Immunologic Research最新文献

{"title":"MOSPD2 regulates the activation state of αLβ2 integrin to control monocyte migration: applicability for treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.","authors":"Yaniv Salem, Niva Yacov, Pinhas Kafri, Oshrat Propheta-Meiran, Arnon Karni, Nitsan Maharshak, Victoria Furer, Ori Elkayam, Itzhak Mendel","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09633-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09633-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monocytes are innate immune cells that drive the chronicity of various inflammatory diseases. Monocyte migration to inflamed tissues involves multiple steps of interaction with the vascular endothelium and the extracellular matrix (ECM), a process mediated through conformational transitions in cell surface integrins. We previously described motile sperm domain-containing protein 2 (MOSPD2) as a surface protein expressed on myeloid cells that is essential for the migration of monocytes and a key regulator of inflammation. Investigating MOSPD2's mechanism of action, we assessed whether it plays a role in regulating integrin activation and monocyte adhesion. Data show that silencing of MOSPD2 expression in the THP-1 monocytic cell line significantly increased cell adhesion to various ECM molecules. Employing IW-601, a humanized anti-human MOSDP2 monoclonal antibody, on primary human monocytes increased adhesion to ECM molecules as well as to adhesion molecules. At the molecular level, silencing of MOSPD2 or blocking MOSPD2 using IW-601 led to a transition in integrin αLβ2 (CD11a/CD18, LFA-1) conformation into an active high-affinity binding form and to the induction of adhesion-associated signaling pathways. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that MOSPD2 binds integrin-β2 (CD18), but not integrin-β1 (CD29). Our results reveal a novel mechanism controlling monocyte migration, in which MOSPD2 acts as an adhesion checkpoint that governs the balance between monocyte adhesion and release. By demonstrating the inhibitory effect of IW-601 on the migration of primary monocytes isolated from patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, we provide proof of concept for translating MOSPD2's mechanism into a potential treatment for inflammatory diseases, further supported by in vivo data in models of RA and IBD.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"78"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12045827/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of immunological and inflammatory gene response in Indian cohort of COVID- 19 patients by NanoString technology.","authors":"Sudarson Sundarrajan, K N Sridhar, Manju Moorthy, Gopalakrishna Ramaswamy","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09626-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09626-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>COVID- 19, which has affected millions of people across the globe as a pandemic, is caused by the SARS-Cov- 2 virus which has a case fatality rate of 2.3%. The clinical outcome of those who had mild and severe infection exhibited different responses for the treatment due to differences in the host immune system. Predicting immune response with reliable biomarkers to monitor the severity and also identifying potential biomarkers that could help the clinician in decision-making would be important and also beneficial for the management of COVID- 19 in the hospital setup. In our study, we have used the NanoString nCounter gene expression assay to investigate the molecular signalling of host to COVID- 19 infection. The nCounter gene expression assay identified 29 genes that were differentially regulated and specific to COVID- 19 infection; out of which, 9 genes (ICAM3, PTAFR, CEACAM6, GBP1, C7, STAT1, CEACAM8, IL16, HLA-DPB1) exhibited strong predictive performance to differentiate COVID- 19 infection from healthy controls (AUC ≥ 0.9). We also observed that three genes (MAP4 K1, CTLA4, and HLA-DQB1) were able to differentiate COVID- 19 from patients with flu-like symptoms. A group of 11 genes (C2, CD14, CDKN1 A, CMKLR1, CYBB, HLA-A, IFNA2, LAG3, MARCO, TLR7, and IL15) showed a dysregulation trend with onset of COVID- 19 infection and settled to normal levels by day 14 as patient recovered. The outcome of our study may help in understanding the host immune response towards COVID- 19 infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"77"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of artificial intelligence in advancing immunology.","authors":"Hamad H Alanazi","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09632-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09632-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various biomedical fields, particularly immunology, by enhancing vaccine development, immunotherapies, and allergy treatments. AI helps identify potential vaccine candidates and predict how the body reacts to different antigens based on a vast number of genomic sequences and protein structures. AI can help cancer patients by analyzing their data and offering personalized immunotherapies. AI has also advanced the field of allergy by identifying potential allergens and predicting allergic reactions based on patient genetic and environmental factors. AI could also help diagnose multiple immunological diseases, including autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiencies, by analyzing patient history and laboratory results. AI has deepened our understanding of the human genome by providing numerous amounts of data from DNA sequences previously believed to be nonfunctional. Through machine learning and deep learning, many laborious research tasks, such as screening for DNA mutations, can be efficiently performed in a short amount of time. AI and machine learning are significantly advancing biomedical science in significant areas, including research and industry. This review discusses the latest AI-based tools that can be utilized in the field of immunology. AI tools significantly advance the field of medical research and healthcare by enabling new scientific discoveries and facilitating rapid clinical diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"76"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143965607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of anti-CD20 on inflammation and histopathological alternations in rat photothrombotic ischemic stroke model.","authors":"Leila Hosseini, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Nasrin Abolhasanpour, Maryam Hosseini, Aref Delkhosh, Sanam Dolati, Amir Mehdizadeh, Seyed Zanyar Athari, Reza Rikhtegar, Hossein Alikhaniha, Fatemeh Babaei, Mohammad Bagher Pirouzpanah, Mehdi Yousefi","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09630-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09630-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ischemic stroke (IS) has remained the main cause of mortality and neurological disabilities worldwide. Anti-CD20 treatments have a potent anti-inflammatory effect. Here, we investigated the effect of anti-CD20 on IS-induced inflammation and histopathologic changes in the rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control, sham, and stroke. Rats in the stroke groups underwent photothrombosis-induced IS in the sensorimotor cortex area. They were divided into the following subgroups: treated with anti-CD20 after ischemia and killed after 5 and/or 10 days of IS. Histological changes were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. mRNA levels of inflammation markers (VIM, ANXA3, SLC22 A4, and ADM), and also levels of transcription factors for Th1, Th2, and Th17 subsets (Tbet, GATA3, and ROR-γ, respectively), and also Foxp3 were detected in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells by quantitative real-time PCR. The levels of ADM and SLC22 A4 increased following IS on the 5th and 10th days, while treatment with anti-CD20 reversed their levels. Anti-CD20 therapy attenuated inflammation through down-regulation of VIM and ANXA3 after 10 days. This therapeutic effect was mainly mediated by the downregulation of Th1-Th17-driven inflammatory responses (Tbet and RORγt) and the upregulation of Th2 activities (GATA- 3). In addition, anti-CD20 increased the expression of Foxp3. Anti-CD20 treatment can also reduce brain tissue damage after 10 days. Our data showed that inflammation and histopathological alterations are associated with the photothrombotic model of IS, while treatment with anti-CD20 could reduce inflammation and alleviate histopathological changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"75"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144006859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The urease E subunit vaccine stimulate the immune response versus Helicobacter pylori in animal model.","authors":"Maedeh Nikzad-Chaleshtori, Mohsen Asgari, Golnoosh Rezaeizadeh, Faranak Aali, Abbas Doosti","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09625-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09625-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a strong association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and the occurrence of gastritis and gastric mucosal lymphoma in the human population. Vaccination is a viable preventive measure in light of the escalating issue of antibiotic resistance. The use of DNA vaccines presents a potentially effective approach. This study used the utilization of antigenic H. pylori urease E subunit (UreE) for the development of a DNA vaccine. The UreE gene was chemically cloned into pIRES2-DsRed-Express (pDNA), and PCR and restriction enzyme digestion verified the cloning. The immunogenicity and immune-protective efficacy of the vaccination were assessed in BALB/c mice. In contrast, blood samples from BALB/c mice inoculated with pDNA-UreE showed higher levels of IgG, IFN-γ, IL- 4, and IL- 17. Furthermore, stomach damage and bacterial loads were reduced, and BALB/c mice inoculated with pDNA-UreE exhibited a significant protection rate (87.5%) against the H. pylori challenge. pDNA-UreE generated a combination of Th1-Th2-Th17 immune responses, perhaps contributing to adequate protection. Based on our findings, using this DNA immunization as a preventive measure against H. pylori infection is a viable approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"74"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144014778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunomodulatory effects of alexidine dihydrochloride on mammalian macrophages through the modulation of the JNK pathway.","authors":"Begüm Rana Atalay, Ömer Mete Başkan, Semanur Ercan, Ece Aydın, Furkan Ayaz, Esra Aydemir","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09631-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09631-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A plethora of the cancer drugs with high therapeutic potential cannot pass the clinical trials because of their immunotoxic activities. In this study, we tested the immunomodulatory and immunostimulatory effects of the anticancer agent alexidine dihydrochloride on J774.2 macrophage cell lines in vitro. The production levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, GM-CSF, IL-12p40) were measured and compared by ELISA method. The activated (phosphorylated) JNK protein levels were measured by flow cytometer and the possible related intracellular signaling pathway was examined in this way. According to our results, alexidine dihydrochloride has an anti-inflammatory effect on the LPS-stimulated macrophage cell lines, as evidenced by reduced cytokine production compared to controls. Furthermore, its intracellular mechanism of action was found to be mediated partially through JNK signaling pathways. These findings suggest that alexidine dihydrochloride, while being an effective anticancer agent, may also modulate immune responses by dampening excessive inflammation. In this study, determining the anti-inflammatory effect of alexidine dihydrochloride on the immune system will seriously shed light on the role of this anticancer agent in future clinical studies and will provide a serious basis. In summary, the effects of the most drug-active ingredients on the inflammatory response in immune system cells have not been fully tested, and this creates the problem of many drugs failing in clinical studies or lack of knowledge on their side effects. Our study aimed to determine the effect of alexidine dihydrochloride, used as an anticancer agent, on the inflammatory response in J774.2 macrophage cell lines. Future studies with more immune system cells and a wider analysis of the intracellular signaling pathways will be informative about the immunotoxicity of the drug molecule. Future research involving a broader range of immune cell types and a more comprehensive analysis of intracellular signaling pathways will help clarify the immunotoxicity profile of this anticancer agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"73"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143994519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baicalin restores innate lymphoid immune imbalance during exacerbation of COPD.","authors":"Xuemei Liu, Ai Luo, Mei Yang, Jian Luo, Huifang Li, Xiaoting Chen, Bing Mao, Hongli Jiang, Wei Liu","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09629-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09629-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by immune dysregulation, including altered innate lymphoid cell (ILC) immune responses, particularly during exacerbations (ECOPD). Baicalin, a natural compound prevalent in various herbal medicines, has shown promise as a therapeutic candidate in ECOPD. However, its potential and molecular mechanism for addressing ILC immune imbalance during ECOPD remain poorly understood. First, this study conducted a cross-sectional analysis of ILC immune responses in stable COPD patients and those experiencing exacerbations. Then, clinical findings of skewed ILC immunity were validated in cigarette smoke and lipopolysaccharide-induced ECOPD mouse models. Lastly, the therapeutic effect of baicalin on restoring ILC immune homeostasis was investigated in experimental ECOPD mouse models. Significant downregulation of ILC2 immunity was observed during COPD exacerbations, accompanied by increased ILC1 and ILC3 responses, particularly in cases associated with bacterial infections. Notably, elevated IL-22 levels were observed in this group. Administration of recombinant IL-22 in ECOPD mouse models disrupted lung ILC homeostasis, specifically inhibiting the accumulation of ILC2. Proteomics and transcriptomics analyses suggested IL-22 as a mediator of type 2 immune suppression by creating a molecular environment that favors type 1 and type 3 immunity. Treatment with baicalin effectively restored ILC2 immunity by enhancing the recruitment and activation of lung ILC2 while suppressing ILC1 and ILC3 responses. Importantly, baicalin attenuated IL-22 production from lung ILC3, highlighting its potential as an IL-22 inhibitor. Baicalin demonstrates potential as a therapeutic strategy for addressing ILC immune imbalance in COPD exacerbations, particularly by restoring ILC2 immunity and partially inhibiting IL-22 production. Clinical registration The cross-sectional study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100050683).</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"71"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12000166/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143998542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A patient with RFX5 variant causing an expression defect in both HLA ABC and HLA DR.","authors":"Serdar Goktas, Gamze Sonmez, Ali Şahin, Nadira Nabiyeva Çevik, Canan Caka, Ismail Yaz, Saliha Esenboga, Deniz Cagdas","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09627-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09627-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encompasses a group of genes critical for immune system regulation. In humans, these molecules are referred to as human leukocyte antigens (HLA) due to their initial discovery in human leukocytes. Class I molecules present antigens to CD8 + T cells, while Class II molecules present to CD4 + T cells. Here we report a patient who had a background of parental consanguinity and a family history suggestive of immunodeficiency. He presented with clinical symptoms including fever, septic arthritis, recurrent moniliasis. Preliminary diagnostic tests revealed hypogammaglobulinemia and CD4 lymphopenia. Further immunological assessment indicated extremely low expression levels of HLA molecules: HLA ABC at 5% and HLA DR at 0%. Genetic analysis showed a mutation in the regulatory factor X5 (RFX5) gene, leading to a combined immunodeficiency diagnosis. Consequently, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was planned. Regulatory factor X5plays a pivotal role in immune function by transactivating genes critical for the expression of MHC Class I and Class II molecules, as well as beta- 2-microglobulin (B2M). MHC Class I transcription is controlled indirectly by RFX5, and the RFX5 gene mutation in the patient likely caused the markedly reduced expression of HLA ABC in addition to HLA DR. Combined HLA-ABC and HLA-DR expression analyses via flow cytometry may serve as a valuable diagnostic tool for identifying RFX5-related immunodeficiency at an early stage, facilitating timely genetic testing and appropriate clinical management.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"72"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of artificial intelligence applications and commercial system performances using selected ANA IIF images.","authors":"Mehmet Akif Durmuş, Selda Kömeç","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09623-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09623-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate and accessible classification of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) through indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) imaging is crucial for diagnosing autoimmune diseases. However, many laboratories, particularly those with limited resources, lack access to expensive commercial systems for automated analysis. This study evaluates the performance of an application developed by expert physicians using an artificial intelligence application (Microsoft Azure) to classify ANA IIF images. The results are compared with EuroPattern to assess the potential of AI in assisting laboratory experts, especially in resource-limited settings. A total of 648 ANA IIF images from the EuroPattern archive were used to train an AI model across nine classes with varying fluorescence intensities (+ to + + + +). Testing was conducted with 96 images, ensuring clarity by excluding mixed patterns. Microsoft Azure's Custom Vision service was employed for labeling and prediction. Expert evaluations, EuroPattern results, and AI classifications were compared. Both EuroPattern and the Azure-based AI model achieved 100% sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in positive and negative discrimination. EuroPattern had an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.979, and the Azure-based AI model had an ICC of 0.948, indicating slightly lower performance. EuroPattern outperformed the Azure-based AI model in recognizing homogeneous, speckled, centromere, and dense fine-speckled patterns. The Azure-based AI model performed better in identifying cytoplasmic reticular/AMA-like patterns. The results suggest that AI-based image analysis tools, such as Azure, can be valuable for diagnostics in resource-limited labs. However, further testing with larger datasets and routine patient samples is needed to confirm their effectiveness in real-world clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"70"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of basophils and type 2 inflammation in bullous pemphigoid pathophysiology: a comparative study of blood and blister fluid.","authors":"Bintao Su, Quanhong Zhang, Xianyong Hu, Bo Xie, Chao Chen, Yan Zhao, Zhi Liu, Ling Ma, Jinbo Chen","doi":"10.1007/s12026-025-09617-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-025-09617-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by blister formation and inflammatory cell infiltration. In addition to eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration, there are many other inflammatory cells and factors involved in the pathophysiology of BP. Elucidating the inflammation environment will help to the diagnosis and treatment of BP. We used flow cytometry and wright-stained smears to analyze immune cells, and cytometric bead array methods were used to analyze immune factors in matched blood and blister fluid. Besides abundant eosinophil and neutrophil accumulation, distinct basophil infiltration was detected in blister fluid of patients with BP. We also found significant CD4⁺ T lymphocyte activation and increased type 2 cytokine secretion in BP blister fluid. Under no stimulation, basophils produce more IL-4 compared to CD4⁺ T lymphocytes in BP blister fluid. Basophils might play a more important role in BP than we early thought. Along with other inflammatory cells and factors, basophils, demonstrated as one of the main producers of IL-4, orchestrate the type 2 inflammation environment in BP.</p>","PeriodicalId":13389,"journal":{"name":"Immunologic Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"68"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143811267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}