Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses最新文献

{"title":"A Sequence-Based Update on Amino Acid Substitutions in Influenza Polymerase Acidic Protein in Europe That Alter Baloxavir Susceptibility From 2009 to 2025","authors":"Alejandro Martín-Toribio,&nbsp;Inés Inchausti-Moya,&nbsp;Marina Toquero-Asensio,&nbsp;Sonia García-Díaz,&nbsp;Javier Sanchez-Martinez,&nbsp;Carla Rodriguez-Crespo,&nbsp;Silvia Galindo-Carretero,&nbsp;Raquel Iglesia-Aparicio,&nbsp;Celia Lopez-Gonzalo,&nbsp;Ana Antón-Contreras,&nbsp;Silvia Rojo-Rello,&nbsp;Marta Dominguez-Gil,&nbsp;Marta Hernández,&nbsp;Jose M. Eiros,&nbsp;Estanislao Nistal-Villan,&nbsp;Iván Sanz-Muñoz","doi":"10.1111/irv.70288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70288","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Influenza causes 650,000 deaths, 3–5 million hospitalizations, and 1 billion cases worldwide each year. There is a limited repertoire of antivirals available to tackle this burden, highlighting the risk of developing resistance to current drugs. An effort to develop new influenza antivirals has been made, leading to the approval of baloxavir. Some mutations leading to reduced susceptibility to baloxavir have been reported, but information about their epidemiology is scarce. Thus, we aim to evaluate the prevalence of substitutions in the polymerase acidic (PA) subunit associated with baloxavir susceptibility over 16 epidemiological seasons in Europe.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We evaluated 87,266 sequences collected from 2009 to 2025 in Europe, annotated the mutations, and identified all known amino acid substitutions related to changes in baloxavir susceptibility to assess their prevalence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 149 (0.2%) sequences with at least one substitution were identified, 81 (0.09%) exhibiting reduced susceptibility. Overall, 17 different substitutions were detected, located both inside and outside baloxavir binding site. The number of substitutions detected ranged from 0 to 15 per season, with E23K, E23R, K34R, A36V, I38F, I38L, and E120D emerging after baloxavir approval in Europe. Double and triple concurrent substitutions were also identified.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While the prevalence of sequences with substitutions that alter baloxavir susceptibility remains stable, the number of circulating substitutions increases over time. This implies the emergence of amino acid substitutions that did not circulate before and the concurrence of double and triple substitutions that might synergize their individual effects. These results highlight the need for virological surveillance and novel antiviral treatments.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70288","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148324928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating the Future of Respiratory Infections: Key Insights From International Congress in Singapore, 17–20 September 2025","authors":"Narmadha Morvil,&nbsp;Wilson Guo Wei Goh,&nbsp;Charlotte Zheng,&nbsp;Stephanie Sutjipto,&nbsp;Dorothy Hui Lin Ng,&nbsp;Maria Zambon","doi":"10.1111/irv.70276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70276","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The 8th International Society for Respiratory Viruses (ISRV) Antiviral Group Conference, held jointly with the 3rd International Meeting on Respiratory Pathogens in Singapore (17–20 September 2025), examined evolving approaches to prevention and management of respiratory infections. This report summarizes the major themes and perspectives that emerged across the meeting.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We reviewed plenary sessions, thematic symposia and panel discussions and synthesized recurring concepts relevant to clinical practice and preparedness. Discussions were organized into key domains, including therapeutics, host response, vaccination, surveillance, diagnostics and research infrastructure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Presentations highlighted the development of long-acting and broadly active antivirals, interest in combination therapy and early treatment, and increasing recognition that inflammatory host responses contribute substantially to disease severity. Advances in vaccines targeting conserved viral components and long-acting monoclonal antibodies were discussed, along with the growing role of adaptive platform trials and harmonized clinical endpoints. A recurring theme was the transition from pathogen-centred management to a broader framework incorporating host responses. Speakers also emphasized integrated surveillance using genomic sequencing, metagenomics and rapid point-of-care diagnostics within a One Health framework addressing zoonotic spillover.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The meeting illustrated how clinical care, translational science and public health preparedness are becoming increasingly interconnected. Sustained investment in surveillance systems, clinical trial platforms and access to therapeutics will be necessary to translate scientific progress into routine care and to strengthen readiness for future epidemics and pandemics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148324363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypertransaminasemia Is a Marker of Severity in Children Hospitalized for Influenza","authors":"Marco Poeta,&nbsp;Cristina Moracas,&nbsp;Elisabetta Venturini,&nbsp;Sofia Sgubbi,&nbsp;Maria Sole Valentino,&nbsp;Laura Folgori,&nbsp;Laura Petrarca,&nbsp;Claudio Cafagno,&nbsp;Marco Maglione,&nbsp;Anna Cascone,&nbsp;Claudia Colomba,&nbsp;Alice Romero,&nbsp;Fabio Midulla,&nbsp;Giuseppe Indolfi,&nbsp;Vania Giacomet,&nbsp;Amelia Licari,&nbsp;Luisa Galli,&nbsp;Alfredo Guarino","doi":"10.1111/irv.70283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70283","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Elevated transaminases have been associated with increased severity in adult influenza cases, but data in the pediatric population are limited. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence, clinical characteristics and prognostic value of elevated transaminases in children hospitalized for influenza.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A multicentre retrospective cohort study was conducted on 543 children hospitalized for acute viral respiratory infections. Demographic, clinical, biochemical, radiological features, and outcome were collected and analyzed, comparing children with influenza to those with other respiratory viruses. The association between elevated transaminases and clinical severity, complications, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission was assessed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among 543 children, 127 (23.4%) had laboratory-confirmed influenza, with 24.4% showing elevated transaminases versus 7.2% in noninfluenza infections (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Influenza B was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertransaminasemia (40%) than influenza A (20.6%, <i>p</i> = 0.042). Asthenia, myalgia, and hypovolemic shock were more common in the elevated transaminase group (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Biochemical markers indicated muscular rather than hepatic origin of hypertransaminasemia. Elevated transaminases correlated with length of hospital stay (10.2 vs. 5.8 days, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), ICU admission (OR 4.4, <i>p</i> = 0.035), high-flow oxygen need (OR 4.6, <i>p</i> = 0.005), and intravenous fluids (OR 6.2, <i>p</i> = 0.001). Two deaths occurred, both in the elevated transaminase group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Elevated transaminases occur in one fourth of children hospitalized for influenza and are associated with more severe disease, systemic complications, and worse outcomes. The findings suggest that transaminase elevation reflects systemic and muscular involvement rather than primary liver injury. Monitoring transaminases provides an early, easy marker to identify children at risk of severe influenza.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148306140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influenza Antiviral Prescriptions in the US Inpatient and Outpatient Settings During the 2015–2022 Influenza Seasons","authors":"Kyueun Lee,&nbsp;Anirban Basu,&nbsp;Janet A. Englund","doi":"10.1111/irv.70287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70287","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Backgrounds</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The antiviral drug prescription landscape has changed as new antivirals for influenza treatment have been approved. Understanding this landscape is important to assess potential under- and mis-utilization and to address gaps in care. This study characterizes patterns in influenza antiviral use in US healthcare settings using a large claims database.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We included prescriptions of four antivirals: oseltamivir, baloxavir, peramivir, and zanamivir in US healthcare settings between September 2016 and August 2023, using Komodo Health Database. We estimated the percentage of antiviral prescriptions associated with respiratory disease diagnoses, including influenza, COVID-19, and other respiratory conditions, and the percentage prescribed to patients at high risk of influenza complications. We used multinomial logistic regression to assess the association between patient and prescriber characteristics and the choice of antiviral.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Between 865,885 and 3,092,822 influenza antiviral prescriptions were filled annually during the 2016–2017 through 2022–2023 influenza seasons among US insured individuals. Oseltamivir was the most prevalent antiviral type. Baloxavir use remained low, accounting for 1.8%–9.2% of total prescriptions since its 2018 approval. Between 55.6% and 75.4% of prescriptions had an associated influenza diagnosis, with the lowest proportion observed during the 2020–2021 season. Between 2.59% and 5.35% of antivirals were prescribed to high-risk patients. Influenza diagnosis and patient age were associated with prescribing baloxavir rather than oseltamivir.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among US insured individuals, oseltamivir remained the most prescribed antiviral during the 2016–2017 through 2022–2023 seasons, a pattern consistent with its broader FDA-approved indication across age groups and care settings relative to baloxavir, peramivir, and zanamivir.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70287","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148306189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surveillance of Migratory Shorebirds and Seabirds in 2024 in Australia Reveals Incursions of a Diversity of Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses, but Not High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza H5N1","authors":"Michelle Wille,&nbsp;Robyn Atkinson,&nbsp;Ian G. Barr,&nbsp;Alexander L. Bond,&nbsp;David B. Boyle,&nbsp;Maureen Christie,&nbsp;Yi-Mo Deng,&nbsp;Meagan L. Dewar,&nbsp;Tegan K. Douglas,&nbsp;Min He,&nbsp;Rosalind Jessop,&nbsp;Lindall R. Kidd,&nbsp;Hiske Klaassen,&nbsp;Jennifer L. Lavers,&nbsp;Hilda Lau,&nbsp;Ila Marks,&nbsp;Eric Miller,&nbsp;Matthew J. Neave,&nbsp;Tobias A. Ross,&nbsp;Vittoria Stevens,&nbsp;Duncan R. Sutherland,&nbsp;Marcel Klaassen","doi":"10.1111/irv.70280","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70280","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The current panzootic of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has been catastrophic for wildlife, and following substantial geographic spread, clade 2.3.4.4b is found in every region aside from Oceania. Herein, we report the results of our third year of targeted surveillance of incoming migratory seabirds and shorebirds into Australia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>From October to December 2024, we captured and sampled 946 migratory shorebirds (Charadriiformes) and seabirds (Procelariiformes) in Australia to rule out the arrival of HPAI H5N1.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We did not find evidence of HPAI H5N1 in any of the birds tested, and there were no reports of HPAI H5N1 in wildlife tested through other surveillance schemes in 2024. Unlike previous years, we detected a diversity of low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses in shorebirds. Through phylogenetic analysis, we revealed that the H3N7 and H4N7 viruses recovered from Red-necked Stints were complex mosaic viruses, comprising segments of Eurasian, Australian shorebird and Australian waterfowl segments. One H1N7 virus detected comprised a wholly Eurasian introduction, confirming this incursion route for avian influenza viruses into Australian ecosystems.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These results provide further evidence for the key role of long-distance migratory shorebirds in introducing novel LPAI viruses into Oceania. While our focus on northern migration routes remained appropriate for HPAI H5N1 surveillance in 2024, the continued spread of HPAI H5N1 to sub-Antarctic Islands demands consideration of a potential southern incursion route for Oceania in future.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70280","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148301354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Burden of Severe Disease Associated With Influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and RSV in Spain During the 2024-2025 Winter Season.”","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/irv.70282","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70282","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;\u0000 &lt;span&gt;D. Aguilar Figueroa&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;G. Pérez-Gimeno&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;O. Núñez&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;S. Monge&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;The SiVIRA Surveillance and Vaccine Effectiveness Working Group&lt;/span&gt;, “ &lt;span&gt;Burden of Severe Disease Associated With Influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and RSV in Spain During the 2024–2025 Winter Season&lt;/span&gt;,” &lt;i&gt;Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses&lt;/i&gt; &lt;span&gt;19&lt;/span&gt;, no. &lt;span&gt;11&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;): e70190, https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70190.\u0000 &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the article, there were data errors in the Results section, Table 1, Figure 1 and Supporting Information.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Following end of season data checks, Andalusia autonomous community found an error in the information of three cases included in the analysis, who appeared as deceased but had actually been discharged as recovered. All were positive to RSV. They corresponded to one case aged 80-84, one case aged 85-89 and one case aged 1-4 years (being the only case registered as deceased in this age group during the study period). Because these deceased cases were in the surveillance sample, once extrapolated to the overall Spanish population following the methods described in the paper, the number of corrected deceases is higher than three. In particular, in the age group 1-4 years old, 13 deceases had been estimated, while the corrected number is 0 deceased cases. The correction of this error affects the results for RSV mortality rates and numbers in the three affected age groups, as well as cumulative proportions for RSV mortality in all age groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The originally published results along with the corrected version is found below, with specific changes shaded in grey.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In section &lt;b&gt;2|Results&lt;/b&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The text in the fourth paragraph should read as “In the same period, 1825 (95% CI: 1453–2291) deaths were estimated in Spain associated with influenza, 474 (95% CI: 320–702) with SARS-CoV-2 and &lt;span&gt;974 (95% CI: 715–1344)&lt;/span&gt; with RSV, which represented 5.5%, 6.1% and &lt;span&gt;4.3%&lt;/span&gt; of all hospitalizations with each pathogen, respectively. Mortality rates (per 100,000 inhabitants) were higher in patients with influenza (3.7, 95% CI: 3.0–4.7) compared with those with RSV (2.0, 95% CI: 1.5–&lt;span&gt;2.7&lt;/span&gt;) or SARS-CoV-2 (1.0, 95% CI: 0.7–1.4). The highest mortality rate for all three viruses occurred in individuals aged ≥ 80 years (Figure 1, Table 1). Individuals aged ≥ 60 years represented 94%, 96% and &lt;span&gt;96%&lt;/span&gt; of all deaths associated with influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and RSV, respectively, while individuals aged ≥ 80 years represented 64%, 71% and &lt;span&gt;57%&lt;/span&gt; (Figure 1, Table S5).”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In Table 1, the results in the RSV mortality section have been corrected. Thus, the table should be read as&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;b&gt;Figure&lt;/b&gt; 1, the lower panel corresponding to mortality results were corrected. Thus, Figure 1 should be shown as&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;* Cumulative proportion is provided reversed by age to better assess the proportion of all cases abov","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Vaccination Status, and Dementia Risk: A Nested Case–Control Study","authors":"Nika Zur,&nbsp;Nili Stein,&nbsp;Walid Saliba,&nbsp;Galit Weinstein","doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70277","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) may affect cognition, but its association with incident dementia remains inconsistent. We explored the association of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its vaccination with dementia risk in a nationwide sample of middle-aged and older adults.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This nested case–control study used electronic healthcare data from Israel's largest health provider. Participants were dementia-free individuals aged ≥ 50 years at baseline (March 2020), followed up until May 2022. Incident dementia cases were matched to dementia-free controls using density sampling by age, sex, and date of entry to the study, with a ratio of 1:10. SARS-CoV-2 was defined by positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or institutional antigen tests. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models evaluated the association of SARS-CoV-2, its severity and vaccination, and pneumonia as a comparator, with dementia risk.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among the 1,145,322 eligible participants, 27,280 dementia cases were matched to 272,800 controls. SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with increased dementia risk (OR = 1.18; 95% CI 1.12–1.24; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). This association was confined to hospitalized individuals with mild (OR = 2.39; 95% CI 2.07–2.76) and moderate-to-severe disease (OR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.70–2.20), was comparable to pneumonia (OR = 1.89; 95% CI 1.80–1.99), and was no longer evident after 6 months (OR = 1.04; 95% CI 0.96–1.12). COVID-19 vaccination was associated with 7%, 15%, and 31% lower dementia risk after two, three, and four doses, respectively. Unvaccinated individuals with prior COVID-19 had the highest dementia risk.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Dementia diagnoses are increased after COVID-19, especially in hospitalized patients. Risk is comparable to other respiratory infections.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148282484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Migratory Bird and Marine Mammal Surveillance Fails to Find Evidence for an HPAI H5N1 2.3.4.4b Incursion Into Australia in 2025","authors":"Michelle Wille,&nbsp;Tobias A. Ross,&nbsp;Robyn Atkinson,&nbsp;David B. Boyle,&nbsp;Maureen Christie,&nbsp;Meagan L. Dewar,&nbsp;Tegan K. Douglas,&nbsp;Rachael Gray,&nbsp;Birgita Hansen,&nbsp;Rosalind Jessop,&nbsp;Lindall R. Kidd,&nbsp;Ila Marks,&nbsp;Patrick Mileto,&nbsp;Eric Miller,&nbsp;Matthew J. Neave,&nbsp;Sara Ryding,&nbsp;Duncan R. Sutherland,&nbsp;Hui Yu,&nbsp;Marcel Klaassen","doi":"10.1111/irv.70281","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70281","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;High pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has been devastating for animals globally [&lt;span&gt;1, 2&lt;/span&gt;]. It has caused the destruction of hundreds of millions of poultry [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;], an enormous economic impact on dairy farmers in the United States [&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;], has caused population-level declines in marine mammals and avian species [&lt;span&gt;1, 2&lt;/span&gt;] and more than &gt; 70 human cases since 2021 [&lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;]. To date, HPAI H5N1 has spread to all continents, with the exception of Oceania [&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;]. Prior to 2024, the most likely route of viral introduction into Australia was considered to be with migratory birds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway, with millions of shorebirds and seabirds arriving each spring [&lt;span&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;] (Figure S1). HPAI H5N1 outbreaks have been ongoing in Southeast Asia for decades [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;], which is also an important region for incoming migratory shorebirds to stop on their migrations [&lt;span&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;]. With the long-distance spread of HPAI H5N1 through the Southern Ocean in spring 2024 [&lt;span&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;], there is a plausible risk for virus arrival to Oceania with seabirds in the Southern Ocean.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Herein we report the results of our fourth year of migratory bird surveillance, coinciding with the spring migration of wild birds in 2025. We investigated 847 migratory birds of the order Charadriiformes and Procellariiformes and 18 resident Charadriiformes in October–December 2025. Specifically, we captured and sampled Short-tailed Shearwaters (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 254) at a breeding colony on Phillip Island, Victoria, upon their arrival from the northern Pacific. We also sampled 13 Asian-breeding migratory shorebird species at major nonbreeding sites in Exmouth Gulf (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 147) and Peel Estuary (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 83) in Western Australia, Western Port Bay (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 236) and Peterborough (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 17) in Victoria, Canunda (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 19) and Nene Valley (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 109) in South Australia (Table 1, Figure S2). To reflect the potential for HPAI H5N1 to arrive via the ‘southern’ Antarctic route, we also sampled Australian Sea Lions (&lt;i&gt;Neophoca cinerea&lt;/i&gt;) in Seal Bay, South Australia (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 38) during spring, and short-tailed shearwater chicks in April (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 59) (as adult Short-tailed Shearwaters are foraging for their chicks in the Antarctic during this time period) (Table 1, Figures S1 and S2). For the sampling, animal ethics approvals were obtained from Deakin University animal ethics committee (AEC; B28-2023), Phillip Island Nature Parks AEC (9.2024), Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australian Wildlife Animal Ethics Committee (WAEC 25-10-66 and WAEC 22-10-102), University of Sydney Animal Ethics Committee (2025/AE00018) and Federation University Animal Ethics Committee (23-005).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Of all 924 avian samples collected, one Red-necked Stint (&lt;i&gt;Calidris ruficollis&lt;/i&gt;) tested positive (sample ID 21482, Ct = 35.8), and one Red-n","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148277424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antiviral Resistance in Influenza: Clinical and Public Health Implications","authors":"Jinghao Nicholas Ngiam,&nbsp;Matthew Chung Yi Koh,&nbsp;Frederick G. Hayden","doi":"10.1111/irv.70269","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70269","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Timely antiviral treatment and prevention can diminish the morbidity and mortality caused by influenza seasonal, zoonotic, and pandemic infections. However, the emergence of antiviral resistance threatens the utility of available agents and sometimes contributes to poor clinical outcomes. Adamantanes, once effective, are now obsolete for seasonal influenza use due to widespread resistance. Neuraminidase inhibitors remain the mainstay of therapy, but oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1) virus spread globally in 2007–2009, and treatment-emergent oseltamivir resistance arises more commonly in some influenza A subtypes and hosts, as does baloxavir resistance. Resistant influenza variants sometimes occur in birds and pigs, highlighting the importance of surveillance in animal reservoirs. Genotypic and phenotypic methods are complementary in detecting and characterizing viral resistance. Combination antiviral therapy reduces the risk of treatment-emergent resistance in some studies, but further clinical trials are needed. Future priorities include developing antivirals and combinations with higher barriers to resistance, improving real-time detection of resistant variants, and strengthening surveillance in both humans and animals to inform clinical management and public health responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70269","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148264465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduction in Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-Related Outpatient and Inpatient Cases Among Infants During the Initial 2024/2025 Season Following Nirsevimab Recommendation in Germany","authors":"Wei Cai,&nbsp;Isabelle Maronde,&nbsp;Sophie Köndgen,&nbsp;Barbara Biere,&nbsp;Silke Buda,&nbsp;Brunhilde Schweiger,&nbsp;Doreen Staat,&nbsp;Walter Haas,&nbsp;Ekkehard Schuler,&nbsp;Virologic SARI Surveillance Study Group,&nbsp;Thorsten Wolff,&nbsp;Ralf Dürrwald,&nbsp;Djin-Ye Oh,&nbsp;Kristin Tolksdorf,&nbsp;Janine Reiche","doi":"10.1111/irv.70274","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70274","url":null,"abstract":"<p>After introducing nirsevimab during the 2024/2025 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) season in Germany, RSV activity in infants under 1 year dropped by 50% in primary care and 50%–70% in secondary care. Inpatients under 6 months showed the greatest reduction. RSV severity decreased with fewer RSV-associated ICU admissions and shorter hospital stays. RSV sequence analysis identified four known polymorphisms in the nirsevimab binding site among inpatients; none associated with resistance. These findings indicate that nirsevimab effectively reduced medically attended RSV disease in infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148264489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}