the operational dynamics of a single-cascade thermoelectric cooler has been examined. The variants differ by the coefficients of thermoEMF, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. The study has been carried out in the range of changes in the working temperature, the rated heat load at the predefined geometry of thermoelement branches.The analysis was performed for the characteristic current modes of operation: maximum refrigerating capacity Q0max, maximum refrigerating capacity at the predefined current (Q0/I)max, maximum refrigerating factor (Q0/I2)max, minimum failure rate λmin.We have established the relationship between the cooler dynamics and the basic parameters and reliability indicators for different current modes of operation. A possibility has been shown to reduce the time to enter a stationary mode of operation for a variant with the increased electrical conductivity of a material, by 9‒10 %, compared to the basic variant calculated for the averaged electrophysical parameters. The minimum time to enter a stationary regime is achieved under a mode of maximum refrigerating capacity.The economic feasibility of using the starting source materials with enhanced electric conductivity relates not only to the improved dynamic and reliable characteristics. Designing thermoelectric coolers is also associated with a decrease in the cost of a cooler by using materials that were considered substandard.The rational design of thermoelectric coolers for the systems that enable the thermal modes of electronic equipment accounts for a set of restrictive requirements. These include energy consumption, weight, and size, performance speed, reliability indicators, etc., which are inherently contradictory. The proposed selection of compromise variants of the current modes of operation for different operating conditions allows the optimized design of thermally-loaded equipment","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125310005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Optimal Production of a Vehicle Manufacturer Without Government Subsidies 没有政府补贴的汽车制造商的最优生产

Sustainable Technology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-02-14 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3538010

Nan Li, Jing Xu

{"title":"Optimal Production of a Vehicle Manufacturer Without Government Subsidies","authors":"Nan Li, Jing Xu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3538010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3538010","url":null,"abstract":"As the new energy vehicle (NEV) subsidy policy of the Chinese government will completely exit the market in 2020, qualified NEV production manufacturers need to decide how to produce NEVs with/without producing internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Besides, the consumer’s willingness to pay a premium for NEVs plays an important role in influencing the manufacturer’s production decisions. Therefore, this paper analyzes the optimal production and pricing strategies of a manufacturer without NEV subsidies under all possible consumer’s premiums. We first find that, when the premium is below a certain amount, the manufacturer only produces ICEVs but not NEVs. However, when the premium is between this level and under a certain upper threshold, the manufacturer should start to produce NEVs and ICEVs concurrently. After the premium increases over this upper threshold, the manufacturer only produces NEVs but no longer produces ICEVs. On the other hand, we identify some critical values of premium affecting consumer’s purchase choice under different production strategies. Second, when the consumer’s premium increases, the ratio of NEVs produced by the manufacturer increases and there is a downward trend in vehicle consumer population, resulting in only 1/2 of original consumers purchasing cars. Third, we also identify that there is a U-shaped correlation between manufacturer’s profits and consumer’s premiums. The manufacturer’s profits will decline first and then rise with respect to the increasing premiums. The findings can guide the manufacturer to conduct NEV production, and help policy-makers to make the more effective policy to activate consumer’s purchase intention and NEV production through. Finally, we verify the findings as aforementioned by numerical analysis.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130991362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Implementation of IoT in Water Purification and Distribution of Potable Water: An Industrial Case Study 物联网在水净化和饮用水分配中的实施:一个工业案例研究

Sustainable Technology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-01-27 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3526004

Bansari Deb Majumder, Atmadip Dey, A. Majumdar

引用次数: 0

Technology vs Humanity, a Detailed Lookback 科技vs人类，详细回顾

Sustainable Technology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-01-18 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3521900

Adit Gupta, Ravi Tomar

引用次数: 0

A Smart Charger for Low Power Electronic Gadgets 低功耗电子产品的智能充电器

Sustainable Technology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-01-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3517075

Satyakant Tripathi, Zunaid Haseeb Ansari, Sonu Kumar, Saikat Majumder, Sandip Ghosh

引用次数: 0

Advancements in Agriculture Strategies and Environmental Impact: A Review 农业战略与环境影响进展综述

Sustainable Technology eJournal Pub Date : 2020-01-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3516438

A. Sufian, U. Chandra, S. Das, Deepika Chettri

引用次数: 5

Strategies for Continuing Education of Elementary and Middle School Teachers Relying on Information Technology 基于信息技术的中小学教师继续教育策略

Sustainable Technology eJournal Pub Date : 2019-12-29 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3511877

Xinyi Zhou, Hongqin Meng, Hongtao Ma

引用次数: 1

The Thermal Analysis of a Semi-Open Heat Pump Drying System: An Experimental Investigation 半开放式热泵干燥系统的热分析:实验研究

Sustainable Technology eJournal Pub Date : 2019-11-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3638154

S.M. Ngalonkulu, Z. Huan

{"title":"The Thermal Analysis of a Semi-Open Heat Pump Drying System: An Experimental Investigation","authors":"S.M. Ngalonkulu, Z. Huan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3638154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3638154","url":null,"abstract":"One of the key advantages of heat pump (HP) systems is their ability to recover waste heat energy for useful input. In this study, the thermal performance of a heat pump drying system that recovers heat energy from the hot and moist exhaust air from the dryer was designed, constructed, and examined. The performance of this semiopen air source heat pump system was investigated and analysed by varying the refrigerant charge, the condenser fan speed, and the thermal expansion valve orifice size at ambient temperatures ranging from 23 – 26 C. The results indicated that by increasing the charge in the system, the refrigerant mass flow rate, heating capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) of the system increased to a certain maximum point before maximum charging. By increasing the refrigerant charge, both evaporation and condensation pressures of the system increased with condensation pressure indicating more sensitivity on the charge amount before optimum charging than evaporating pressure. The increase in refrigerant charge was observed to decrease the degree of superheat but increase the sub-cooling degree. At an optimum charge, the heating capacity for thermal expansion valve (TEV) of 0.3 mm diameter orifice is 15% greater than that of 0.2 mm diameter orifice. A system power consumption for O0.3 mm orifice was 3% greater than that of O0.2 mm orifice at the optimum charge amount. However, the COP of O0.3 mm orifice was 18% greater than that of O0.2 mm orifice.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125865549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1