Dan Wu;Xiyu Peng;Chijie Zhuang;Bo Lin;Qingyuan Shi;Li Li;Ruilang Ji;Xiaoguang Wei;Rong Zeng
{"title":"Adaptive Time Step Control for Semiconductor Simulations","authors":"Dan Wu;Xiyu Peng;Chijie Zhuang;Bo Lin;Qingyuan Shi;Li Li;Ruilang Ji;Xiaoguang Wei;Rong Zeng","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3615422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3615422","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an adaptive time stepping strategy designed for semiconductor transient simulations. The strategy aims to reduce the overall computational cost by balancing nonlinear iterations with the local truncation error (LTE)-based time step control. In addition to the LTE-based time step control, the method dynamically adjusts time steps based on the convergence behavior of Newton iterations. Although the total number of time steps may slightly increase, the reduction in step size enhances Newton iteration convergence, resulting in lower overall computational overhead. The numerical results of semiconductor switching processes demonstrate that the strategy reduces failed Newton iterations, enhances overall computational efficiency, and still effectively captures sharp physical variations.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 7","pages":"7201305-7201305"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148516945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Computationally Efficient Method for Calculating Radial Electromagnetic Force of Induction Motor Using Stepping Time-Harmonic Finite Element Analysis","authors":"Ji-Hoon Lee;Seung-Hun Lee;Yun-Jae Won;Byeong-Cheol Bae;Moo-Hyun Sung;Myung-Seop Lim","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2026.3655404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2026.3655404","url":null,"abstract":"Induction motors (IMs) have long been widely used as industrial motors. Although the required characteristics of IMs may vary depending on the application, reducing noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) is a common requirement across all fields. As demonstrated in multiple studies, the radial electromagnetic force is the most influential factor affecting the vibration characteristics of electric motors. Therefore, analyzing the radial electromagnetic force is essential for enhancing the vibration performance of electric motors. However, finite element analysis (FEA) of IMs requires considerable computation time, as it must be conducted as a transient analysis. In this article, stepping time-harmonic FEA is proposed for the fast calculation of the radial electromagnetic force in IMs. Unlike conventional time-harmonic FEA, the proposed method incorporates mechanical and electrical rotation of the IM in the analysis. The proposed method was used to obtain the air-gap flux density over one electrical period, and the radial electromagnetic force density was calculated using Maxwell stress tensor (MST). The spatial and temporal orders of the radial electromagnetic force density were analyzed using 2-D fast Fourier transform (FFT), and good agreement was confirmed between the proposed method and the 2-D transient FEA. The proposed method significantly reduces the computation time required for calculating the radial electromagnetic force density compared to 2-D transient FEA. Therefore, it was confirmed that the proposed method enables rapid computation of the radial electromagnetic force density in the IM while ensuring a high level of accuracy.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 7","pages":"7402106-7402106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148517037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Vorobiov;B. Stropkai;V. Latyshev;M. Lisnichuk;D. Kondrakhova;I. Shpetnyy;O. Tkach;E. Čižmár;V. Komanický
{"title":"Investigations of Magnetic Properties of Nanoribbon Arrays Based on Co and Cu","authors":"S. Vorobiov;B. Stropkai;V. Latyshev;M. Lisnichuk;D. Kondrakhova;I. Shpetnyy;O. Tkach;E. Čižmár;V. Komanický","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2026.3696748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2026.3696748","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents the fabrication and magnetic characterization of 1-D Co75Cu25 nanoribbon (NR) arrays obtained by electron-beam lithography (EBL) and electrochemical deposition (ED). To evaluate the effect of dimensional reduction, the magnetic properties of NRs were compared with those of thin films of identical composition. Structural analyses selected area electron diffraction (SAED, STEM) revealed the formation of a metastable Co(Cu) solid solution in the as-prepared state and significant grain growth upon thermal annealing up to 750 K without phase transformation. MFM measurements demonstrate a transition from a stripe-domain structure in thin films to a bamboo-like domain configuration in NRs, indicating the dominant role of shape anisotropy in 1-D systems. Magnetometry confirms the presence of a well-defined longitudinal easy axis and reveals an increase in coercivity after annealing, accompanied by a reduction of local anisotropy contributions. Thermomagnetic ZFC-FC measurements show a pronounced shift of the irreversibility temperature toward higher values, reflecting enhanced magnetic correlations and an increase in the effective magnetic volume. These results demonstrate that dimensional reduction and geometric structuring provide an effective route for controlling domain configuration, magnetic anisotropy, and thermomagnetic stability in Co–Cu systems, with strong potential for applications in spintronic devices and nanoscale magnetic elements.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 7","pages":"2300705-2300705"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148517283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards Purely Parameter-Specific Model Order Reduction: A Tensor Decomposition-Based Approach","authors":"Ze Guo;Zuqi Tang","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3612472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3612472","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of digital twins, projection-based model order reduction (MOR) plays a crucial role in real-time control, fault diagnosis, and performance prediction, particularly when accounting for multi-parameter variations in complex systems. However, traditional MOR techniques often exhibit limited robustness to such variations. This limitation arises from the fact that parameter information is typically not embedded in the construction of the reduced basis, resulting in models that lack parametric specificity. This work presents a comprehensive comparison between a tensor decomposition-based MOR (TDMOR) method and three representative MOR approaches, namely, classical proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), ideal local POD (LPOD), and block POD, using a four-parameter surrogate modeling of an electric motor. Numerical results demonstrate that employing more localized snapshots improves the robustness of the reduced basis to parameter variations, thereby enhancing the accuracy of the reduced model. The proposed TDMOR approach closely approximates the performance of ideal LPOD without requiring a large number of pre-stored local bases, making it an effective solution for nonlinear, multi-parameter systems.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 7","pages":"7201206-7201206"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148517587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Alternating Currents Superimposed to Direct Current on Thermic of HVDC Cables Laid in Steel Pipe","authors":"Volker Vahrenholt;Kevin Lunge;Stephan Pöhler;Christian Suttner;Bartosz Rusek;Jörg Stammen;Holger Hirsch","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2026.3690900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2026.3690900","url":null,"abstract":"HVDC cables are usually laid in soil with or without protecting polymer pipes. However, for some infrastructure crossing, for example, railways or rivers, the very long (micro)tunnels need to be drilled. For some laying techniques, there is a length limitation for conventional drilling. The utilization of steel pipes would ease the process and enable higher drilling lengths. However, the steel pipe might be additionally heated by eddy-current losses due to ripple or other AC components, which are produced by voltage source converter (VSC) converters and superimposed to direct currents. Additional heat may limit the ampacity of the HVDC cable. In this article, the theoretical models for simple concentric placement of HVDC cable in a steel pipe will be described, and their validation by measurements will be discussed. Thereafter, the theoretical models will be applied to the exemplary configuration of an HVDC bi-polar system. It will be shown that the alternating current components produced by VSC converters and superimposed on the DC currents will not lead to a relevant temperature rise of the pipe and can be neglected for HVDC cable applications.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 7","pages":"6301409-6301409"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148518576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zichen Guo;Zhuozheng Chen;Zhiyu Li;Shuli Yin;Xikui Ma
{"title":"Multi-Objective Magnetic Design of Powder Core Inductors Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning","authors":"Zichen Guo;Zhuozheng Chen;Zhiyu Li;Shuli Yin;Xikui Ma","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3608738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3608738","url":null,"abstract":"A novel multi-objective optimization approach for the magnetic design of power inductors is proposed, leveraging deep reinforcement learning (DRL). The optimization problem is formulated using an artificial neural network (ANN) with the encoder–decoder architecture. The encoder processes the design specifications and material properties to ensure the model’s generalization, while the decoder indirectly generates the optimal design variables by modeling their probability distributions. Trained via reinforcement learning, the DRL-based method addresses the design task without iterations, significantly reducing computational time. Additionally, compared to the heuristic algorithms like non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms (NSGA-II) and the decomposition-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEA/Ds), the proposed approach produces consistent Pareto fronts (PFs) across multiple repeated runs and ensures a more uniform distribution of solutions. The effectiveness of the approach is further validated through a case study on a powder core inductor for inverters, highlighting its advantages in the convergence, stability, solution diversity, and efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 7","pages":"7200606-7200606"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148518771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of Aviation AC Arc Fault Damage to Electrical Wiring Interconnection System Based on MHD Simulation","authors":"Peilin Liu;Youpeng Huangfu;Shuhong Wang","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3628848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3628848","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical fire hazards due to arc faults are critical to the safety of more-electric aircraft (MEA)/all-electric aircraft (AEA). In this study, the damage behavior to the electrical wiring interconnection systems (EWISs) caused by ac arc faults is carried out. To this end, an axisymmetric model for the series arc fault in a single wire is implemented using the field-circuit coupled magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) method. In order to emulate the wet arc fault between two phases, a 2-D model is developed for a wire bundle with two predamaged wires. In specific, the thermal field, flow field, and electromagnetic field are numerically coupled for the computation of the distribution of the temperature. The results reveal that the high temperature caused by arc fault leads to heavy damage to the faulty wire and an adjacent one.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 7","pages":"7501506-7501506"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148626163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of Lightning Transients in the Grounding Circuits of a Wind Farm","authors":"M. Boukhouna;B. Nekhoul","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3635481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3635481","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we propose the modeling analysis of the transient behavior of the grounding circuits of a wind farm during a direct lightning strike. This modeling, in the time domain, is developed from the transmission line (TL) equations, the vector fitting technique, the finite difference time domain (FDTD) numerical method, and the electromagnetic topological formalism. This modeling simultaneously considers the dependence on frequency and the ionization of the ground, which generally occurs during the injection of a high intensity current. We validate this modeling and we propose applications on grounding circuits used in wind farms. In particular, in this article, we propose a qualitative time and frequency study to characterize the transient behavior of wind farm grounding systems during a direct lightning strike.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 7","pages":"7502007-7502007"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148626237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Topology Optimization of Chip Inductor Using Density Method","authors":"Shuli Yin;Hajime Igarashi;Stéphane Clénet","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3628624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3628624","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a novel methodology of the topology optimization method considering eddy current effects. The method is applied on chip inductors modeled by the finite-element method (FEM). Aiming to meet a specified inductance value while minimizing eddy current losses, we employ a density-based approach to construct a continuous material distribution. The derivative of the objective function with respect to the material distribution is obtained using the adjoint variable method, and then, the material layout is iteratively updated via the L-BFGS-B algorithm. The proposed framework is validated on both single-turn and multi-turn inductor structures, achieving designs that satisfy the target performance within a limited number of iterations. A key innovation of this work lies in the integration of field-circuit coupling into the topology optimization framework, enabling the analysis of inductors under complex coil configurations involving both series and parallel connections. Additionally, we present an original derivation of the sensitivity formulation associated with the inductance value, ensuring that the optimized inductance meets the design specification.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 7","pages":"7501606-7501606"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148627260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Potential Formulations: Old and New Results","authors":"Oszkár Bíró;Kurt Preis;Pietro Testoni;Alfredo Portone","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3636593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3636593","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to review the possibilities to introduce potential functions for solving electromagnetic problems described by Maxwell’s equations. The focus of the discussion is on low frequency fields that can be treated by the magnetic quasi-static approximation. We target to present the possibility of solving the boundary value problems governing the potential functions numerically by the method of finite elements. In addition to results published by the authors in the last about forty years, some new formulations concerning the magneto-hydrodynamic equilibrium in plasma occurring in fusion devices are also presented.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"62 7","pages":"7501908-7501908"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148627389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}