Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses最新文献

{"title":"COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Against Medically Attended Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Target Groups in Europe, October 2024–January 2025, VEBIS Primary Care Network","authors":"Charlotte Laniece Delaunay,&nbsp;Nuno Verdasca,&nbsp;Susana Monge,&nbsp;Lisa Domegan,&nbsp;Noémie Sève,&nbsp;Silke Buda,&nbsp;Adam Meijer,&nbsp;Héloïse Lucaccioni,&nbsp;Miriam López Torrijos,&nbsp;Adele McKenna,&nbsp;Vincent Enouf,&nbsp;Ralf Dürrwald,&nbsp;Eline In't Velt,&nbsp;Mª Ángel de Valcárcel Laiglesia,&nbsp;Charlene Bennett,&nbsp;Shirley Masse,&nbsp;Annika Erdwiens,&nbsp;Mariette Hooiveld,&nbsp;Ivan Mlinarić,&nbsp;Gergő Túri,&nbsp;Ana Paula Rodrigues,&nbsp;Iván Martínez-Baz,&nbsp;Mihaela Lazar,&nbsp;Neus Latorre-Margalef,&nbsp;Vitor Borges,&nbsp;Marlena Kaczmarek,&nbsp;Sabrina Bacci,&nbsp;Esther Kissling,&nbsp;European primary care VE group","doi":"10.1111/irv.70120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70120","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We estimated the effectiveness of 2024/25 COVID-19 vaccination against medically attended SARS-CoV-2 infection in Europe, among target groups. We included 3204 patients (8/139 cases vaccinated: 6%; 517/3065 controls vaccinated: 17%) from a multicentre, test-negative design study at primary care level. Vaccine effectiveness was 66% (95% CI: 34–85) overall, 73% (95% CI: 21–94) and 54% (95% CI: −3 to 83) in the first and second months post-vaccination, respectively. Overall vaccine effectiveness was 67% (95% CI: 33–86) among older adults (≥ 60 or ≥ 65 years). This relatively high COVID-19 VE (compared with previous seasons), as well as trends by time since vaccination, should be confirmed with additional data, as sample size was low.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review of Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Immunocompromised Persons","authors":"Rebecca C. Christofferson,&nbsp;Jennifer E. Giovanni,&nbsp;Emily H. Koumans,&nbsp;Muyiwa Ategbole,&nbsp;Samantha D. Clark,&nbsp;Shana Godfred-Cato,&nbsp;Manoj P. Menon,&nbsp;Inka Sastalla,&nbsp;Beth K. Schweitzer,&nbsp;Timothy M. Uyeki","doi":"10.1111/irv.70121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70121","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although reports have documented prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in immunocompromised patients, few studies have systematically analyzed data on duration of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory specimens of immunocompromised patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A systematic review was undertaken to describe SARS-CoV-2 RNA and infectious virus detection in immunocompromised patients from published data between January 1, 2020 and July 1, 2022. Patients were included if there was ≥ 1 positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA result in respiratory specimens collected &gt; 20 days since symptom onset or first positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR result.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of the 183 patients, 175 were symptomatic with 83 (47.4%) that experienced intermittent relapsing symptoms, while pneumonia was reported in 122 (66.7%). Immunocompromising conditions represented were hematologic malignancy treatment (89, 48.6%), solid organ transplant (47, 25.7%), autoimmune disease treatment (14, 7.7%), solid tumor treatment (3, 1.6%), HIV infection (15, 8.2%), and primary immunodeficiency (15, 8.2%). Median duration from the first to the last positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR result was 56 days in upper respiratory and 60 days in lower respiratory tract specimens. Significant differences in median duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection were observed between patients with and without pneumonia and for patients with hematologic malignancies compared to solid organ transplant patients. Among patients with viral culture performed, median duration of replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 was 60.5 days from symptom onset (maximum 238 days) and 59 days from first RT-PCR positive result (maximum 268 days).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Immunocompromised persons can have replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory tissues for months, including while asymptomatic. Serial SARS-CoV-2 testing can inform the duration of isolation for immunocompromised patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacodynamic Effect of Different Dosage Regimes of Oseltamivir in Severe Influenza Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation: A Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial","authors":"Wai-Tat Wong,&nbsp;Gordon Choi,&nbsp;Xiansong Wang,&nbsp;William Ka Kei Wu,&nbsp;Ge Lin,&nbsp;Martin Chi Wai Chan,&nbsp;King Chung Kenny Chan,&nbsp;Philip Koon Ngai Lam,&nbsp;David Shu Cheong Hui,&nbsp;Matthew T. V. Chan","doi":"10.1111/irv.70109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70109","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background and Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This randomised controlled trial evaluated whether higher doses of oseltamivir would improve virological and clinical outcomes in severe influenza patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Forty intubated adult patients with severe influenza A or B from four intensive care units in Hong Kong were enrolled and randomised to receive either a double dose (300 mg/day) or a triple dose (450 mg/day) of oseltamivir for 10 days. Baseline data were collected, and outcomes were assessed daily using SOFA and Murray scores. Viral RNA was quantified from nasopharyngeal and tracheal aspirates. The primary outcome was the viral clearance rate after 5 days of treatment; secondary outcomes included 28-day and hospital mortality rates, changes in viral load, and serial SOFA and Murray scores.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Viral clearance rates after 5 days of treatment were low and similar between the double (3/20, 15%) and triple-dose groups (2/20, 10%). No significant differences were observed in 28-day mortality, hospital mortality, ICU length of stay or duration of mechanical ventilation between the double and triple-dose groups. However, patients receiving triple doses exhibited a faster decline in influenza A viral load but had a longer hospital length of stay.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Triple doses of oseltamivir did not significantly improve virological or clinical outcomes compared with double doses in severe influenza.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144085300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the Spectrum of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease in Adults: From Community to Hospital","authors":"Koos Korsten,&nbsp;Matthijs R. A. Welkers,&nbsp;Thijs van de Laar,&nbsp;Alex Wagemakers,&nbsp;Peter van Hengel,&nbsp;Peter C. Wever,&nbsp;Eva Kolwijck","doi":"10.1111/irv.70107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Respiratory syncytial virus can cause severe disease in the older adult population. Three vaccines for RSV are currently market approved but the risk of RSV-hospitalization in (older) adults from a community level remains elusive. We aimed to estimate the risk of RSV-hospitalization and characterize the patients that end up in hospital.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We manually analyzed records of adults aged ≥ 20 with RSV-infection between 2022 and 2024 in three hospitals in the Netherlands. These hospitals implemented routine RSV-testing at emergency departments. Using population-based data in combination with the in-hospital data, we estimated the population risk of RSV-hospitalization. Hospital records were analyzed to characterize the role RSV played in their course of disease.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analyzed 709 RSV cases of whom 503 (70.9%) were hospitalized. Five hundred twenty-six patients were ≥ 60, and 183 were &lt; 60 years of age. The population RSV-hospitalization rate was 6–20 per 100.000 patients aged 20–59 years and 43–236 per 100.000 for those ≥ 60. The highest risks were observed in those with COPD (1702 per 100.000) and with congestive heart disease (2383 per 100.000). RSV caused clinically relevant infection in 88% of hospitalized cases but was only mentioned using specific ICD-codes in 4.4%. Comorbidity was prevalent (88.5%) and exacerbation of underlying disease caused of 46.3% of RSV-related hospital admissions. ICU admittance was 11.2% and in-hospital mortality was 8.1%.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The risk of RSV-hospitalization from the community is low but is increased substantially in those with underlying disease. RSV is often clinically relevant in hospitalized patients by causing exacerbation of underlying disease but is infrequently mentioned in specific ICD-codes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144074514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low Levels of Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 KP.3.1.1 and XEC in Serum From Seniors in May 2024","authors":"Even Fossum,&nbsp;Elisabeth Lea Vikse,&nbsp;Anna Hayman Robertson,&nbsp;Asia-Sophia Wolf,&nbsp;Andreas Rohringer,&nbsp;Lill Trogstad,&nbsp;Siri Mjaaland,&nbsp;Olav Hungnes,&nbsp;Karoline Bragstad","doi":"10.1111/irv.70102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70102","url":null,"abstract":"<p>New immune evasive variants of SARS-CoV-2 may increase infections and hospitalizations in risk groups, such as the elderly. In this study, we evaluated neutralizing antibodies against KP.3.1.1 and XEC, virus variants that were either widely distributed or on the rise globally in the fall of 2024, in sera from a cohort of seniors aged 68–82 years collected in April/May 2024. Neutralizing responses were low against both KP.3.1.1 and XEC, also in XBB.1.5 boosted individuals and people with recent break-through infections, supporting the recommendation of an updated COVID-19 vaccine booster in this age group.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Evolution of Influenza A Viruses From Mauritius, 2017–2019","authors":"Magalutcheemee Ramuth,&nbsp;Janaki Sonoo,&nbsp;Fhooblall Mokshanand,&nbsp;Belinda Herring,&nbsp;Tessema Sofonias,&nbsp;John McCauley,&nbsp;Ashwamed Dinasing,&nbsp;Florette K. Treurnicht","doi":"10.1111/irv.70108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70108","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite being a vaccine preventable disease, influenza remains a burden in African countries. In Mauritius, influenza virus activity is year-round but evidence-based data to guide vaccination and pandemic preparedness strategies are lacking. This study aimed to describe the genetic diversity of influenza A viruses detected in Mauritius between 2017 and 2019.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Influenza A/H1N1pdm09 and A/H3N2 virus isolates were sequenced using Oxford Nanopore technology. Sequence reads assembled by CZ ID and Genome Detective web-based tools were uploaded to the EpiFlu database of the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID). Sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis were performed using Nextclade and MEGA XI software. BioEdit software was used to view amino acid substitutions compared to annual vaccine strains. Prediction of potential N-linked glycosylation (PNG) sites was determined by NetNGlyc 1.0.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Influenza A was predominant (92.6%), with A/H1N1pdm09 prevailing overall (62.5%) but A/H3N2 dominating in 2017 (55.9%). Phylogenetic analysis identified clade 6B dominance for A/H1N1pdm09, with notable substitutions E119K, Q136K and D151E linked to antigenic changes. A/H3N2 exhibited significant genetic diversity, with co-circulation of 3C.2a4 and 3C.2a1 in 2017 while 2018 predominant subclade 3C.2a1b.1 highlights continued antigenic drift. Loss of PNG sites at position 158 (11/21; 52.4%) in HA and position 329 (81.0%, 17/21) in NA of A/H3N2 viruses were observed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Continued evolution of A/H1N1pdm09 and A/H3N2 viruses in Mauritius highlights the need for sustained genomic surveillance to inform vaccine and antiviral strategies. Data from Mauritius will contribute to understanding of influenza viruses' ecology in the African region and globally.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70108","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Polysaccharide Nucleic Acid as an Adjuvant for Influenza Vaccines in Mice","authors":"Sijing Yan,&nbsp;Fan Yang,&nbsp;Jia Ji,&nbsp;Xiantian Lin,&nbsp;Ping Wang,&nbsp;Han Wu,&nbsp;Linfang Cheng,&nbsp;Fumin Liu,&nbsp;Nanping Wu,&nbsp;Hangping Yao,&nbsp;Wade S. J. Wu,&nbsp;Haibo Wu","doi":"10.1111/irv.70118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70118","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To enhance influenza vaccine efficacy, it is essential to investigate new adjuvants that are both safe and effective. In a recent study utilizing a mouse model, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin polysaccharide nucleic acid (BCG-PSN) emerged as a promising candidate vaccine adjuvant.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of BCG-PSN on influenza vaccines hemagglutinin antigen and aluminum adjuvant as controls. Mice were immunized with H1N1 antigen and adjuvants, and serum antibody levels were measured using hemagglutination inhibition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and microneutralization assays. Flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunospot assays assessed T cell phenotypes and cytokine expression. The protective effects were tested through challenge experiments, and the adjuvants were further evaluated in a quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>BCG-PSN adjuvant exhibited favorable safety profiles and demonstrated an ability to elevate total antibody titers, particularly enhancing neutralizing antibody production when co-administered with the H1N1 antigen. BCG-PSN increased cytokine levels and the proportion of CD8+ T lymphocytes, indicating its capacity to enhance cellular immunity. Upon viral challenge in mice, BCG-PSN mitigated the production of inflammatory factors and reduced lung pathology, effectively protecting the mice. Furthermore, BCG-PSN displayed heightened immunogenicity against a mixture of four antigens.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>BCG-PSN is a reliable and efficient adjuvant for influenza vaccines, holding promise for enhancing vaccine efficacy and increasing immune responses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of the Evolutionary Dynamics of Seasonal Influenza Viruses in Madagascar Before and Since the Pandemic Period of COVID-19","authors":"Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo,&nbsp;Tsiry Hasina Randriambolamanantsoa,&nbsp;Laurence Randrianasolo,&nbsp;Joelinotahiana Hasina Rabarison,&nbsp;Sitraka Ulrich Raveloson,&nbsp;Baholy Barasaona,&nbsp;Nirina Nantenaina Ranoelison,&nbsp;Arvé Ratsimbazafy,&nbsp;Helisoa Razafimanjato,&nbsp;Fara Adèle Raveloharivony,&nbsp;Aina Harimanana,&nbsp;Rindra Randremanana,&nbsp;Miamina Fidy Ankasitrahana,&nbsp;Antso Hasina Raherinandrasana,&nbsp;Jean-Michel Heraud,&nbsp;Philippe Dussart,&nbsp;Vincent Lacoste","doi":"10.1111/irv.70110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70110","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Madagascar has maintained an influenza surveillance program for decades. Following the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in 2020, the country implemented strict nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) that disrupted influenza circulation. We studied the evolutionary dynamics of influenza viruses in Madagascar over a 5-year period, spanning both the pre-pandemic and COVID-19 pandemic periods: 2019–2023. We showed that global genetic evolution profiles for A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and B/Victoria viruses occurred from the pre-pandemic to the pandemic period of COVID-19 in Madagascar. In addition, we observed distinct patterns of viral re-emergence following the relaxation of COVID-19 containment measures. This study underscores the importance of sustaining continuous surveillance of influenza virus circulation to monitor the emergence of new variants and identify clade-specific isolates. In addition, these results suggest that targeted NPIs could complement vaccination strategies in reducing influenza transmission and should be integrated into a comprehensive approach for effective influenza control.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Overview of the H5N1 mRNA Vaccine Pipeline","authors":"Daniele Focosi,&nbsp;Emanuele Nicastri,&nbsp;Fabrizio Maggi","doi":"10.1111/irv.70113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70113","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;An upcoming influenza virus A(H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;) pandemic poses incredible challenges to the vaccine manufacturers community. At least 20 H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;-based vaccines have been already authorized for human use across the globe [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;], but in animal models, they only provide partial immunity against the currently dominant 2.3.4.4b clade [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;]. Of note, only Arepanrix, Aflunov, and Zoonotic Influenza Vaccine are updated on the currently circulating 2.3.4.4b clade, even considering that the two latter are based upon H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt; and not H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; virus. In addition, 84% of the vaccine manufacturing capability relies over 11-day-old fertilized hen eggs (whose procurement is likely to suffer shortages during a bird flu pandemic), and only 16% relies over cell cultures (mostly MDCK cells). Further complicating scaling up, to spare antigen dose most vaccines require adjuvants (whose availability also represents a bottleneck), and it takes 4–6 months to have the first doses available since the WHO defines the candidate vaccine virus (CVV) [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;]. There is then huge demand for alternative, faster vaccine manufacturing platforms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this regard, mRNA vaccines have built their success upon the COVID-19 pandemic, when modified RNA (mod-RNA) vaccines have been providing timely updates to the boosts, and many manufacturers are already testing in clinical trials mod-RNA vaccines against different respiratory pathogens [&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;], including seasonal influenza [&lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;]. A new generation of mRNA vaccines, named self-amplifying mRNA (sa-mRNA), has recently gained approval, with the promise of providing more doses, higher, and more durable immunogenicity [&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;]. In addition to the antigen cassette included in the mod-RNA vaccines, sa-mRNA constructs incorporate the replicase gene within the Alphavirus replicon [&lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;], lowering the mRNA requirement per single vaccine dose from 30 μg down to 1 μg: A single manufacturing center can theoretically provide 8 billion doses of sa-RNA vaccines [&lt;span&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;]. The main hurdle for sa-RNA vaccines is that uridine cannot be replaced by less immunogenic nucleosides, which rises the risk of both higher reactogenicity and immune responses against the replicase protein, which could impair the efficacy of boosts: Codon optimization is then required to minimize immunogenicity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Table 1 summarizes the state of the art of H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; vaccine pipeline, which will likely translate into approvals in the upcoming months. It is clear that the majority of manufacturers is moving to mRNA platforms, and H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;N&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; sa-mRNA vaccines are already in early clinical trials. Although the final CVV will likely be different from those currently tested in clinical trials, immunobridging will likely facilitate the authorization of updated vaccines. Moderna is also developing mRNA vaccines agai","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143914494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interim Estimates of 2024–2025 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Germany—Data From Primary Care and Hospital Sentinel Surveillance","authors":"Annika Erdwiens,&nbsp;Carolin Hackmann,&nbsp;Marianne Wedde,&nbsp;Barbara Biere,&nbsp;Janine Reiche,&nbsp;Ute Preuß,&nbsp;Kristin Tolksdorf,&nbsp;Silke Buda,&nbsp;Ralf Dürrwald","doi":"10.1111/irv.70115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70115","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Between October 2024 and February 2025, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 initially predominated in Germany, with subsequent co-circulation of influenza B/Victoria. We provide interim estimates of 2024/2025 influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) in Germany across primary care and secondary care. VE against any influenza in primary care was 31% (95% CI: 1–52). Interim VE was high against influenza B; however, interim estimations indicated a much lower VE against influenza A especially in the adult age group below 60 years. In secondary care, VE against any influenza was 69% (95% CI: 21–88). Our findings support promoting influenza vaccination alongside infection-preventing behavior and prompt antiviral therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143914021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}