Sustainable Technology eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Patent Settlements in the Pharmaceutical Industry: What Can We Learn from Economic Analysis?","authors":"J. Frank, Wolfgang Kerber","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2773543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2773543","url":null,"abstract":"Patent settlements between originator and generic firms in the pharmaceutical industry have been challenged by antitrust and competition authorities in the U.S. and the EU. Particularly settlements with large \"reverse payments\" to generic firms raise the concern of collusive behaviour for protecting weak patents and delaying price competition through generic entry and therefore harming consumers. However, it is still heavily disputed under what conditions such patent settlements are anticompetitive and violate antitrust rules. This article scrutinizes critically what economic analysis has so far contributed to our knowledge about the effects of these patent settlements and the possible rules for their antitrust treatment. An important claim of this paper is that the problem of patent settlements can only be understood, if we analyze it not only from a narrow antitrust perspective but also take into account its deep interrelationship with the problems (and the economics) of the patent system. Therefore we identify three different channels of effects, how patent settlements can influence consumer welfare: (1) price effects, (2) innovation incentive effects, and (3) effects via the incentives to challenge weak patents. The paper critically analyzes the existing economic studies and identifies a number of research gaps, especially also in regard to trade offs between different effects. It also suggests that policy solutions for these patent settlements should also be sought in combination with patent law solutions.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131525068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Engineering Economics","authors":"Garth Heutel, J. Moreno-Cruz, K. Ricke","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-RESOURCE-100815-095440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-RESOURCE-100815-095440","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews and evaluates the nascent literature on the economics of climate engineering. The literature distinguishes between two broad types of climate engineering: solar radiation management and carbon dioxide removal. We review the science and engineering characteristics of these technologies and analyze the implications of those characteristics on economic policy design. We discuss optimal policy and carbon price, inter-regional and inter-generational equity issues, strategic interaction in the design of international environmental agreements, and the sources of risk and uncertainty surrounding these technologies. Along with mitigation and adaptation, climate engineering technologies can be incorporated into future domestic and global climate policy design. More research on the topic is needed.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"261 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116235180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Change and Human Rights: Intellectual Property Challenges and Opportunities","authors":"A. Phelan","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2702150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2702150","url":null,"abstract":"Mitigating and adapting to the effects of climate change will require innovation and the development of new technologies. Intellectual property laws have a key part to play in the global transfer of climate technologies. However, failures to properly utilize flexibilities in intellectual property regimes or comply with technology transfer obligations under international climate change agreements calls for a human rights based analysis of climate technology transfer. Climate change is an unprecedented challenge and requires unprecedented strategies. Given the substantial impact of climate change on all of humanity and the ethical imperative to act, a complete rethink of traditional intellectual property approaches is warranted. This report proposes a series of intellectual property law policy options, through a human rights framework, aimed at promoting access to technologies to reduce the human suffering caused by climate change.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117068178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accelerating the Cleantech Revolution: Exploring the Financial Mobilisation Functions of Institutional Innovation Intermediaries","authors":"Friedemann Polzin, Paschen von Flotow, L. Klerkx","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2744545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2744545","url":null,"abstract":"This research article explores the role of innovation intermediaries to accelerate the commercialisation of (clean) technologies. Drawing from the finance and innovation intermediaries literatures we show that financial barriers to eco-innovation can be partly overcome by particular functions of innovation intermediaries which in turn mobilises private finance along the innovation process. Therefore, we empirically evaluate roles and instruments of institutional innovation intermediaries (innovation intermediation, policy support, public-private cooperation, financial instruments). We contribute an intersection of the finance and innovation systems literature, by exploring the ‘financial mobilisation functions’ of innovation intermediaries to address barriers for eco-innovation along the innovation process.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"181 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126953416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digitalization – A New Innovation Wave in India","authors":"V. Kaul","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2635460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2635460","url":null,"abstract":"On July 1, 2015, Indian Prime Minister inaugurated Digital India week. Digital technologies or Digitalization is the latest wave of innovation that is connecting people, products and services. Digitalization is a result of converging of Information technology, telecommunication, internet and other related technologies. This is a part of the technological revolution we have been witnessing over the last couple of decades. There have been five such recorded technological revolutions. Digitalization is converting today’s society to a highly networked society. This Digitalization wave is likely to result in social, economic and political transformations of different countries. India has not yet participated in any of the five technological revolutions that have taken place during the last 250 years. All the technological revolutions started in one western country and spread to others countries in the west. Most of the Western countries have benefited from these revolutions. India, even after over six decades of independence, is still struggling with the basic socio-economic challenges of poverty, malnutrition, unemployment, illiteracy, health care and now development induced environmental degradation. These problems are a result of long spells of colonialism, and poor governance systems that were left behind. This paper argues that modern Digitalization technologies have the potential to assist in addressing many such challenges. The paper aims to examining the role of modern digitalization technologies in solving socio-economic problems of India. Is this wave likely to help in providing inclusive growth to people of India and thereby bring in positive social change? This very relevant question is the focus of this paper.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127592219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studying the Impact of eBay on Injunctive Relief in Patent Cases","authors":"K. Gupta, J. Kesan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2629399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2629399","url":null,"abstract":"The Supreme Court’s 2006 decision on eBay Inc. vs MercExchange LLC (the eBay ruling) marked a turning point in the history of patent enforcement and policy. Almost a decade after the eBay ruling, there is still confusion about the implications and impact of this decision. Such questions still remain: Has the rate of injunctions been impacted, and if so, by how much? And, which types of parties are impacted - practicing or non-practicing entities? To our knowledge, there is not a systematic empirical study that explores whether the eBay ruling impacted practicing and non-practicing patent holders differentially, by examining an exhaustive set of rulings on both preliminary and permanent injunctions and comparing the rates pre-eBay and post-eBay. Employing a comprehensive dataset of patent cases from 2000-2012, we seek to address the following issues: (1) The difference in the rate at which both preliminary and permanent injunctions were granted for cases where an injunction was requested, including the rate at which these motions were filed pre- and post- eBay; (2) Whether the rate of injunctions granted was different based on patent ownership (practicing versus non-practicing entities). In addition, any outcome of patent cases must take into account the quality of the patents asserted. Therefore, while studying whether injunctions were granted or not, we control for proxies for patent quality based on the received citations and other metrics. We find that the U.S. Supreme Court decision in eBay v. MercExchange has had a significant impact on injunctive relief in patent cases. Contrary to earlier empirical studies involving small sample datasets, our extensive analysis with a dataset involving thousands of patent cases both pre- and post- eBay shows that the eBay decision has reduced, rather dramatically, both the level at which injunctive relief is sought in patent cases and the rate at which they are granted, particularly for preliminary injunctions. We also study the impact of the eBay decision on the quality of patents for which injunctive relief is ought and the nature of the patent plaintiff (operating company vs. non-operating company) and their relative success rates with obtaining injunctive relief. This study raises important policy questions about the current diminished role for injunctive relief in patent cases and also the relationship between injunctions and the type of patent-plaintiff entity and patent quality.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126538090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multistakeholder Internet Governance?","authors":"W. Dutton","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2615596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2615596","url":null,"abstract":"Global debate over alternative approaches to governing the internet has been wide ranging, but increasingly has pivoted around the wisdom of multistakeholder governance. This paper takes controversy around a multistakeholder versus an alternative multilateral approach as a focus for clarifying the changing context and significance of internet governance. A critical perspective on this debate challenges some of the conventional wisdom marshaled around positions on the history and future of internet governance. By providing an understanding of the dynamics of internet governance, this paper seeks to illuminate and engage with issues that are of rising importance to the vitality of a global infrastructure that is becoming more central to economic and social development around the world. Based on the perspective developed in this paper, a multistakeholder process appears best suited for helping a widening array of actors, including multilateral organizations, to connect a worldwide ecology of choices that are governing the internet.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"34 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121016720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agent-Based Models in Development Economics","authors":"Florian Chávez-Juárez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2397252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2397252","url":null,"abstract":"In this article I discuss the potential role of agent-based modeling techniques in development economics. Development economics has recently seen a strong rise of experimental evidence from the field and the laboratory. At the same time, there is a debate on how theory should adapt to this new approach and its findings. I argue in this paper that the agent-based modeling approach is a promising complement to the traditional modeling techniques, as it can easily incorporate the non-standard findings of the experimental literature. Moreover, I emphasize the opportunity of a mutually beneficial interplay between experiment based empirical research and agent-based models.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131949915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competition and Externalities in Green Technology Adoption","authors":"Maxime C. Cohen, G. Perakis, Charles Thraves","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2607688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2607688","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study the effects of competition among multiple suppliers who sell green technology products, such as electric vehicles. The government offers consumer subsidies to encourage the product adoption. We consider a setting where suppliers adjust production and price depending on the level of subsidies offered by the government. Our analysis expands the understanding of symmetric and asymmetric competition, incorporating the external influence of the government who is now an additional player in the system. We quantify how competition impacts the consumers, the suppliers as well as the government relative to the monopolistic setting where all the products are jointly produced from a single firm. In other words, we quantify who benefits from the competition and under what conditions. Our model incorporates demand uncertainty as well as positive externalities. We first compare different government objectives and determine that the magnitude of the externalities plays a key role in selecting the right objective. We then show that the effects of competition may differ depending on the demand uncertainty, the suppliers asymmetry and the magnitude of the externalities. When externalities are relatively small, we show that competition hurts the suppliers and benefits the government. However, it does not always benefit all the consumers, as it is usually the case in classical competition settings. We also show that in a market with large externalities, consumers, unlike the government, are always better-off in a competitive environment. Finally, we test our model and validate our insights using publicly available data from the electric vehicle industry, which is becoming increasingly competitive.","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127753209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teams of Rivals: China, the U.S., and the Race to Develop Technologies for a Sustainable Energy Future","authors":"Edward S. Steinfeld","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2606000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2606000","url":null,"abstract":"Despite sharing a common interest in addressing climate change, when it comes to commercializing technologies for sustainable energy use, China and the United States are locked in rancor. The prevailing American view is that Chinese firms, rather than innovating, compete on the basis of mimicry, technology theft, and government subsidization. This paper, while not denying the evidence for technology duplication, illuminates three additional aspects of empirical reality: Chinese industrial innovation; multidirectional learning between Chinese and non-Chinese technology firms; and complementary, tiered development across Chinese and advanced industrial commercial innovators. The existence of these cross-border collaborative phenomena, while not invalidating the additional reality of inter-state commercial rivalry, suggests that such rivalry is neither structurally determined nor all pervasive. Extensive evidence of firm-level collaboration challenges the idea that climate remediation is necessarily impeded by a structurally-determined, geopolitically-driven “tragedy of the commons.”","PeriodicalId":136014,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Technology eJournal","volume":"515 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117028672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}