Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses最新文献

{"title":"A Cluster of Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses in 2024 From Tasmania, Australia, With Reduced Susceptibility to Baloxavir","authors":"Saira Hussain,&nbsp;Charmaine Chia,&nbsp;Ashwin Muraleetharan,&nbsp;Yi-Mo Deng,&nbsp;Xiaomin Dong,&nbsp;Presa Chanthalavanh,&nbsp;Emi Takashita,&nbsp;Clyde Dapat,&nbsp;Jessica E. Miller,&nbsp;Heidi Peck,&nbsp;Raphael T. C. Lee,&nbsp;Jan Williamson,&nbsp;Louise Cooley,&nbsp;Sebastian Maurer-Stroh,&nbsp;Ian G. Barr","doi":"10.1111/irv.70312","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70312","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The emergence of viruses with reduced susceptibility to antivirals poses an ongoing risk which could limit their effectiveness. Here we report a cluster of A(H3N2) viruses detected in Tasmania, Australia, with a PA gene mutation A37T that showed mild reductions in susceptibility in vitro to baloxavir (3.47- to 16.33-fold increased EC₅₀) when compared to wild-type influenza A(H3N2) viruses. When the PA-A37T and PA-I38T substitutions were combined and tested in IRINA assay, eightfold higher inhibition was seen compared to PA-I38T alone. On-going monitoring of influenza viruses for reduced susceptibility to antivirals remains an important part of seasonal and zoonotic influenza surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70312","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149030383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergence of Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b in Commercial Poultry, Bangladesh","authors":"Mohammed A. Samad,&nbsp;Md Rezaul Karim,&nbsp;Amelia Coggon,&nbsp;Anowar Hossen,&nbsp;A. S. M. Ashab Uddin,&nbsp;Md Golbar Hossain,&nbsp;Guillaume Fournie,&nbsp;Nicola S. Lewis,&nbsp;Alexander M. P. Byrne","doi":"10.1111/irv.70324","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70324","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses represent a main threat to animal and human health, poultry productivity, and ecosystems. The newly evolved A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b has become a worldwide concern for its expanding multihost ecology, including poultry and a wide range of mammalian species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Avian influenza virus (AIV) was isolated from an outbreak in commercial quail farms associated with severe respiratory signs and high mortality. Molecular characterization of the detected virus was performed through gene sequencing via whole-genome sequencing technology and phylogenetic analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the hemagglutinin (HA) gene clustered closely with a recent HPAI A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b strain from live bird markets (LBMs) in Bangladesh, with a most recent common ancestor dated to July 2023. The NA gene and four internal genes (PB1, NP, MP, NS) were derived from contemporary A(H5N1) viruses of ducks in LBMs, while the PB2 and PA segments exhibited similarity to low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses, suggesting reassortment events within avian hosts. The presence of a multibasic cleavage site (PLREKRRKR↓GLF) with avian-specific receptor-binding residues (Q224 and G226) and five conserved glycosylation motifs, consistent with high-pathogenicity phenotypes and strong avian receptor affinity. The PB2 gene harbored a rare I147T substitution; however, key mammalian adaptation markers such as E627K and D701N were absent.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The reassortant A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus with high pathogenicity and genetic links to LBM-origin strains is now circulating in the commercial poultry population in Bangladesh, increasing the risk of viral adaptation, the potential for cross-species transmission, and threatening the poultry sector and public health.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13593395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149016725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Avian Influenza Among Poultry Workers in Cambodia","authors":"Malen Chan,&nbsp;Frida E. Sparaciari,&nbsp;Sowath Ly,&nbsp;Kunthy Nguon,&nbsp;Kimsan Souv,&nbsp;Samantha Colquhoun,&nbsp;Claude Flamand,&nbsp;Erik A. Karlsson","doi":"10.1111/irv.70321","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70321","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Live bird markets (LBMs) are high-risk environments for the amplification and transmission of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). In Cambodia, limited data exist on knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among poultry workers, who represent a key occupational risk group. This study assessed KAP related to avian influenza (AI) among poultry workers in three major Cambodian LBMs, with a focus on changes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A cross-sectional survey of 100 poultry workers was conducted using a structured questionnaire covering socio-demographics, AI awareness, personal protective equipment (PPE) use, training participation, and preventive behaviors. Comparisons were made between the pre-COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19 pandemic periods using McNemar's test for dichotomous variables, and the symmetry chi-square and marginal homogeneity tests for variables with more than two categories, to determine whether response distributions changed significantly over time.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The proportion of workers earning below USD 350 per month increased from 41% before the pandemic to 52% during the pandemic (<i>p &lt;</i> 0.001). PPE use declined significantly: Face mask use dropped from 58% to 40% (<i>p</i> = 0.003), while reports of no PPE use rose from 21% to 49% (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Awareness of avian influenza decreased from 81% to 59% (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), and participation in influenza-related training fell from 30% to 10% (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Workers primarily relied on informal information channels, with veterinary officers identified as trusted but underutilized sources.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite moderate baseline awareness of avian influenza, preventive practices among Cambodian poultry workers were limited and further declined during the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting broader economic and structural challenges. Supporting affordable access to PPE, strengthening market-based training, and expanding culturally adapted, multiplatform risk communication strategies will be essential. Integrated interventions, combined with enhanced surveillance during peak poultry trade periods, can help reduce occupational exposure and interrupt zoonotic transmission pathways in LBMs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13590934/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149012169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community Incidence of Influenza Virus Infections During Postpandemic Seasons in China, 2022–2025: A Serial Prospective Cohort Study","authors":"Hongjun Zhang,&nbsp;Jun Guo,&nbsp;Shuhui Guan,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Xu,&nbsp;Ming Pan,&nbsp;Jiaxin Chen,&nbsp;Qi Yan,&nbsp;Libo Dong,&nbsp;Weijuan Huang,&nbsp;Hejiang Wei,&nbsp;Yanhui Cheng,&nbsp;Guoqing Chen,&nbsp;Shilin Xu,&nbsp;Shiqian Dai,&nbsp;Youhan Xia,&nbsp;Bo Liu,&nbsp;Fei Wang,&nbsp;Meiyu Chen,&nbsp;Dayan Wang,&nbsp;Jianfang Zhou,&nbsp;Jun Liu,&nbsp;Tim K. Tsang,&nbsp;Jun Han,&nbsp;Cuiling Xu","doi":"10.1111/irv.70322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70322","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Following unprecedented disruption of influenza circulation during COVID-19, concerns arose about postpandemic immunity debt. Community influenza epidemiological and burden data are scarce in mainland China. We estimated influenza incidence in Yancheng (2022–2025) and evaluated protection conferred by preexisting antibodies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We recruited 5- to 59-year-old participants each November from 2022 to 2024, with follow-up through May–June the next year. Blood specimens were collected at enrollment and follow-up. Weekly home visits were conducted to obtain nasopharyngeal swabs and record symptomatic episodes. Logistic regression was used to quantify protective effects of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Across the three cohorts, influenza seroincidence rate was 34.5%–43.5% in unvaccinated children and 30.3%–33.0% in unvaccinated adults. For the 2023–2024 and 2024–2025 cohorts, PCR-confirmed influenza incidence ranged from 7.2% to 9.0% in children and 3.1%–10.2% in adults. The 50% protective preseason HI titers against PCR-confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09 infection and symptomatic illness were 1:28 and 1:30 using the conventional definition of uninfected participants, compared with 1:16 and 1:17 under the stringent definition requiring neither positive PCR results nor antibody seroconversion during follow-up. Higher preseason HI titers predicted protection against serologically confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2), with 72% and 86% protection at a titer of 1:20 for each subtype, respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We observed substantial influenza incidence in the 5–59 age group across the 2022–2025 winter seasons. A HI titer of 1:20 conferred 50% protection against PCR-confirmed symptomatic A(H1N1)pdm09 illness using the stringent definition. These findings provide critical evidence to strengthen postpandemic surveillance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70322","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the Editor on: “Two-Year Pathogen Dynamics, Coinfection Features, and Core Risk Factors Associated With Severe Pediatric Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Hangzhou, China”","authors":"Xiang Ma,&nbsp;Qingqing Shan","doi":"10.1111/irv.70327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70327","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;We read the article by Song et al. [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;], which reported on the 2-year pathogen progression and risk factors for severe acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) among hospitalized children in Hangzhou, China. We commend for their timely contribution to the post-COVID-19 epidemiology of pediatric ARTI, especially their detailed characterization of coinfection networks involving rhinovirus (RV), &lt;i&gt;Mycoplasma pneumoniae&lt;/i&gt; (Mp), and adenovirus (ADV). As clinicians managing pediatric respiratory infections in tertiary care settings, we found the study's findings on age-specific pathogen distribution and the relationship between coinfections and severe disease highly relevant. However, after diligently reviewing the methodology, we would like to raise several points that may affect the interpretation of the study's key findings, and we hope these comments will contribute constructively to the ongoing discussion of this important issue.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;First, we comment on the interpretation of the two distinct epidemic peaks: the Mp-dominant winter of 2023–2024 and the RV-dominant spring of 2025. The authors ascribe this variation to a “distinct change in pathogen predominance.” While this observation is intriguing, we would caution against attributing between-peak differences exclusively to pathogen dynamics. These two periods occurred under markedly different epidemiological circumstances. The winter of 2023–2024 was the first full respiratory season following the complete lifting of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in China, during which a substantial “immunity debt” may have developed [&lt;span&gt;2, 3&lt;/span&gt;], as widely reported across multiple respiratory pathogens, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Mp, and influenza [&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;]. By spring 2025, the population had been exposed to an additional respiratory season, and baseline population immunity—particularly pathogen-specific antibodies and trained innate immunity [&lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;]—was likely substantially altered.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, weather factors (temperature and humidity) and school attendance patterns varied considerably between these periods, all of which are known to influence the transmissibility of respiratory pathogens [&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;]. Without adjusting for these time-varying confounders or applying interrupted time-series methods, concluding that the pathogen's predominance underwent a “distinct shift” may be premature. We would be grateful if the authors could comment on whether they examined any analytic approaches that accounted for these secular trends.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Second, we identified a methodological concern related to the logistic regression modeling that we believe deserves further explanation. In the Methods, the authors reported that “coinfection status” was included in the multivariable model alongside the principal pathogens (Mp, RV, RSV, and bocavirus). However, in the final multivariable model presented, the adjusted odds ratio for “coinfection status” w","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70327","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chest Circumference, Stature and Body Mass Index as Determinants of 1918 Influenza Severity","authors":"Lauren E. Steele,&nbsp;Maria Bekker-Nielsen Dunbar,&nbsp;Taylor P. van Doren,&nbsp;Lauren Church,&nbsp;Nathalie A. J. Verzele,&nbsp;Melanie Wu,&nbsp;Isabelle Hocking,&nbsp;Ellesandra C. Noye,&nbsp;Jane E. Sinclair,&nbsp;Kyle L. Macauslane,&nbsp;Katina D. Hulme,&nbsp;Conor J. Bloxham,&nbsp;Keng Yih Chew,&nbsp;Georgina McCallum,&nbsp;Megan Airey,&nbsp;Sarah Shea,&nbsp;Agnes Carolin,&nbsp;Margarida Pereira,&nbsp;Svenn-Erik Mamelund","doi":"10.1111/irv.70318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70318","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Anthropometric traits are established determinants of chronic disease, yet their role in shaping infectious disease outcomes during historical pandemics remains underexplored. During the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, obesity emerged as a novel, independent risk factor for severe illness, raising questions about whether physique and nutritional state have consistently influenced pandemic outcomes across history.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We present the first large-scale, systematic analysis of body size and influenza severity during the 1918 pandemic, using a newly constructed and validated cohort of World War 1 service men from the Australian Imperial Force (AIF), Canadian Expeditionary Force and New Zealand Expeditionary Force (<i>N</i> = 1444).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Multivariable regression analyses revealed that larger chest circumference was associated with reduced odds of death (odds ratio [OR] 0.90 per 1-cm increase, 95% CI 0.81–0.99). Body mass index (BMI) showed a non-linear association with mortality, with BMI values below 22 kg/m² significantly associated with lower odds of death. Length of hospital stay was shorter among members of the AIF (rate ratio [RR] 0.61, 95% CI 0.54–0.70), and increasing age and height exhibited non-linear associations with longer hospitalisation. BMI was not associated with length of hospitalisation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Anthropometric measures were associated with influenza outcomes during the 1918 pandemic, although effects were context dependent. These results highlight the continued need to integrate anthropometric and nutritional factors into modern pandemic preparedness frameworks, particularly as populations worldwide continue to face overlapping burdens of undernutrition and obesity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Different Surveillance Systems Tell Us About Winter Respiratory Illness in England: A Time-Series Analysis Combining Participatory, Syndromic and Laboratory Datasets, 2022–2025","authors":"Katie Munro,&nbsp;Jonathon Mellor,&nbsp;Andre Charlett,&nbsp;Dan Todkill,&nbsp;Alex J. Elliot,&nbsp;Helen Hughes,&nbsp;Gavin Dabrera,&nbsp;SIREN Study Group,&nbsp;Sarah Foulkes,&nbsp;Victoria Hall","doi":"10.1111/irv.70323","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70323","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A range of surveillance systems have been employed in England to monitor respiratory illness, including participatory, syndromic and laboratory datasets. Combined, they can provide powerful insights on the spectrum of respiratory illness across the population. We compared trends across these datasets over three successive winters.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participatory, syndromic and laboratory surveillance datasets from the UK Health Security Agency were integrated. Winter trends in influenza-like illness (ILI), using a standardised definition, were described and compared across datasets, 2022/2023 to 2024/2025, using the cross-correlation function (CCF). Multivariable (beta and negative binomial) regression models were used to explore the association between ILI and SARS-CoV-2, influenza and RSV positivity in each dataset.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Trends in ILI align well across participatory surveillance systems, with ILI peaking around Weeks 50–52 each season. Participatory surveillance system trends align well with syndromic healthcare use for ILI, with ILI symptoms peaking about a week before healthcare use. ILI in each dataset is driven by a different combination of respiratory viruses, with ILI in the community driven by a combination of SARS-CoV-2, influenza and RSV, whereas healthcare attendance was driven by influenza only.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While each surveillance system differs in its purpose and population, trends in ILI align across datasets. Comparing a range of surveillance systems can provide increased confidence in each system. While syndromic healthcare use surveillance systems highlight the burden of severe illness, integration with participatory surveillance systems can demonstrate the wider burden across a spectrum of severity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70323","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148989842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Detection, Molecular Characterization, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Canine Influenza Virus A (H3N2) in Pakistan","authors":"Sajid Umar,&nbsp;Arham Manzoor","doi":"10.1111/irv.70325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70325","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Human–animal interactions are a cornerstone of the One Health approach, especially in Pakistan, where dogs occupy diverse ecological niches from households to streets, markets, veterinary clinics, and rural communities. These close and frequent contacts, coupled with increasing urbanization, animal movement, and climate variability, create opportunities for cross-species transmission of infectious agents, including influenza A viruses (IAV). Given their broad host range and high genetic plasticity, IAVs pose significant veterinary and public health concerns [&lt;span&gt;1, 2&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dogs are susceptible to IAV from multiple origins, including avian (H3N2 and H5N1), equine (H3N8), and human (pandemic H1N1 and seasonal H3N2) sources [&lt;span&gt;3, 4&lt;/span&gt;]. Among these, H3N8 and H3N2 have established themselves as the predominant canine influenza virus (CIV) subtypes globally [&lt;span&gt;4-8&lt;/span&gt;]. The avian-origin H3N2 CIV was first identified in South Korea (2004) and later in China (2006) [&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;] and has since become endemic in Asia and North America [&lt;span&gt;3, 4, 7, 8&lt;/span&gt;]. However, no data on CIV circulation, genetic diversity, or evolution have yet been reported from Pakistan, highlighting a critical gap in molecular surveillance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In February 2026, a 7-year-old intact male Labrador (~25 kg) from Lahore, Pakistan, presented with acute respiratory signs, anorexia, persistent cough, thick nasal discharge, fever (104°F), lethargy, and ocular discharge. The dog had a history of frequent domestic travel and was annually vaccinated with Nobivac DHPPi, a multivalent parenteral vaccine intended to provide protection against canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1; infectious canine hepatitis), canine parvovirus (CPV), canine parainfluenza virus (CPi), and respiratory disease associated with canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2). Nasal swabs were collected in normal saline and tested for Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (CIRDC) pathogens using standard molecular assays [&lt;span&gt;1, 9, 10&lt;/span&gt;]. All major CIRDC agents tested negative except IAV, which was confirmed via PCR targeting the M and HA gene segments [&lt;span&gt;1, 7&lt;/span&gt;]. The dog recovered within 2 weeks following supportive therapy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Virus isolation was performed in 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs to obtain sufficient viral titers for further characterization. To characterize the strain, we amplified and sequenced the full HA gene (1765 bp) of the isolate, designated A/canine/Lahore/01/2026 (GenBank: PZ873400). Phylogenetic analysis, based on 38 representative H3N2 sequences from NCBI and GISAID, placed our strain within Clade 5 a lineage comprising Chinese isolates from 2018 to 2019 and related strains from North America [&lt;span&gt;3, 8&lt;/span&gt;] (Figure 1). Notably, our strain formed a distinct sub-branch, separate from pre-2018 Chinese viruses, suggesting a relatively recent introduction or independent evolutionary trajectory. A recent genomic ana","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70325","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Utility of Over-The-Counter Medication to Track Influenza Season Timing in a South African Population","authors":"Malebo Sephule Makunyane,&nbsp;Neville Sweijd,&nbsp;Jhandre Bredenkamp,&nbsp;Sibongile Walaza,&nbsp;Cheryl Cohen,&nbsp;Jonny Peter","doi":"10.1111/irv.70313","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70313","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Laboratory-based influenza surveillance in low- and middle-income countries may have limited timeliness and geographic coverage. We evaluated whether over-the-counter (OTC) respiratory medication sales track seasonal influenza activity and provide early warning of influenza onset in South Africa.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Daily OTC medication sales were obtained from a national pharmaceutical chain and analysed nationally and in Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape. Weekly laboratory-confirmed influenza cases were obtained from sentinel surveillance programmes for 2012–2019 and 2022–2023. Seasonal characteristics were compared using the Moving Epidemic Method. Lead–lag relationships were assessed using Pearson cross-correlation, with 3-week smoothing and first differencing as sensitivity analyses. Forecasts at 1- to 5-week horizons were evaluated using influenza-only, OTC-only, combined influenza-plus-OTC generalized linear model (GLM), Random Forest and naïve persistence models. Performance was assessed using root mean square error and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>OTC sales preceded increases in influenza detections nationally and provincially. Sales-defined seasons began and peaked earlier in 70% of national seasons and 67%–89% across provinces. Primary analyses indicated that OTC sales preceded influenza detections by 2–3 weeks (mean peak correlations, 0.77–0.81). After first differencing, OTC changes preceded influenza changes in 5–8 of 10 seasons across locations (correlations, 0.42–0.50). Influenza-only models produced the lowest forecast errors. OTC-informed models achieved AUC ≥ 0.90 at 1- to 2-week horizons. All significant squared-error comparisons favoured naïve persistence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>OTC respiratory medication sales may complement virological surveillance by supporting earlier identification of seasonal influenza activity but should not replace laboratory surveillance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13551350/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148905743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influenza Vaccination Effectiveness in Preventing Hospitalization of Adults With Underlying Medical Conditions: A Multicentre Case–Control Study","authors":"Diana Toledo,&nbsp;Núria Soldevila,&nbsp;Juan Carlos Galan,&nbsp;Pere Godoy,&nbsp;María Morales-Suarez-Varela,&nbsp;Marta Rodriguez-Suárez,&nbsp;María Grau,&nbsp;Tania Fernández-Villa,&nbsp;Aurea Morillo,&nbsp;Gemma Navarro,&nbsp;Judith Chamorro,&nbsp;Angela Domínguez,&nbsp;Project PI19/00354 Working Group","doi":"10.1111/irv.70304","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70304","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Seasonal influenza, especially in persons with underlying medical conditions, is a substantial global burden. Influenza vaccination effectiveness (VE) varies annually, requiring continuous evaluation due to evolving viruses and vaccination coverages. Our aim was to investigate influenza VE in preventing hospitalization for confirmed influenza among people aged 15–64 years with underlying medical conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a multicentre case–control study across 17 Spanish hospitals in hospitalized patients aged 15–64 years with underlying medical conditions in three influenza seasons. Influenza VE was estimated using two types of controls: test-negative controls and non-acute respiratory infection controls. Data on demographics, underlying medical conditions, vaccination status and clinical outcomes were collected. Adjusted VE was analysed using multivariable logistic regression models.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Recruited were 1220 hospitalized adults with underlying medical conditions, of whom 25.2% were vaccinated. VE varied by season, age group, and virus subtype. Statistically significant protection was observed for all seasons jointly against influenza A(H3N2) subtype, whereas VE estimates for specific seasons and subtypes were not significant.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings underscore the importance of continuous VE monitoring and tailored vaccination strategies to protect adults with underlying medical conditions and highlight low seasonal influenza vaccination coverage in this population. Influenza seasonal vaccination should be improved in people aged 15–64 years with underlying medical conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13542695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148887390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}