Immunological Investigations最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the Immunoadjuvant Effects of miR-155-Chitosan Polyplex on <i>Leishmania major</i> Infected Mice.","authors":"Azam Pourabbasi Ardekan, Ali Haghighi, Samira Mohammadi-Yeganeh, Fatemeh Ghorbani-Bidkorpeh, Sarvenaz Kashefi, Ameneh Koochaki, Sara Movahedi, Yasamin Rahmani, Ali Najafi Dastenaei, Mostafa Haji Molla Hoseini","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2430695","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2430695","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>MicroRNAs have gained attention as key immunomodulators, with miR-155 specifically shown in various studies to drive macrophage polarization toward the classical phenotype. This polarization is crucial, as classical macrophages play a well-recognized role in differentiating type-1 immune responses and resisting <i>Leishmania</i> infection.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study aims to evaluate the anti-leishmanial immunoadjuvant effects of the miR-155 chitosan polyplex (miR-155 CP).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The anti-leishmanial immunoadjuvant activity of miR-155 CP synthesized by the coacervation method was assessed against <i>L. major</i> (MRHO/IR/75/ER) by analyzing the infectivity rate on RAW 264.7 cells in vitro.MiR-155 CP as an adjuvant co-administrated with soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA) for immunization of BALB/c mice, then the challenge was performed by subcutaneous injection of 1 × 10⁶ <i>L. major</i> promastigotes. Eight weeks following the challenge, lesion size, parasite load, cytokine assay, and nitric oxide production were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The nanoparticles were produced with a size of 233.87 ± 8 nm and a zeta potential of + 22.6 ± 2 mV with good transfection efficiency. The mean infection index among pretreated cells with miR-155 CP (72±1.1) decreased significantly compared to the control group (420 ± 2.8). The parasite burden and the size of the lesions were significantly reduced in the immunized infected mice. Vaccination by miR-155 CP/SLA triggered the production of IFN-γ and NO and changed the cytokine profile of antigen-specific cells.Conclusion:The effectiveness of the SLA vaccine can be enhanced by including miR-155 CP as an adjuvant. SLA and miR-155 CP co-administration improve the type-1 immune response. This enhanced immune response helps prevent severe leishmaniasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"217-233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142681800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BMSCs Downregulate CXCL12 by Secreting Exosomal miR-20a-5p to Promote Macrophage M2 Polarization and Alleviate the Development of Sepsis.","authors":"Liming Cheng, Bo Feng, Chao Xie, Chunyan Chen, Linghui Guo","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2434049","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2434049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Sepsis is a syndrome of the systemic inflammatory response caused by infection that can endanger a patient's life. The aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism by which bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (BMSCs-exo) carrying miR-20a-5p regulate the progression of sepsis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Clinical samples from sepsis patients were collected. Mouse and cell models of sepsis were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The levels of related genes and proteins were determined by RT‒qPCR, Western blotting and ELISA. CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays were used to assess cell viability, apoptosis, and markers of macrophage polarization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In septic patients, miR-20a-5p levels were significantly lower and CXCL12 expression was significantly increased. After LPS induction, M2 polarization of macrophages was significantly reduced, the level of inflammatory factors was increased, and apoptosis was increased. The addition of BMSCs-exo increased the miR-20a-5p level and decreased the expression of CXCL12 in macrophages, thereby promoting macrophage M2 polarization and reducing the levels of inflammatory factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrated for the first time that BMSCs-exo promoted the polarization of M2 macrophages through the miR-20a-5p/CXCL12 axis, thus alleviating the development of sepsis. These findings provide a new theoretical basis for the targeted treatment of sepsis with exosomes or miR-20a-5p.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"250-270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142768637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combination Effect of Radiotherapy and Targeted Therapy with NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy in head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.","authors":"Woo-Chang Son, Hong-Rae Lee, Eun-Kyoung Koh, Ga-Young Park, Hyun Bon Kang, JinHoo Song, Soo-Yeon Ahn, You-Soo Park","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2428199","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2428199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a poor prognosis, and current treatments are limited by high toxicity and low survival rates, highlighting the need for new therapeutic approaches. Natural killer (NK) cells can identify and eliminate cancer cells without prior antigen exposure. Radiotherapy directly targets tumors and increases activating ligands on tumor cells, promoting NK cell interactions. Cetuximab, an EGFR-targeting antibody, enhances NK cell cytotoxicity. Additionally, anti-PD-1 antibodies may further boost NK cell function by blocking inhibitory signals. The study aimed to enhance HNSCC treatment efficacy by combining radiotherapy and targeted therapy with expanded NK cells.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>NK cells were isolated, activated, and expanded from healthy donors. The FaDu and SCC-47 cell lines were inoculated into NOD/SCID mice. The mice were treated with PD-1 inhibitors, cetuximab, and radiation, followed by intravenous injection of NK cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Radiation increased ligands that regulate NK cell sensitivity. The combination of cetuximab, radiotherapy, and expanded NK cells significantly suppressed cancer progression and improved survival rates. However, adding anti-PD-1 antibodies did not further enhance outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study suggests that a multimodal approach combining cetuximab, radiotherapy, and NK cells can significantly improve HNSCC therapy efficacy, offering a novel and promising treatment strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"185-201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142667742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Genetic and Cellular Analysis Reveals NLRP1 Activation in CD4+ T Lymphocytes During Chronic HIV Infection.","authors":"Vinicius Nunes Cordeiro Leal, Mariela Estefany Gislane Vera Roa, Julia Silva Cantoni, Edione Cristina Dos Reis, Amanda Nazareth Lara, Alessandra Pontillo","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2419940","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2419940","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Most of the investigations related to inflammasome activation during HIV infection have focused on the receptor NLRP3 and innate immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages. However, during the past years, inflammasome activation has also been explored in lymphocytes, and novel sensors, other than the NLRP3, have been shown to play a role in the biology of these cells. Here, we hypothesized that NLRP1 may be involved in CD4+ T cell dysregulation in people living with HIV (PLWH), therefore contributing to chronic inflammation and to the pathogenesis of non-HIV-associated diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The activation of NLRP1 in CD4+ T cells was assessed <i>ex-vivo</i> and <i>in-vitro</i> by the meaning of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 and Talabostat/Val-boroPro (VbP) response.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results showed that the NLRP1 inflammasome was activated in PLWH CD4+ T cells, and that the stimulation of CD4+ T cells resulted in increased response to anti-CD3/anti-CD28 and VbP. Functional variants in NLRP1 significantly affected the level of inflammatory dysregulation of CD4+ T cells, therefore explaining at least in part the association with CD4+ T-mediated diseases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PLWH CD4+ T cells are more prone to IL-1β release and pyroptosis, therefore contributing to chronic inflammation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"147-166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum-Derived Exosomal TBX2-AS1 Exacerbates COPD by Altering the M1/M2 Ratio of Macrophages through Regulating the miR-423-5p/miR-23b-3p Axis.","authors":"JinHai Wang, Qing Luo, TiJun Gu, FenQin An, YunZheng Zhou, YePing Min, RuiRen Zhang, YiMing Jiang","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2434692","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2434692","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the mechanism of serum exosomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), especially the effect of lncRNA TBX2-AS1 on macrophage polarization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Screen differentially expressed genes through bioinformatics analysis, detect the expression of related molecules in clinical samples and cell experiments, construct a mouse model and conduct functional rescue experiments, using various experimental techniques such as RT - qPCR, Western Blot, flow cytometry, ELISA, and luciferase reporter assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TBX2-AS1 is highly expressed in the serum and serum exosomes of COPD patients, and it can promote macrophage M1 polarization and inhibit M2 polarization; it exerts its role by negatively regulating the miR-423-5p/miR-23b - 3p axis, where miR-423-5p inhibits CELSR2 expression to prevent M1 polarization, and miR-23b-3p inhibits NEK6 expression to promote M2 polarization; <i>in vivo</i> experiments, down-regulation of CELSR2/NEK6 can reverse the promoting effect of COPD serum exosomes on lung injury and inflammation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>COPD serum exosomes deliver TBX2-AS1 to macrophages, regulate the miR-423-5p-CELSR2/miR-23b-3p-NEK6 pathway, affect macrophage polarization, and exacerbate the progression of COPD, providing new directions and potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of COPD.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"271-295"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142716281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Superloaded Multiplexed scRNA-seq Data Preserves Primary Immune Cell Heterogeneity but Necessitates Stringent Doublet Removal.","authors":"Henry Sserwadda, Jung Ho Lee, Brian H Lee, Sunyoung Jung, Yoon Ji Bang, Beom Keun Cho, Hyo Jeong Nam, So-Jung Choi, Jeong-Ryeol Gong, Hyun Seung Choi, Chong Wook Jung, Hyeyeon Chung, Hyunsung Nam, Eung Re Kim, Hyun Je Kim, Chung-Gyu Park, Yong-Hee Kim","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2025.2457039","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2025.2457039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has improved our ability to characterize rare cell populations. In practice, cells from different tissues or donors are simultaneously loaded onto the instrument (multiplexed) at the recommended (standard loading) or higher (superloading) numbers to save time and money. Although cost-effective, superloading can stymie computational analyses owing to high multiplet rates and sample complexity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We compared the effects of superloading on multiplexed single-cell gene expression and T cell receptor (TCR) data generated from human thymus and blood samples from different donors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Minimal transcriptomic differences were observed between the data generated by either standard or superloading. Irrespective of the loading cell number, we found that over 50% of the T cells expressing multiple TCR chains were doublets.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Multiple samples can be run simultaneously without compromising data quality and subsequent analyses. However, an additional doublet removal step based on TCR configuration may improve the accuracy of T cell analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143065426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of the Monoclonal Autoantibody and Its Target Protein Derived from the Peripheral Blood of SLE Patients in Serological Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of SLE.","authors":"Keting Jin, Yalun Chen, Yuyang Ye, Qiang Ke, Jinhui Hong, Kaibo Zhang, Leping Wang, Jialu Ye, Jiawen Dong, Yongchao Xu, Jiali Shan, Wenshan Zhao, Yi Zhang, Jing Wu","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2025.2449961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08820139.2025.2449961","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder with limited reliable diagnostic biomarkers. This study evaluates the utility of DEAD-box helicase 5 (DDX5) as a diagnostic and differential marker for SLE and assesses the performance of a capture bead-based flow cytometry (CBFCM) method for detecting serum proteins.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Serum samples were collected from 52 patients with SLE, 38 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 49 patients with lung cancer (LC), and 50 healthy controls (HCs). Levels of DDX5, anti-DDX5, anti-dsDNA, and anti-Sm were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and CBFCM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum DDX5 levels were significantly elevated in patients with SLE compared to patients with RA and HCs, correlating with the SLE activity. DDX5 demonstrated strong discriminatory power between SLE and RA. Combining DDX5, anti-dsDNA, and anti-Sm as biomarkers yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.976 for SLE diagnosis. Decision curve analysis indicated a high clinical benefit from the combined biomarkers. The sensitivity and specificity of DDX5 were 66.11% and 88.89% for ELISA, and 72% and 91.3% for CBFCM.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>DDX5 shows promise as a novel serological biomarker for SLE diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Additionally, CBFCM outperforms ELISA in detecting soluble serum proteins.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143004836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Tumor Immunity and Immunotherapy of Digestive System Tumors.","authors":"Min Cheng, Jie Liu, Yue Liang, Jiamei Xu, Lin Ma, Jing Liang","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2024.2447780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08820139.2024.2447780","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells possess unique abilities to migrate, establish themselves in tissues, and monitor peripheral tissues without circulating. They are crucial in providing long-lasting and local immune protection against surface infections. TRMs demonstrate distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics compared to central memory T (Tcm) cells and effector memory T (Tem) cells.<b>Methods:</b> We reviewed a large number of literature to explore the physiological and functional roles of tissue-resident memory T cells, as well as the link between TRM cells and the development and prognosis of digestive tract tumors. We also investigated the association between TRM cells, intestinal flora, and metabolites.<b>Results:</b> Recent studies have implicated TRMs in the immune response against tumors, making them a potential target for cancer therapy. However, research specifically focused on gastrointestinal tumors is limited.<b>Conclusion:</b> This review aims to compile and assess the most recent data on the role of TRM cells in gastrointestinal tumor immunity. Additionally, it explores recent advancements in immunotherapy and investigates how TRMs may influence intestinal flora and metabolites.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143004846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MiR-519d-3p from Placenta-Derived Exosomes Induce Immune Intolerance Regulating Immune Cells, Contributing to the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia.","authors":"Si-Qi Cao, Tu-Xiang Jiang, Ying-Ying Guo, Rong Lin, Liang Lin","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2025.2450234","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08820139.2025.2450234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>MiR-519d-3p, also called specific placenta biomarkers, is a member of the Chromosome 19 miRNA Cluster (C19MC) with the highest concentrations of miRNAs in human placenta and maternal serum. These miRNAs are secreted by fetal trophoblast cells within extracellular vesicles (EVs) and interact with the mother's immune cells, which has been proposed to be crucial for immunological tolerance at the placental-maternal interface. A key mechanism in preeclampsia, a multifactorial, multipath hypertensive pregnancy illness, is an immunological imbalance between the mother and the fetus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using Next Generation Sequencing, we determined that the placenta-derived Exosomes (pEXOs) of preeclamptic patients had elevated expression of miR-519. To further develop an in vitro model of trophoblast-immune cell communication, HTR-8/Svneo cells and Jurkat T cells were employed and we utilized experiments such as Western blot (WB), Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR), Cell-Counting-Kit-8 (CCK-8) cell proliferation analysis, cell apoptosis analysis, and other techniques to accomplish research.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was discovered that miR-519d-3p in pEXOs promoted Jurkat T cell proliferation, inhibited apoptosis, and induced Jurkat T cell differentiation toward Th17.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MiR-519d-3p in pEXOs disrupts immune tolerance at the maternal-placental interface by encouraging Jurkat T cell proliferation, preventing Jurkat T cell apoptosis, and creating an imbalance in Th17/Treg differentiation. This likely leads to SIRS and unfavorable pregnancy complications like preeclampsia.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143004843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Hirsutella sinensis</i> Fungus Promotes CD8⁺ T Cell-Mediated Anti-Tumor Immunity by Affecting Tumor-Associated Macrophages-Derived CCRL2.","authors":"Kaixiang Zhao, Yan Ma, Jing Luo, Yanhui Xu, Qiyang Shou, Hao Jiang, Xinhai Zhu","doi":"10.1080/08820139.2025.2450246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08820139.2025.2450246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Hirsutella sinensis</i> fungus (HSF)is an artificial substitute for <i>Cordyceps sinensis</i> and has shown promising therapeutic effects in various diseases including cancer. Previous studies have demonstrated that HSF can affect macrophage polarization and activate systemic immune response. In our preliminary experiments, we validated that HSF inhibited the proliferation of lung cancer (LC) cells, but the underlying mechanism is elusive. We intended to explore the mechanism of HSF in promoting anti-tumor immunity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong><i>In vivo</i> experiments were performed to confirm inhibitory effect of HSF on LC growth, and sequencing results revealed abnormal expression of CCRL2. Knockdown and overexpression of CCRL2 were conducted to investigate its effect on macrophage polarization, and co-culture with T cells was to assay the impact of HSF+CCRL2 on CD8⁺ T cell activation by flow cytometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overexpression of CCRL2 promoted macrophage polarization toward M1 and activated the proliferation and effector function of CD8⁺ T cells. HSF promoted CCRL2 expression and affected M1 polarization via CCRL2, which in turn affected CD8⁺ T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our study demonstrated that HSF promoted macrophage M1 polarization and activated CD8⁺ T cells via CCRL2, thereby inhibiting the progression of LC.</p>","PeriodicalId":13387,"journal":{"name":"Immunological Investigations","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143004835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}