{"title":"Proper Orthogonal Decomposition for Parameterized Macromodeling of a Longitudinal Electromagnetic Levitator","authors":"Matteo Zorzetto;Riccardo Torchio;Francesco Lucchini;Michele Forzan;Fabrizio Dughiero","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3542131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3542131","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the application of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and Gaussian process regression (GPR) to develop a fast and accurate macromodel for predicting electromagnetic fields and forces in an electromagnetically levitated aluminum billet. The finite element method (FEM) was used to create a 2-D model of the device, extracting the current density and magnetic field distributions in the billet for different positions and frequencies. POD was applied to reduce the dimensionality of the FEM data, while GPR was employed to predict the reduced-order model coefficients for new input parameters. The resulting surrogate model significantly reduces computation time from 8 min to 52 ms, while maintaining a high level of accuracy, providing full-field predictions of the quantities of interest. The model was validated for both field and force predictions, demonstrating its potential to accelerate device study and optimization, while paving the way toward its application as a digital twin of the device.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 4","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hierarchical Mixed Finite-Element Method for Maxwell’s Eigenvalue Problems With the Absorbing Boundary Condition and the Surface Current Boundary Condition","authors":"Shi Jie Wang;Jie Liu","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3540908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3540908","url":null,"abstract":"A mixed finite-element method (MFEM) is proposed to solve 3-D Maxwell’s eigenvalue problems with the absorbing boundary condition (ABC) and the surface current boundary condition (SCBC). In this MFEM, zero modes (including dc spurious modes and zero physical modes) can be removed using the constrained equations containing the matrices <inline-formula> <tex-math>$bar {bar {N}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$tilde {N}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula> <tex-math>$bar {bar {N}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> denotes the nullspace matrix for complete and incomplete hierarchical vector basis functions (HVBFs); <inline-formula> <tex-math>$tilde {N}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the submatrix of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$bar {bar {N}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. It can be seen from numerical experiments that the MFEM is more efficient than the tree-cotree technique, the mixed mortar-element method based on a tetrahedral mesh, and the MFEMs based on Gauss’ law for the computational domain with multiple unconnected perfect electric conductor (PEC) boundaries.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 4","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on a Novel Concentrated-Winding and Unequal Tooth Linear Permanent Magnet Vernier Machine","authors":"Mingjie Wang;Pengcheng Li;Yanyan Li;Wanying Jia;Zhiwei Chen;Jie Wu","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3540840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3540840","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a novel concentrated-winding and equal tooth structure linear permanent magnet vernier machine (ET-LPMVM) is developed to facilitate coils embedded in the armature while maintaining performance equivalent to the conventional linear permanent magnet vernier machine (C-LPMVM). The electromagnetic parameters of ET-LPMVM, such as no-load air-gap flux density, no-load back electromotive force (EMF), inductance, and thrust, are compared and analyzed with C-LPMVM. The electromagnetic performance of ET-LPMVM is verified by a semi-analytical method and FEM, and the results of both methods are basically the same. To further enhance the machine’s performance, a novel unequal tooth linear permanent magnet vernier machine (UNET-LPMVM) is proposed based on the ET-LPMVM. The unequal tooth structure is employed to enhance the back EMF and thrust density, and the thrust improvement mechanism of the proposed machine is analyzed by the Maxwell stress tensor (MST) method. Minimum thrust ripple and high thrust are obtained by optimizing the key parameters of the proposed machine. Compared with ET-LPMVM and C-LPMVM, the average thrust of the proposed UNET-LPMVM is 36.43% and 28.73% higher than the ET-LPMVM and C-LPMVM, respectively. Furthermore, the thrust ripple of the proposed machine is reduced from 18.84% to 2.96%. The analysis results show that the proposed UNET-LPMVM has a better flux modulation effect and thrust characteristics.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 4","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analytical Calculation of 3-D Rotor Eddy Current Loss in High-Speed Permanent Magnet Motors Considering the Multi-Layer Rotor Structure","authors":"Qicheng Dai;Xiao Liu;Shoudao Huang","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3538877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3538877","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an analytical method to calculate 3-D rotor eddy current loss (RECL) in high-speed permanent magnet motors (HSPMSMs) by correcting each harmonic loss component of 2-D RECL. First, a 3-D analytical model of a multi-layer rotor, accounting for the armature reaction field, is established based on the equivalent current sheet. The 3-D governing equation is derived in stationary coordinate, and stator current is periodically extended in the axial direction. The end factors for correcting each time-spatial harmonic RECL are derived as the ratio of the RECLs for infinite and finite rotor lengths. To account for the influence of slotting effect and the magnetic field induced by the permanent magnet (PM), 3-D RECL is obtained by correcting the series formed 2-D RECL calculated using an accurate subdomain model. The accuracy of the proposed method is then verified through finite element analysis (FEA) at different motor sizes and frequencies. Finally, a rotor-locked test is carried out on an HSPMSM prototype, validating the effectiveness of the proposed analytical method.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 4","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zuhair Abbas;Jun-Hyeok Heo;Ikhlaq Ahmad;Jun-Kyu Kang;Jin Hur
{"title":"3-D FE Analysis of Magnet Segmentation for Optimizing Thrust Force and Eddy Current Loss of Arc Linear Servo Motor","authors":"Zuhair Abbas;Jun-Hyeok Heo;Ikhlaq Ahmad;Jun-Kyu Kang;Jin Hur","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2024.3521042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2024.3521042","url":null,"abstract":"When employing high-magnetic co-energy sintered NdFeB magnets, permanent magnet linear synchronous machines (PMLSMs) exhibit several advantages over traditional induction and direct current machines, including greater thrust capability and efficiency. However, during operation at high frequencies, significant eddy current losses in the permanent magnet (PM) can result in elevated temperatures, increasing the risk of irreversible demagnetization. This issue is further compounded by the large air gap in such machines, making the thrust force a critical factor for ensuring efficient performance. A complete magnet segmentation (CMS) can be an effective method for reducing the PM eddy current losses, but it reduces the thrust characteristics and mechanical robustness of the PMLSM. Therefore, a partial magnet segmentation (PMS), namely, single-side PMS (SSPMS), is studied for the new arc-structured PMLSM to optimize the eddy current loss and thrust force. A comparison between the initial PM, CMS, and SSPMS is performed using the Ansys Maxwell 3-D finite element analysis (FEA) tool. The results demonstrate that the SSPMS configuration significantly reduces PM eddy current loss while maintaining the same thrust force. Moreover, it offers superior mechanical robustness and lower manufacturing costs compared to the conventional CMS.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 2","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10865832","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IEEE Magnetics Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3533336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3533336","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 2","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10865806","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143107044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Study on the Overload Protection Characteristics of Rapid Disconnect Permanent Magnet Eddy Current Friction Torque Limiter","authors":"Yuting Wang;Kou Ziming;Hong Zhang;Qianyi Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3534464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3534464","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a new type of high-power rapid disconnect permanent magnet (PM) eddy current friction torque limiter (RDPMEFTL) in response to the existing situation of the friction torque limiter’s short life and poor reliability for overload protection devices for coal mine machinery. The RDPMEFTL’s basic principle is to combine the permanent magnetic eddy current transmission mechanism with friction clutch and to use the permanent magnetic eddy current structure to control the friction torque limiter’s opening and closing in order to achieve the transmission system’s overload protection. First, the basic structure and working principle of the PM friction torque limiter are described, and then, a 2-D analytical model of the slotted PM drive structure is given based on the subdomain method, and the distributions of its air-gap magnetic field and conductor currents are investigated. Then, we obtain the characteristics of the changes of its electromagnetic axial force and torque with the slip and air gap. Second, the electromagnetic–mechanical coupling model of the whole drive system was established by combining the Karnopp friction model with the electromagnetic model, and the dynamics and electromagnetic response of the starting, overloading, and stopping processes were analyzed. Compared with the dry friction torque limiter, the RDPMEFTL will effectively improve the reliability and service life of the drive system, reduce the corresponding downtime maintenance work, and increase the productivity. Finally, tests were conducted with a small prototype and the test results were compared with the results of the analytical solution and 3-D finite element analysis, and they were basically consistent.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 3","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143496535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing the Sensitivity and Detection Depth of a Single-Sided Magnetic Particle Spectrometer Using Ferrite Cores","authors":"Qibin Wang;Kaixiong Yang;Lingwen Hou;Haohao Yan;Yu Zeng;Yihan Wang;Franziska Schrank;Harald Radermacher;Volkmar Schulz;Shouping Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TMAG.2025.3535758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2025.3535758","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS), first developed in relation to magnetic particle imaging (MPI) since its introduction in 2005, has been widely applied in biomedical detection and the evaluation of magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) performance in MPI. Its high sensitivity, low cost, and portability make MPS an essential tool for these applications. However, traditional MPS devices are limited by their enclosed measurement chambers, which restrict their application to solutions placed in small test tubes. Therefore, developing MPS devices that are not constrained by the size of the subject is crucial for clinical applications. Single-sided MPS devices, which concentrate the coils on one side, are not restricted by the size of the object being measured, making them directly applicable to clinical research. However, single-sided MPS devices are currently limited in terms of detection depth and sensitivity due to the rapid attenuation of the magnetic field with distance. To address this issue, in this work, we propose incorporating a soft magnetic core (Mn-Zn ferrite) into the single-sided MPS to enhance the magnetic flux density of the excitation field, thereby increasing detection depth. Additionally, we introduce a surface receiving coil design to replace the traditional solenoidal receiving coil, further improving sensitivity. The results demonstrate that the sensitivity increases by approximately ten times, and the detection depth is doubled.","PeriodicalId":13405,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Magnetics","volume":"61 3","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143496538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}