Transmission and Pathologic Findings of Divergent Human Seasonal H1N1pdm09 Influenza A Viruses Following Spillover Into Pigs in the United States

IF 4.2 4区医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Pub Date : 2025-07-17 DOI:10.1111/irv.70128

Giovana Ciacci Zanella, Alexey Markin, Megan Neveau Thomas, Celeste A. Snyder, Carine K. Souza, Bailey Arruda, Tavis K. Anderson, Amy L. Baker

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

The H1N1 pandemic (H1N1pdm09) lineage of influenza A viruses (IAV) emerged in North America in 2009. It spread rapidly due to efficient transmission and the limited immunity in humans, replacing the previous human seasonal H1. Human-to-swine transmission of H1N1pdm09 IAV has since contributed to genetic diversity in pigs. While most were not sustained, approximately 160 spillovers persisted in pigs in the United States for at least 1 year and reassorted with other endemic swine IAVs in most cases.

Methods

We sought to identify how transmission and reassortment with endemic IAV in swine impact virus traits and zoonotic risk in this study. We conducted a swine pathogenesis and transmission study using four swine H1N1pdm09 viruses derived from different human influenza seasons that had acquired different gene segment combinations after spillovers into swine. To assess antigenic evolution, we compared the selected swine H1N1pdm09 strains against each other and to five human seasonal H1 vaccine strains.

Results

Ongoing circulation and reassortment resulted in viruses with variable virulence, shedding, and transmission kinetics. The H1N1pdm09 viruses retained antigenic similarities with the human vaccine strain of the same season of incursion but showed increasing antigenic distances with human seasonal H1N1 vaccine strains from other seasons.

Conclusions

Human seasonal H1N1 viruses are capable of replicating and transmitting in swine, and there is potential for these human-to-swine spillovers to reassort with endemic swine IAV. Controlling IAV at the human-swine interface has the benefit of reducing IAV burden in swine and subsequent zoonotic risk.

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不同人类季节性h1n1 - pdm09甲型流感病毒在美国的传播和病理学发现

甲型流感病毒（IAV）的H1N1大流行（H1N1pdm09）谱系于2009年在北美出现。由于人类的有效传播和有限的免疫力，它迅速传播，取代了以前的人类季节性H1。H1N1pdm09病毒的人-猪传播已导致猪的遗传多样性。虽然大多数没有持续，但在美国，大约有160例外溢在猪中持续了至少1年，并在大多数情况下与其他地方性猪病毒重新组合。方法在本研究中，我们试图确定猪流行性IAV的传播和重组如何影响病毒特性和人畜共患风险。我们利用从不同人类流感季节衍生的四种猪H1N1pdm09病毒进行了猪的发病机制和传播研究，这些病毒在外溢到猪体内后获得了不同的基因片段组合。为了评估抗原进化，我们将选定的猪H1N1pdm09毒株与其他毒株以及5种人类季节性H1疫苗毒株进行了比较。结果持续的循环和重组导致病毒具有不同的毒力、脱落和传播动力学。H1N1pdm09病毒与同一入侵季节的人H1N1疫苗株保持抗原相似性，但与其他季节的人H1N1季节性疫苗株的抗原距离增加。结论人季节性H1N1病毒具有在猪群中复制和传播的能力，这些人-猪外溢可能与地方性猪流感病毒重新组合。在人-猪交界面控制禽流感有利于减少猪的禽流感负担和随后的人畜共患风险。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 医学-病毒学

CiteScore

7.20

自引率

4.50%

发文量

120

审稿时长

6-12 weeks

期刊介绍： Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses is the official journal of the International Society of Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Diseases - an independent scientific professional society - dedicated to promoting the prevention, detection, treatment, and control of influenza and other respiratory virus diseases. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses is an Open Access journal. Copyright on any research article published by Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses is retained by the author(s). Authors grant Wiley a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified.