Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses最新文献

{"title":"Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Was Not Detected Among Dairy Cattle and Farm Workers in Pakistan","authors":"Aftab Ahmed,&nbsp;Samia Saqlain,&nbsp;Arslan Rasool,&nbsp;Shaban Muhammad,&nbsp;Sajid Umar","doi":"10.1111/irv.13317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.13317","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Influenza A virus (IAV) is a zoonotic pathogen that poses a significant challenge to avian and public health [<span>1</span>]. Migratory waterfowl, such as ducks and geese, are the main reservoir of IAVs and spread IAVs to other domestic birds and animals. Cross-species transmission of IAV is generally rare, but it can occur, particularly if there are mutations in the virus's genetic code that allow it to attach to receptors in a new host or if a reassortment event occurs when two different influenza viruses infect the same host simultaneously and exchange genetic material. The Avian Influenza A(H5N1) virus, commonly known as “bird flu,” remains primarily a virus that affects birds, but it has on occasion infected humans. A relatively low number of sporadic human infections with A(H5N1) has been reported over the years. A total of 26 sporadic human cases from January 2022 through April 2024 [<span>2</span>] from eight countries indicates ongoing transmission from birds to humans. These cases highlight the potential for this virus to cause severe illness and death in humans. On rare occasions, A(H5N1) has crossed over to some nonavian species especially when there has been close contact with infected birds [<span>3-5</span>]. Cattle, like other mammalian species, are generally susceptible to specific types of IAV and Influenza D virus. Typically, A(H5N1) is not a common infection in cattle. Surprisingly, numerous sporadic cases of A(H5N1) have been reported recently from dairy cattle in multiple states of the United States [<span>5, 6</span>]. The emerging bovine H5N1 virus is novel to the cattle industry. Unlike other mammals, H5N1 grows in the udder of the dairy cows and does not seem to cause respiratory disease in cattle. Bovine H5N1 virus has undergone a specific adaptation in an enzyme called polymerase allowing better replication inside cow udder. A dairy farm worker with conjunctivitis was also confirmed positive highlighting fresh concerns of bovine H5N1 virus to human health [<span>5, 6</span>]. The dairy worker might have encountered this virus during the milking process or through hand-to-eye contact. Further genetic changes within polymerase enzyme or other genome segments of bovine H5N1 virus could allow for faster adaptation and may even support cattle-to-cattle or cattle to human transmission [<span>5, 6</span>]. Together, these reports highlight that H5N1 has potential to evolve and become a serious threat to human health. There is no data bovine H5N1 virus from Pakistan. Therefore, this study was designed to monitor the prevalence of IAVs and potential spillover of novel H5N1 among cattle and farm workers in Punjab province of Pakistan. Human subject research was approved by Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Duke Kunshan University, China (2024SU040).</p><p>As part of the Influenza D virus surveillance study, we collected nasal washes (<i>n =</i> 117) and nasal swab samples (<i>n =</i> 376) from farm workers and dairy cattle","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13317","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140952933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Detection of Influenza Virus Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Cameroon","authors":"Gwladys Chavely Monamele,&nbsp;Desmon Toutou Tsafack,&nbsp;Chanceline Ndongo Bilounga,&nbsp;Mohamadou Njankouo Ripa,&nbsp;Christian Nsangou Yogne,&nbsp;Hermann Landry Munshili Njifon,&nbsp;Felix Nkom,&nbsp;Ubald Tamoufe,&nbsp;Linda Esso,&nbsp;Fancioli Koro Koro,&nbsp;Ronald Perraut,&nbsp;Richard Njouom","doi":"10.1111/irv.13313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.13313","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are both respiratory viruses with similar clinical manifestations and modes of transmission. This study describes influenza data before and during the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) in Cameroon and SARS-CoV-2 data during the pandemic period.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study ran from 2017 to 2022, and data were divided into two periods: before (2017–2019) and during (2020–2022) the COVID-19 pandemic. Nasopharyngeal samples collected from persons with respiratory illness were tested for influenza using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) typing and subtyping assays. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the respiratory specimens were simultaneously tested for SARS-CoV-2 using the <i>DaAn</i> gene protocol or the Abbott real-time SARS-CoV-2 assay. The WHO average curve method was used to compare influenza virus seasonality before and during the pandemic.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 6246 samples were tested. Influenza virus detection rates were significantly higher in the pre-pandemic period compared to the pandemic period (30.8% vs. 15.5%; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Meanwhile, the SARS-CoV-2 detection rate was 2.5%. A change in the seasonality of influenza viruses was observed from a bi-annual peak before the pandemic to no clear seasonal pattern during the pandemic. The age groups 2–4 and 5–14 years were significantly associated with higher influenza positivity rates in both pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. For SARS-CoV-2, all age groups above 15 years were the most affected population.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the seasonal influenza by changing the seasonality of the virus and reducing its detection rates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13313","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140952932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza Infections in Children in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 2015–2021","authors":"Lien Anh Ha Do,&nbsp;Naranzul Tsedenbal,&nbsp;Chimidregzen Khishigmunkh,&nbsp;Bazarkhuu Tserendulam,&nbsp;Lkhagvadorj Altanbumba,&nbsp;Dashtseren Luvsantseren,&nbsp;Munkhchuluun Ulziibayar,&nbsp;Bujinlkham Suuri,&nbsp;Dorj Narangerel,&nbsp;Bilegtsaikhan Tsolmon,&nbsp;Sodbayar Demberelsuren,&nbsp;Casey L Pell,&nbsp;Sam Manna,&nbsp;Catherine Satzke,&nbsp;Cattram Nguyen,&nbsp;Tuya Mungun,&nbsp;Claire von Mollendorf,&nbsp;Darmaa Badarch,&nbsp;Kim Mulholland","doi":"10.1111/irv.13303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.13303","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data available for RSV and influenza infections among children &lt; 2 years in Mongolia are limited. We present data from four districts of Ulaanbaatar from April 2015 to June 2021.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study was nested in an enhanced surveillance project evaluating pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) impact on the incidence of hospitalized lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Our study was restricted to children aged &lt; 2 years with arterial O₂ saturation &lt; 93% and children with radiological pneumonia. Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs collected at admission were tested for RSV and influenza using qRT-PCR. NP swabs of all patients with radiological pneumonia and of a subset of randomly selected NP swabs were tested for <i>S. pneumoniae</i> (<i>S.p</i>.) by qPCR and for serotypes by culture and DNA microarray.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among 5705 patients, 2113 (37.0%) and 386 (6.8%) had RSV and influenza infections, respectively. Children aged 2–6 months had a higher percentage of very severe RSV infection compared to those older than 6 months (42.2% versus 31.4%, <i>p</i>-value Fisher's exact = 0.001). <i>S.p</i>. carriage was detected in 1073/2281 (47.0%) patients. Among <i>S.p</i>. carriage cases, 363/1073 (33.8%) had <i>S.p</i>. and RSV codetection, and 82/1073 (7.6%) had <i>S.p</i>. and influenza codetection. <i>S.p</i>. codetection with RSV/influenza was not associated with more severe LRTIs, compared to only RSV/influenza cases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In Mongolia, RSV is an important pathogen causing more severe LRTI in children under 6 months of age. Codetection of RSV or influenza virus and <i>S.p</i>. was not associated with increased severity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13303","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140953008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographic Progression of Infant Respiratory Syncytial Virus Associated Bronchiolitis Across the United States Before and Since the Onset of COVID-19: Results From Four Health Systems, 2015–2023","authors":"Adam Z. Blatt,&nbsp;Mina Suh,&nbsp;Emmanuel B. Walter Jr,&nbsp;Charles T. Wood,&nbsp;Claudia Espinosa,&nbsp;Maria E. Enriquez-Bruce,&nbsp;Joseph Domachowske,&nbsp;Danielle Daniels,&nbsp;Sonia Budhecha,&nbsp;Amanda Elliott,&nbsp;Zachary Wolf,&nbsp;Emory B. Waddell,&nbsp;Naimisha Movva,&nbsp;Heidi Reichert,&nbsp;Jon P. Fryzek,&nbsp;Christopher B. Nelson","doi":"10.1111/irv.13298","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.13298","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a substantial cause of infant morbidity and mortality due to seasonal peaks of bronchiolitis across the United States. Clinical and viral surveillance plays a pivotal role in helping hospital systems prepare for expected surges in RSV bronchiolitis. Existing surveillance efforts have shown a geographic pattern of RSV positivity across the United States, with cases typically starting in the southeast and spreading north and west. Public health measures implemented due to the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted viral transmission across the nation and altered the expected seasonality of RSV. The impact of these changes on the geographic progression of infant RSV bronchiolitis across the United States has not been described.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Here, we used clinical and viral surveillance data from four health care systems located in different regions of the United States to describe the geographic progression of infant RSV bronchiolitis across the country from 2015 to 2023.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prior to widespread circulation of SARS-CoV-2, infant RSV bronchiolitis followed an established geographic pattern associated with seasonal epidemics originating in Florida and spreading north (North Carolina and New York) and later westward (Nevada). Although public health and social measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the seasonality of RSV disease, infant RSV bronchiolitis epidemics progressed across the nation in a pattern identical to the prepandemic era.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings highlight the importance of ongoing clinical and viral surveillance to optimally track the onset of RSV epidemics and allow health care systems to prepare for expected RSV bronchiolitis surges.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13298","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140944281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"End of 2022/23 Season Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Primary Care in Great Britain","authors":"Heather J. Whitaker,&nbsp;Naoma Willam,&nbsp;Simon Cottrell,&nbsp;Rosalind Goudie,&nbsp;Nick Andrews,&nbsp;Josie Evans,&nbsp;Catherine Moore,&nbsp;Utkarsh Agrawal,&nbsp;Katie Hassell,&nbsp;Rory Gunson,&nbsp;Jana Zitha,&nbsp;Sneha Anand,&nbsp;Praveen Sebastian-Pillai,&nbsp;Panoraia Kalapotharakou,&nbsp;Cecilia Okusi,&nbsp;Katja Hoschler,&nbsp;Gavin Jamie,&nbsp;Beatrix Kele,&nbsp;Mark Hamilton,&nbsp;Anastasia Couzens,&nbsp;Catherine Quinot,&nbsp;Kathleen Pheasant,&nbsp;Rachel Byford,&nbsp;Kimberly Marsh,&nbsp;Chris Robertson,&nbsp;Simon de Lusignan,&nbsp;Christopher Williams,&nbsp;Maria Zambon,&nbsp;Jim McMenamin,&nbsp;Conall H. Watson","doi":"10.1111/irv.13295","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.13295","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The 2022/23 influenza season in the United Kingdom saw the return of influenza to prepandemic levels following two seasons with low influenza activity. The early season was dominated by A(H3N2), with cocirculation of A(H1N1), reaching a peak late December 2022, while influenza B circulated at low levels during the latter part of the season. From September to March 2022/23, influenza vaccines were offered, free of charge, to all aged 2–13 (and 14–15 in Scotland and Wales), adults up to 49 years of age with clinical risk conditions and adults aged 50 and above across the mainland United Kingdom.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>End-of-season adjusted vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates against sentinel primary-care attendance for influenza-like illness, where influenza infection was laboratory confirmed, were calculated using the test negative design, adjusting for potential confounders.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Results In the mainland United Kingdom, end-of-season VE against all laboratory-confirmed influenza for all those &gt; 65 years of age, most of whom received adjuvanted quadrivalent vaccines, was 30% (95% CI: −6% to 54%). VE for those aged 18–64, who largely received cell-based vaccines, was 47% (95% CI: 37%–56%). Overall VE for 2–17 year olds, predominantly receiving live attenuated vaccines, was 66% (95% CI: 53%–76%).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The paper provides evidence of moderate influenza VE in 2022/23.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13295","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140921875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Descriptive Epidemiology of Travel and Non-Travel Related SARS-CoV-2 Gamma (P.1/501Y.V3) Variant Cases in England, 2021","authors":"Nurin Abdul Aziz,&nbsp;Katherine Twohig,&nbsp;Mary Sinnathamby,&nbsp;Asad Zaidi,&nbsp;Shirin Aliabadi,&nbsp;Natalie Groves,&nbsp;Sophie Nash,&nbsp;Simon Thelwall,&nbsp;Gavin Dabrera","doi":"10.1111/irv.13308","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.13308","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Gamma (P.1/501Y.V3) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected through whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in Japan in early January 2021 among a group of travellers arriving from Brazil [<span>1</span>]. This was later reported in more than 50 countries, including England.</p><p>Early evidence from Brazil suggested that Gamma was associated with higher transmissibility and propensity for re-infection [<span>2</span>] as well as a possible increased likelihood of hospitalisation [<span>3</span>]. Considering the potential increased risks, further investigation into the epidemiology of the variant in other settings was necessary. Herein, we describe the epidemiology of the Gamma variant in England to 31 August 2021.</p><p>Individuals infected with the Gamma variant were identified through genotyping by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and WGS from the national COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (COG-UK) sequencing initiative. These data were linked to demographic information held in UK Health Security Agency's Second Generation Surveillance System (SGSS) [<span>4</span>].</p><p>Travel exposure was derived from Passenger Location Forms (PLFs), required for entry to the United Kingdom, and routine NHS Test and Trace (T&amp;T) surveys. For cases with no known travel from these sources, information came from additional follow up by UKHSA's Health Protection Teams (HPTs).</p><p>Imported cases were defined as confirmed Gamma cases with international travel into England within 14 days before the earlier of symptom onset or specimen date. Secondary cases were those who had contact with a PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 case who had travelled within 14 days of symptom onset or specimen date. Sporadic Gamma cases had no history of travel nor contact with a SARS-CoV-2 infected traveller. Only T&amp;T and HPT surveys could confirm secondary and sporadic cases. Cases without confirmation of travel status were excluded from the analysis.</p><p>Descriptive analysis was stratified by travel exposure, with imported and secondary cases grouped as travel-related, and examined by demographic factors including, age, sex, region and place of residence. Residence at the time of testing was identified by test location information or unique property registration number (UPRN); the latter was also used to derive data on residential clustering to assess potential onwards transmission based on initial travel status [<span>5</span>].</p><p>Between May and October 2021, the United Kingdom assigned Red, Amber and Green (RAG) categories to countries with perceived risk for importation of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Returning travellers from Red-listed countries required hotel quarantine in Managed Quarantine Facilities (MQF) and those returning from Amber-listed countries had at-home quarantine. In this analysis, travel-related cases were assigned a RAG category based on the highest rating of the countries involved in their journey at the time of t","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13308","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140912113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Seasonal Variations in Human Contact Patterns and Their Impact on the Transmission of Respiratory Infectious Diseases","authors":"Allisandra G. Kummer,&nbsp;Juanjuan Zhang,&nbsp;Chenyan Jiang,&nbsp;Maria Litvinova,&nbsp;Paulo C. Ventura,&nbsp;Marc A. Garcia,&nbsp;Alessandro Vespignani,&nbsp;Huanyu Wu,&nbsp;Hongjie Yu,&nbsp;Marco Ajelli","doi":"10.1111/irv.13301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.13301","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Human contact patterns are a key determinant driving the spread of respiratory infectious diseases. However, the relationship between contact patterns and seasonality as well as their possible association with the seasonality of respiratory diseases is yet to be clarified.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We investigated the association between temperature and human contact patterns using data collected through a cross-sectional diary-based contact survey in Shanghai, China, between December 24, 2017, and May 30, 2018. We then developed a compartmental model of influenza transmission informed by the derived seasonal trends in the number of contacts and validated it against A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza data collected in Shanghai during the same period.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We identified a significant inverse relationship between the number of contacts and the seasonal temperature trend defined as a spline interpolation of temperature data (<i>p</i> = 0.003). We estimated an average of 16.4 (95% PrI: 15.1–17.5) contacts per day in December 2017 that increased to an average of 17.6 contacts (95% PrI: 16.5–19.3) in January 2018 and then declined to an average of 10.3 (95% PrI: 9.4–10.8) in May 2018. Estimates of influenza incidence obtained by the compartmental model comply with the observed epidemiological data. The reproduction number was estimated to increase from 1.24 (95% CI: 1.21–1.27) in December to a peak of 1.34 (95% CI: 1.31–1.37) in January. The estimated median infection attack rate at the end of the season was 27.4% (95% CI: 23.7–30.5%).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings support a relationship between temperature and contact patterns, which can contribute to deepen the understanding of the relationship between social interactions and the epidemiology of respiratory infectious diseases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13301","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140907126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-Reactive Antibody Responses to Coronaviruses Elicited by SARS-CoV-2 Infection or Vaccination","authors":"Richard S. H. Lee,&nbsp;Samuel M. S. Cheng,&nbsp;Jin Zhao,&nbsp;Annie Y. S. Tsoi,&nbsp;Kaman K. M. Lau,&nbsp;CoCo H. C. Chan,&nbsp;John K. C. Li,&nbsp;David S. C. Hui,&nbsp;Malik Peiris,&nbsp;Hui-Ling Yen","doi":"10.1111/irv.13309","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.13309","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 possesses shared antigenic epitopes with other human coronaviruses. We investigated if COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection may boost cross-reactive antibodies to other human coronaviruses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prevaccination and postvaccination sera from SARS-CoV-2 naïve healthy subjects who received three doses of the mRNA vaccine (BioNTech, BNT) or the inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac, CV) were used to monitor the level of cross-reactive antibodies raised against other human coronaviruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In comparison, convalescent sera from COVID-19 patients with or without prior vaccination history were also tested. Pseudoparticle neutralization assay was performed to detect neutralization antibody against MERS-CoV.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among SARS-CoV-2 infection−naïve subjects, BNT or CV significantly increased the anti-S2 antibodies against Betacoronaviruses (OC43 and MERS-CoV) but not Alphacoronaviruses (229E). The prevaccination antibody response to the common cold human coronaviruses did not negatively impact the postvaccination antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. Cross-reactive antibodies that binds to the S2 protein of MERS-CoV were similarly detected from the convalescent sera of COVID-19 patients with or without vaccination history. However, these anti-S2 antibodies do not possess neutralizing activity in MERS-CoV pseudoparticle neutralization tests.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination may potentially modulate population immune landscape against previously exposed or novel human coronaviruses. The findings have implications for future sero-epidemiological studies on MERS-CoV.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13309","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140897408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Influenza Circulation During the 2020/21 and 2021/22 Seasons, in Europe","authors":"Mary A. Sinnathamby,&nbsp;Margaux M. I. Meslé,&nbsp;Piers Mook,&nbsp;The European Region Influenza Network Group Authorship,&nbsp;Richard Pebody","doi":"10.1111/irv.13297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.13297","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019 saw the implementation of public health and social measures (PHSM) by countries across Europe to reduce its transmission and impact on populations. Consequently, countries reported changes in influenza circulation and extensive disruptions to routine surveillance systems.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We describe the epidemiology of influenza in Europe between Weeks 40/2020 and 39/2022 compared to the 2016/17 to 2019/20 seasons, to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and PHSM on surveillance systems and influenza circulation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Low detections of influenza were observed through primary care sentinel sources during seasonal influenza periods (Week 40 to 20); 56 (of 39,457 specimens tested; &lt; 1% positivity) in 2020/21 and 7261 (of 64,153 specimens tested; 11% positivity) detections in 2021/22 were observed, compared to an average of 18,383 (of 50,544 specimens tested; 36% positivity) detections in 2016/17 to 2019/20. Similarly, 11 (of 19,989 specimens tested; &lt; 1% positivity) and 1488 (of 23,636 specimens tested; 6% positivity) detections were reported through SARI surveillance sources in 2020/21 and 2021/22, respectively, compared to an average of 2850 (of 10,389 specimens tested; 27% positivity) detections in 2016/17 to 2019/20. However, the 2021/22 interseasonal period saw unusual increases in influenza detections across surveillance site types when PHSM were easing.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In conclusion, findings suggest that the restriction and easing of PHSM measures were associated with variations in influenza detections. Our observations of out-of-season influenza activity highlight the importance of an integrated respiratory surveillance strategy to monitor circulating respiratory viruses throughout the year to inform optimal prevention and control strategies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13297","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140902652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Respiratory Viruses in Children With Acute Respiratory Infections in Shanghai, China, From 2013 to 2022","authors":"Li Zhang,&nbsp;Yuanping Wang,&nbsp;Hongmei Xu,&nbsp;Lipeng Hao,&nbsp;Bing Zhao,&nbsp;Chuchu Ye,&nbsp;Weiping Zhu","doi":"10.1111/irv.13310","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.13310","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A variety of viruses can cause acute respiratory infections (ARIs), resulting in a high disease burden worldwide. To explore the dominant viruses and their prevalence characteristics in children with ARIs, comprehensive surveillance was carried out in the Pudong New Area of Shanghai.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Between January 2013 and December 2022, the basic and clinical information, and respiratory tract specimens of 0–14 years old children with ARIs were collected in five sentinel hospitals in Shanghai Pudong. Each specimen was tested for eight respiratory viruses, and the positive rates of different age groups, case types (inpatient or outpatient) were analyzed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In our study, 30.67% (1294/4219) children with ARIs were positive for at least one virus. Influenza virus (IFV) was the most commonly detected respiratory virus (349/4219, 8.27%), followed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (217/4219, 5.14%), para-influenza virus (PIV) (215/4219, 5.10%), and human coronavirus (HCoV, including 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1) (184/4219, 4.36%). IFV was the leading respiratory virus in outpatients aged 5–14 years (201/1673, 12.01%); RSV was the most prevalent respiratory virus in both inpatients (61/238, 25.63%) and outpatients (4/50, 8.00%) for ARI patients aged &lt;6 months old. For PIV, HMPV, HCoV, and HRV, the risk of infection usually was higher among young children. Co-infection with more than two viruses was seen in 3.25% (137/4219).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>IFV and RSV played important roles in ARIs among children, but the risk populations were different. There are needs for targeted diagnosis and treatment and necessary immunization and non-pharmaceutical interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.13310","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140897477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}