Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses最新文献

{"title":"Characteristics and Risk Factors Associated With Hospitalization and Severe Disease in Patients Aged ≥ 60 Years With Human Metapneumovirus Infection Over Three Consecutive Seasons (2021–2024) in Valladolid, Spain. The VALLAVIRUS Study","authors":"Iván Sanz-Muñoz,&nbsp;Silvia Galindo-Carretero,&nbsp;Marina Toquero-Asensio,&nbsp;Alejandro Martín-Toribio,&nbsp;Raquel Iglesia-Aparicio,&nbsp;Celia López-Gonzalo,&nbsp;Diana Rodríguez-González,&nbsp;Laura Tamayo-Pérez,&nbsp;Javier Sánchez-Martínez,&nbsp;Carla Rodríguez-Crespo,&nbsp;Alberto Caballero-García,&nbsp;Marta Domínguez-Gil,&nbsp;Silvia Rojo-Rello,&nbsp;José María Eiros","doi":"10.1111/irv.70294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70294","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory pathogen often underestimated in the elderly. Although studies suggest it causes around 10% of respiratory hospitalizations in the United States, national and local data remain scarce. This study aimed to describe patients hospitalized with hMPV and identify risk factors for hospitalization and severe disease.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A retrospective study included adults aged ≥ 60 years diagnosed with hMPV infection in two hospitals in Valladolid, Spain, during three consecutive seasons (2021–2024). Data on demographics, comorbidities, clinical presentation, laboratory results and severity parameters were collected. Severe disease was defined as hospital stay ≥ 11 days, ICU admission, need for mechanical ventilation, readmission within 90 days or in-hospital death.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among 703 hMPV-confirmed cases, 608 required hospitalization, following a clear seasonal epidemic pattern (November–March). The hospitalization rate was 123.2 per 100,000 &gt; 60 years old inhabitants (95% CI: 113.6–133.4), representing 20.5% of respiratory virus detections. Mean hospital stay was 10.5 days; 6.4% of the patients were admitted to ICU, 3.3% required mechanical ventilation, 6.9% died, and 14.0% were readmitted within 90 days. Advanced age (≥ 75 years) increased hospitalization risk threefold to fivefold compared to people between 60 and 74 years old. Co-infections, particularly bacterial, and living in nursing homes were also associated with a 1.5–2.7 fold higher risk of severe disease and hospitalization.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>hMPV infections pose a significant health burden among the elderly. The findings underscore the need for greater awareness, surveillance, and development of preventive strategies, including vaccination, against hMPV in older adults.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying the Moving Epidemic Method to Emergency Department Syndromic Surveillance to identify the Start of Influenza Seasons in New South Wales, Australia","authors":"Nectarios Rose,&nbsp;Adam T. Craig,&nbsp;David J. Muscatello","doi":"10.1111/irv.70293","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70293","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Moving Epidemic Method (MEM) is a widely used threshold-based approach for identifying the start of an influenza season but has rarely been used with emergency department (ED) syndromic surveillance (EDSyS). This retrospective study aimed to evaluate MEM applied to rates of ED presentation for conditions compatible with influenza to calculate thresholds for identifying the start of the influenza season (pre-epidemic thresholds) in New South Wales, Australia, 2012 through 2019.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>MEM was tested on weekly rates of ED presentations for three Syndromic Groups based on combinations of four diagnostic syndromes related to influenza, to calculate pre-epidemic thresholds (epidemic start threshold) for the years 2012–2019. Validation included comparing the start of a season using pre-epidemic thresholds with the start of the season based on percent positive influenza notifications from sentinel laboratories (identification difference).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The most accurate model for identifying the start of the influenza season combined all four diagnostic syndromes, consisting of influenza like illness, unspecified viral illness, pneumonia and lower respiratory tract infections. Pre-epidemic thresholds based on MEM were able to identify the influenza season from between 2 weeks before to 1 week after the start, with a mean of 0.6 weeks before the start of a season and a mean absolute identification difference of 1.1 weeks.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study demonstrates the utility of MEM with EDSyS for identifying the start of influenza seasons, providing a visual alert for optimal timing of public health preparedness and response.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70293","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148455675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hemagglutination Inhibition and Alternate Serologic Responses Following Influenza A(H3N2) Virus Infection","authors":"Boshu Chen,&nbsp;José Victor Zambrana,&nbsp;Abigail Shotwell,&nbsp;Nery Sanchez,&nbsp;Miguel Plazaola,&nbsp;Sergio Ojeda,&nbsp;Roger Lopez,&nbsp;Daniel Stadlbauer,&nbsp;Guillermina Kuan,&nbsp;Angel Balmaseda,&nbsp;Florian Krammer,&nbsp;Aubree Gordon","doi":"10.1111/irv.70292","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70292","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titer remains the gold standard correlate of protection against influenza, it does not fully capture the broader antibody responses that contribute to immunity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analyzed immune responses in paired pre-infection and convalescent sera from 306 RT-PCR–confirmed A(H3N2) infections from two household studies (2014–2018) in Managua, Nicaragua. Antibody responses were measured by HAI and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) against full-length hemagglutinin (HA), the HA stalk, and neuraminidase (NA). Participants were classified as HAI responders (≥ 4-fold HAI rise), alternate responders (no HAI rise but ≥ 4-fold boost in ≥ 1 ELISA), or no-response individuals (no ≥ 4-fold rise in any assay). We compared demographic, clinical, and pre-infection antibody characteristics across these groups. We also analyzed predictors of an NA response.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, 77% of participants had HAI seroconversion or a fourfold rise. Among the 23% HAI non-responders, 62% had alternate antibody responses. No-response individuals had the highest pre-infection HAI and full-length HA titers (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), the lowest viral loads, and the lowest frequency of fever or influenza-like illness symptoms (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). An NA response was more common among symptomatic individuals and moderate baseline titers, with both low and high extremes reducing NA response odds.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High baseline HAI titers can limit detectable fourfold rises and are associated with milder illness. Evaluating additional immune responses may capture a more complete picture of the host response to infection, thereby improving surveillance and informing vaccine development.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70292","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148430223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Country-Level RSV-Related Hospitalisation Rates Among Adults in High-Income Countries From an Ensemble Model Based on Direct Viral Testing Incidence Data","authors":"Shuyu Deng,&nbsp;Tiantian Zhang,&nbsp;Yihua Xu,&nbsp;Elizabeth Begier,&nbsp;Caihua Liang,&nbsp;Reiko Sato,&nbsp;Sebastien Kenmoe,&nbsp;Bradford D. Gessner,&nbsp;Harish Nair,&nbsp;You Li","doi":"10.1111/irv.70291","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70291","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding hospitalisation burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)–associated acute respiratory infection (ARI) in adults is crucial for informing immunisation policy, yet such data are lacking in most high-income countries. We aimed to estimate country-level RSV-associated ARI hospitalisation rates among adults aged 18–64 and ≥ 65 years across high-income countries.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data on adult RSV hospitalisation burden were identified from systematic literature review and national surveillance reports. A Bayesian adjustment was applied to account for underascertainment due to variability in diagnostic methods and clinical specimens. An ensemble modelling framework consisting of four independent approaches was developed to predict country-level RSV-associated ARI hospitalisation rates among adults aged 18–64 and ≥ 65 years across 63 high-income countries.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The ensemble model predicted a median annual RSV-associated ARI hospitalisation rate of 39 per 100,000 (interquartile range [IQR]: 33–48) for adults aged 18–64 years and 374 per 100,000 (318–468) for those aged ≥ 65 years across the 63 countries. The predicted rates varied substantially by continent; Africa (Seychelles) had the lowest RSV hospitalisation rate for both 18–64 and ≥ 65 years (17 and 188 per 100,000, respectively); the highest median RSV hospitalisation rate was in Oceania in adults aged 18–64 years (50 per 100,000; IQR: 31–51) and was in the Americas in adults aged ≥ 65 years (455 per 100,000; 428–518). Europe and Asia showed marked within-continent variations in RSV hospitalisation rates.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although primary RSV disease burden data remain the gold standard for evidence-based vaccine policy development, this study offers a viable alternative reference for high-income countries lacking such data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70291","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Analytic Approaches to Determining Respiratory Syncytial Virus Seasonality—United States, 2014–2024","authors":"Sophia Chkonia,&nbsp;Sarah Hamid,&nbsp;Erica Billig Rose,&nbsp;Amber Winn,&nbsp;Erin Anderson,&nbsp;Benjamin J. Silk","doi":"10.1111/irv.70271","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70271","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of hospitalizations among infants and older adults in the United States. Determining RSV seasonality, which varies geographically, is essential to the timely administration of prevention products. We described how a laboratory percent positivity threshold (3% threshold) performs compared to the retrospective slope 10 (RS10) and 10-fold baseline (10FB) methods in defining RSV epidemics across regions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analyzed RSV laboratory testing data submitted by consistent reporters to the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System during July 2014–June 2024. We compared the timing of epidemics, season duration, and percent of annual detections captured within the epidemic period determined from the 3% threshold, RS10, and 10FB methods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The epidemic onset weeks determined by the 3% threshold were typically later than those identified by RS10 and varied by region when compared to 10FB. Epidemic duration was shortest with the 3% threshold and longest with RS10. RS10 captured the highest percentage of detections and varied least annually. The 3% threshold and 10FB demonstrated similar percentages of detections before the COVID-19 pandemic, but detections decreased with 10FB postpandemic.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>RS10 demonstrated high coverage of annual RSV detections and identified earlier onsets but can only be applied retrospectively. 10FB did not consistently identify season onset earlier across regions. Similar evaluation results across the three methods suggest that the 3% threshold was not impacted in determining RSV seasonality postpandemic and is a preferred US method due to its simplicity and application in near real-time.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70271","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148411759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlations and Timeliness of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Surveillance Indicators—United States, 2018–2024","authors":"Erin L. Anderson,&nbsp;Erica Billig Rose,&nbsp;Amber Winn,&nbsp;Sophia Chkonia,&nbsp;Heidi Moline,&nbsp;Ariana Toepfer,&nbsp;Monica E. Patton,&nbsp;Christopher A. Taylor,&nbsp;Aaron Kite-Powell,&nbsp;Stephanie Dietz,&nbsp;Michael Sheppard,&nbsp;Jourdan DeVies,&nbsp;Benjamin J. Silk","doi":"10.1111/irv.70284","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70284","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of hospitalizations in young children and older adults in the United States. Monitoring seasonal RSV activity through national surveillance systems and understanding the relationships among RSV surveillance indicators can help ensure timely administration of prevention products and improve preparedness among healthcare systems and public health programs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We analyzed RSV data across six surveillance years from the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS), National Syndromic Surveillance Program (NSSP), commercial laboratories, New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN), and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospitalization Surveillance Network (RSV-NET). We characterized RSV seasonality and compared pediatric and all-age surveillance indicators (percent positivity, percentage of ED visits, and hospitalization rates) at key points during the RSV season. We then estimated cross-correlations and lags between each system and NREVSS before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Five RSV seasons occurred between 2018 and 2024. Pediatric indicators were greater than all-age indicators at NREVSS season onset (range: 1.4–6.3 times greater), peak (1.3–5.8), and offset (1.1–4.7). Nationally, indicators were highly correlated across systems (<i>ρ</i> &gt; 0.92) during the prepandemic and postdisruption periods, with minimal lags (0–1 weeks). However, correlations (<i>ρ</i> = 0.48–0.99) and lags (0–6 weeks) varied across regions and time windows during these periods.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pediatric surveillance indicators provide the earliest indications of RSV season onset. CDC systems that provide complementary data on RSV activity and associated outcomes are highly correlated at the national and regional levels but may not capture local trends that are important for optimizing prevention.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148411664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dr. Nancy Jane Cox, PhD (1948–2026)","authors":"Joseph Bresee,&nbsp;Alan William Hampson,&nbsp;Wenqing Zhang,&nbsp;Masato Tashiro","doi":"10.1111/irv.70289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70289","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;\u0000 &lt;b&gt;Dr. Nancy Jane Cox, PhD (1948–2026)&lt;/b&gt;\u0000 &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The international virology and public health communities mourn the passing of &lt;b&gt;Dr. Nancy Jane Cox&lt;/b&gt;, an internationally renowned authority on influenza, a dedicated public servant, and a mentor to generations of scientists worldwide. She died from glioblastoma on 24 April 2026 in Atlanta, Georgia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Born on 21 July 1948 in Emmetsburg, Iowa, Nancy was the eldest of six children. After graduating from a high-school class of only 18 students, she earned a scholarship to Iowa State University, completing her degree in 1970. She then received a Marshall Scholarship to the University of Cambridge, where she completed her PhD in Virology in 1975. In 1976, she joined the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, beginning what would become a transformative 38-year career in influenza science and global health. She served as Chief of the Influenza Branch and Director of the WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Control of Influenza from 1992, and later as Director of the newly established Influenza Division from 2006 until her retirement in 2014.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Throughout her CDC career, Nancy was a driving force behind the modern US influenza prevention program. She strengthened national and global influenza surveillance, expanded laboratory capacity, and oversaw the development of vaccine-ready virus candidates. She also led national efforts to evaluate the annual impact of influenza vaccination and to expand vaccine uptake across the United States—initiatives that have protected millions of people.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nancy's influence extended far beyond the United States. Recognizing influenza as a global threat requiring global solutions, she devoted her career to strengthening international preparedness. Under her leadership, the CDC Collaborating Center became a trusted partner within the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS), and a committed supporter of National Influenza Centres around the world. She worked tirelessly with US government officials to secure sustained support for global surveillance, enabling more countries to contribute viruses and data essential for vaccine-strain selection and the early detection of emerging threats.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nancy's leadership was equally important in shaping the WHO influenza vaccine strain selection process. She brought scientific objectivity and a cooperative spirit to the analysis of vast antigenic and epidemiological datasets, helping to achieve consensus during these often-difficult consultations. Her early embrace of genomic analysis and her strong support for adoption of antigenic cartography enabled more integrated data analysis across WHO Collaborating Centres and improved modelling of antigenic evolution, thus strengthening the evidence base for WHO vaccine recommendations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Her international colleagues remember her as a dedicated and gracious leader whose scientific in","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70289","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148386458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecology of Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus H7 in Wild Birds in South-Eastern Australia Prior to Emergence of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza H7 in Poultry","authors":"Michelle Wille,&nbsp;Paul Eden,&nbsp;Silvia Ban de Gouvea Pedroso,&nbsp;Ian G. Barr,&nbsp;Allison Crawley,&nbsp;Kyeelee Driver,&nbsp;Victoria Jimenez,&nbsp;Peter D. Kirkland,&nbsp;Peter T. Mee,&nbsp;Matthew J. Neave,&nbsp;Kim O'Riley,&nbsp;Andrew J. Read,&nbsp;Vittoria Stevens,&nbsp;Teri Visentin,&nbsp;Andrew C. Breed,&nbsp;Marcel Klaassen","doi":"10.1111/irv.70285","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70285","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Adding to the global burden of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, five HPAI H7 outbreaks occurred globally in 2024. Of these, three occurred in South-East Australia, with the independent emergence of HPAI H7N9, H7N8 and H7N3, resulting in the destruction of 2 million poultry. Historical data demonstrate that H7 outbreaks in Australia do not occur randomly; rather, there is a strong association between the timing of the previous H7 outbreaks and rainfall patterns in South-Eastern Australia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We aimed to address a hypothesis wherein prior to H7 outbreaks in poultry, there was a detectable change in H7 prevalence and/or virus diversity in wild bird populations. We addressed this using virological data from wild captured ducks, hunted ducks, as well as faecal environmental samples collected in South-Eastern Australia from 2020 to 2024. We also interrogated changes in seroprevalence using both a commercial anti-NP ELISA as well as haemagglutinin inhibition (HI) assays against H7.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite the collection of thousands of samples, there was only weak evidence to support our hypothesis, which provides strong incentive to evaluate current surveillance approaches for the purposes of risk prediction. However, in alignment with a previous analysis, there is strong support for a relationship between H7 outbreak probability and rainfall patterns across South-East Australia.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, improved understanding of the ecology and evolution of H5 and H7 viruses in wild bird reservoirs is pivotal to global disease preparedness and response.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70285","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148368298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology, Genomic Diversity, and Evolutionary Dynamics of Human Metapneumovirus Over 7 Years of Integrated Community- and Hospital-Based Sentinel Surveillance in Senegal, 2018–2024","authors":"Mamadou Malado Jallow,&nbsp;Mamadou Aliou Barry,&nbsp;Ndeye Awa Ndiaye,&nbsp;Marie Pedepa Mendy,&nbsp;Mareme Seye Thiam,&nbsp;Safiétou Sankhe,&nbsp;Samba Niang Sagne,&nbsp;Ndiende Koba Ndiaye,&nbsp;Seynabou Mbaye Ba Souna Diop,&nbsp;Ndaraw Diack,&nbsp;Deborah Goudiaby,&nbsp;Cheikh Loucoubar,&nbsp;Amadou Alpha Sall,&nbsp;Moussa Moïse Diagne,&nbsp;Ndongo Dia","doi":"10.1111/irv.70290","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70290","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In late 2024, a major human metapneumovirus (HMPV) outbreak in China caused widespread pneumonia and thousands of hospitalizations, drawing global attention to this virus. In Senegal, a concomitant rise in HMPV detections was observed in both community and hospital settings. This study aimed to describe the epidemiology, genomic diversity, and the evolutionary dynamics of HMPV strains circulating in Senegal over 7 years of integrated community- and hospital-based surveillance (2018–2024).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nasopharyngeal samples were tested using multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. A subset of HMPV isolates underwent sequencing, followed by phylogenetic and Bayesian evolutionary analyses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>HMPV was detected in 3.3% (<i>n</i> = 19,204) of tested specimens. The highest positivity rate was observed among infants aged ≤ 11 months (31.2%), with decreasing rates in older age groups. Following COVID-19 related disruptions, HMPV circulation re-established a seasonal pattern after 2022, peaking during the rainy season. Genomic analyses revealed sustained cocirculation of sublineages A2b1, A2b2, B1, and B2, with periodic lineage replacement every 1–3 years. Genetic variability was predominantly observed in the G glycoprotein, with evidence of positive selection at codons 102, 153, 167, 169, 179, 181, and 202. Estimated evolutionary rates were 9.30 × 10⁻⁴ substitutions per site per year for HMPV-A and 9.86 × 10⁻⁴ substitutions per site per year for HMPV-B. Phylogeographic analyses indicate that HMPV epidemics in Senegal are driven by repeated introductions and ongoing exchange with other regions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings indicate sustained circulation and dynamic turnover of pre-existing sublineages rather than the emergence of a novel variant within the population, especially in infants aged ≤ 11 months.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70290","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148360562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity of a Multi-Epitope Influenza Composite Peptide Vaccine Targeting Human, Swine, and Avian Viruses: Advancing Pandemic Preparedness","authors":"Nimisha Rikhi,&nbsp;Clara J. Sei,&nbsp;Kellie A. Fraser,&nbsp;Kevin Muema,&nbsp;Aba Assiaw-Dufu,&nbsp;Richard F. Schuman,&nbsp;Gerald W. Fischer","doi":"10.1111/irv.70278","DOIUrl":"10.1111/irv.70278","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The emergence of novel reassortant influenza A virus strains and zoonotic transmission to the human population is a critical factor in the development of a global pandemic, as exemplified by the 2009 swine flu pandemic and the ongoing threat of an H5N1 avian flu pandemic. Small, unconjugated synthetic peptide vaccines comprising multiple, highly conserved epitopes may provide an important strategy towards a cost-effective, easily scalable, supra-seasonal universal influenza vaccine that can target across human, swine, and avian strains, advancing pandemic preparedness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of a synthetic, single, unconjugated, multi-epitope composite peptide vaccine targeting human, swine, and avian zoonotic viruses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Outbred mice were immunized with different doses of the single peptide vaccine LHNVD-110, and immunogenicity was evaluated using ELISA, Hemagglutinin Inhibition Assay, Microneutralization Assay, and Enzyme-linked Lectin Assay.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Strong IgG1 (Th2) and IgG2a (Th1) responses were generated against HA, NA, and Matrix epitopes, and multiple strains of influenza A/H1N1pdm09, A/H3N2, A/H5N1 (HPAI), and B/Victoria viruses. Cross-reactive, neutralizing antibodies also showed inhibition of multiple viral HA and NA subtypes, demonstrating the breadth of humoral responses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This single, unconjugated, multi-epitope, composite peptide vaccine generated a robust and balanced immune response inhibiting multiple HA and NA subtypes across human, swine, and avian viruses. This approach provides a cost-effective, easily scalable, seasonal, and pandemic vaccine option with the potential of a universal influenza vaccine and efficient pandemic readiness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13544,"journal":{"name":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","volume":"20 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/irv.70278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148345078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}