IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement最新文献

{"title":"Ripe Stage Detection and Optimal Ripe Hours Prediction of a Banana Using Modified Fractional Order Colpitts Oscillator","authors":"Agniv Tapadar;Dibakar Roy;Avhishek Adhikary","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565248","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate assessment of ripe-stages and reliable prediction of ripe hours of banana will ensure efficient supply chain management, extended shelf-lives, reduction of food waste, and optimal nutrients to the consumers. Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is an accurate and intrinsic method to track banana ripeness but not suitable for a commercial portable meter. This work presents a compact and reliable solution to this challenge by designing a modified fractional-order Colpitts oscillator (FOCO) as a novel electronic sensor to ripeness detection. When a banana sample is connected to the proposed circuit its frequency output indicates the ripe stage of the banana: “Green,” “Ripe,” “Overripe,” and “Decay.” In addition to that, the proposed sensor includes another novel feature; it uses a time-series model to predict “hours to Ripe” and “hours to Overripe” for a banana in Green stage, from the same FOCO output. The model is trained with 540 banana sample data and validated with 180 test data. The work reports 94.4% <inline-formula> <tex-math>${F}1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> score in ripe stage identification and 82.5% <inline-formula> <tex-math>${F}1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> score in the ripe hour prediction.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Horizontal Local-Squeezing Frequency-Domain Chirplet Transform","authors":"Dezun Zhao;Shuaicong Du;Tianyang Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565239","url":null,"abstract":"Calculating the group delay (GD) and reassigning amplitude coefficients for transient signals are crucial in time-frequency analysis (TFA) theory. The definition-based GD calculation brings the nonreassigned points problem, and the synchrosqueezing transform (SST) is susceptible to noise interference due to the uncertainty of the squeezing boundary. Therefore, a novel TFA method termed horizontal local-squeezing frequency-domain chirplet transform (HLSFCT) is developed. In the HLSFCT, a GD estimation criterion (GDEC) is first designed on the basis of the geometrical characteristic of the chirplet transform (CT) window function and its derivative, which solves the problem of nonreassigned points. Then, a squeezing boundary calculation algorithm (SBCA) is constructed to eliminate noise interference, and it is implemented by the local maximum location of the absolute value of the first-order derivative of the CT window function and the local minimum location of the absolute value of its second-order derivative. Finally, a frequency-domain local-squeezing operator (FLSO) is designed to adaptively obtain time-frequency coefficients on the GD trajectory based on a GDEC and boundary conditions. The effectiveness of the HLSFCT in energy concentration and noise robustness is verified against the state-of-the-art results on a simulated multicomponent transient signal and two different bearing fault signals.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Real-Time Edge Inference Method for Insulator Contamination Detection With YOLOv11-ssL","authors":"Lijun Jin;Wendi Ding;Shijia Han;Jinyu Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565254","url":null,"abstract":"Insulators are a critical component of power transmission and distribution lines, requiring extensive in-service deployment. The accumulation of dust, bird droppings, rain, and snow leads to contaminated insulators, which can cause contamination flashovers, resulting in faults. Currently, manual contact-based detection of insulator contamination is costly and hazardous. In noncontact detection, image-based methods have developed rapidly, but the large data volume makes cloud transmission bandwidth-intensive and may result in high latency, which hinders real-time detection. This article aims to ensure the accuracy of contamination detection while reducing model complexity and parameter count, enabling low-cost real-time contamination inference on edge devices. The existing segmentation variant of YOLOv11 (YOLOv11n-seg) can already meet the accuracy requirements for insulator segmentation; therefore, this article proposes a lightweight variant of YOLOv11 (YOLOv11-ssL) network to reduce the model size. First, to accurately capture insulator features, this article designs a novel C3k2-star structure to enhance the information representation capability. Second, a lightweight shared convolutional separated batch normalization detection (LSCSBD) head structure is proposed to reduce the model size. Finally, layer-adaptive magnitude-based pruning (LAMP) is applied to YOLOv11-ssL to prune weights, significantly reducing the model size and computational workload. After segmenting the insulator, this article introduces the differential evolution and mutual information enhanced minimum redundancy maximum relevance algorithm (DEMIC-mRMR) algorithm to select the color features most correlated with the insulator contamination level; furthermore, Gaussian process regression (GPR), a nonparametric regression model, is used to predict the insulator contamination level effectively. Experimental results showed that YOLOv11-ssL reduces the computational load and the number of parameters by 44.1% and 82.8%, respectively, while maintaining a mean average precision (mAP) without substantial decrease, and achieves an inference frame rate of 1144.5. Meanwhile, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$R^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of insulator contamination detection reached 0.8674, satisfying the requirements for real-time and accurate contamination detection on edge inspection devices.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-Driven Hydrodynamic Force Estimation of Clapping Propulsion With Distributed Sensing","authors":"Jinxin Zeng;Yixin Yang;He Shen","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565344","url":null,"abstract":"Sea lions use unique clapping propulsion for highly efficient and exceptional agile motion. A deep understanding of how hydrodynamic forces were generated over their foreflippers is the key to revealing the working mechanism of clapping propulsion. However, there have not been any effective and efficient methods to measure the complex interactions between solid flippers and the surrounding fluid. This article proposes a data-driven hydrodynamic force estimation method using measurement from sparsely distributed pressure sensors. This method can quickly and accurately predict hydrodynamic forces without requiring the complex computation of coupled fluid-solid interactions. First, a four-channeled data structure, consisting of the pressure measurement and position/orientation of individual sensors, is created to model the state of a biomimetic flipper. Second, five data-driven convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with different structures are designed to model the relationship between the propulsion force and pressured measurements from the sparsely distributed sensors. Finally, simulations are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed hydrodynamic force estimation method. The results show that a small number of sensors can estimate propulsion force with good accuracy and speed. The prediction performances of five neural networks with different architectures are compared. Increasing the depth of the model is conducive to improving the prediction accuracy, but continuing to increase the depth will produce overfitting. Inception’s strategy of using multisized convolution kernels outperforms others, providing a higher accuracy while requiring a lighter network architecture.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Impedance Standards Based on Series-Connected Metal-Foil Resistors","authors":"Jürgen Schurr;Martin Götz","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565045","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we present novel impedance standards at a nominal value of 12.9 k<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> based on a series connection of four commercial, metallically encapsulated metal-foil resistors. Single metal-foil resistors have advantages that make them suitable for many applications, including as an impedance standard at kHz frequencies. Nevertheless, metrologists are seeking to achieve even better standards. Selecting single resistors whose deviation from the nominal dc resistance value and whose temperature dependence has opposite signs allows a reduction of these properties at the series-connected resistor. In addition, connecting four resistors in series reduces the dissipative parallel capacitance by a factor of four. To avoid limitation due to the capacitances between each metal foil and its metal encapsulation, voltage is supplied to the encapsulations in such a way that their capacitance contribution is not only greatly reduced but also that their residual capacitance cancels the residual parallel capacitance (at least partially). This reduces the total capacitance to a few tens of femtofarads and the corresponding frequency dependence to the range of (20 to 37) <inline-formula> <tex-math>$times 10^{-9}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> kHz−1. These properties are not accurately calculable but can be modeled with a remarkably low uncertainty by electrical quantities measured at each single resistor. As such, the series-connected metal-foil resistors represent excellent standards of impedance and time constant.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FeatDAE: Introducing Features With Denoising Autoencoder for Anomaly Detection","authors":"Zheyuan Zhou;Jichun Wang;Zian Yu;Zili Wang;Xiaojian Liu;Lemiao Qiu;Shuyou Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565336","url":null,"abstract":"Anomaly detection (AD) is a critical task in manufacturing inspection. Reconstructive AD methods restore the normal appearance of an object, ideally modifying only the anomalous regions. However, previously commonly used reconstruction-based architecture always struggles with overgeneralization and overfitting problems, leading to poor reconstruction performance on real defective samples. In this study, we propose a more general denoising autoencoder, by introducing a feature hierarchy design to address these challenges in unsupervised AD. In particular, we operate feature transformation in the latent space to cope with the robustness of unseen anomalies in reality. Furthermore, the method enhances the discriminative capability of the model by focusing on multiple knowledge, including pixel color, histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) feature, and deep features. Additionally, a feature alignment module is proposed to manage the varied sizes and morphologies of features. Experiments conducted on both the MVTec AD dataset and the VisA dataset demonstrate that our FeatDAE significantly outperforms existing methods, achieving state-of-the-art results with high efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144206065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epicyclic Gear Fault Diagnosis Based on Fault Characteristic Energy Extracting From Stator Current in Closed-Loop Control System","authors":"Zhiyuan Wang;Juntao Wang;Dayong Zheng;Pinjia Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565341","url":null,"abstract":"Fault diagnosis of epicyclic gears is critical for mitigating safety risks and minimizing economic losses in industrial applications. Among various diagnostic techniques, motor current signature analysis (MCSAs) stands out as a noninvasive, torque-based method for detecting gear faults through electromagnetic signals. However, there is a lack of research on the impact of motor control on fault diagnosis, resulting in relatively low accuracy in fault diagnosis and localization. This study proposes a computational method to extract gear fault characteristic energy from stator currents. By exploiting the properties of closed-loop control systems, the gear fault characteristic energy is calculated using the gear fault characteristic frequency and the properties of a window function. Fault boundaries and localization indicators are subsequently derived based on the fault mechanisms. The proposed method enhances the accuracy of fault diagnosis and localization, without the need for parameter adjustment. Experimental validation is conducted using a test bench comprising a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a swinging armload, and a rotating vector (RV) reducer.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Robust Anchor-Free Detection Method for SAR Ship Targets With Lightweight CNN","authors":"Yisheng Hao;Jun Wu;Yu Yao;Yue Guo","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3563050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3563050","url":null,"abstract":"To address the challenges of compromised detection accuracy caused by near-shore clutter in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ship detection and the limited deployability of complex algorithms on embedded systems, this article proposes Lightweight-YOLOX (L-YOLOX), a lightweight SAR target detection algorithm optimized for terminal devices. First, we devise a new feature extraction module based on the MobileNetV3 block to reduce the parameters of traditional YOLOX while strengthening feature representation. Additionally, we incorporate a cross-channel local connection structure to construct an efficient lightweight feature extraction backbone, which is beneficial to improving the network’s ability to fuse SAR ship target information. Next, we develop a multiscale detection block by using a feature pyramid architecture and dilated convolution to improve the network’s multiscale detection performance. Finally, we integrate a lightweight convolutional attention mechanism into YOLOX’s Neck structure to enhance the expression of important target detail information and propose the Alpha-AIoU loss function to optimize the gradient propagation process and the network’s weight update. Ablation experimental results on the SAR Ship Detection Dataset (SSDD) dataset show that our network achieves an average precision (AP) of 90.8%, outperforming Baseline YOLOX with a 70.1% reduction in parameters and a 46.9% decrease in computational cost. Our network also demonstrates a marked enhancement in robustness, validating the effectiveness of our innovations. Some comparative experiments with other state-of-the-art algorithms on SSDD and High High Resolution SAR Images Dataset (HRSID) further confirm the advantages of our network in terms of SAR image lightweight detection performance and generalization capacity.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Damaged Waterproofing Layer for Patch Antenna Sensor Embedded in Cement Paste","authors":"Zhuoran Yi;Kangqian Xu;Songtao Xue;Miao Cao;Liyu Xie;Jonathan Monical;Xianzhi Li;Kang Jiang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3564021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3564021","url":null,"abstract":"A waterproofing layer is necessary to maintain the performance of a patch antenna sensor, especially when embedded in a wet environment. The influence of varying levels of damaged waterproofing layers on the accuracy and sensitivity of sensors has been analyzed in this article. The behavior of a patch antenna sensor with a possible damaged waterproofing layer is described by an equivalent model with a covered dielectric load. Theoretical calculation and simulation in high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) version 15 have been utilized to confirm the influence of the leakage. The antenna sensor with a damaged waterproofing layer tends to have a smaller initial resonant frequency and poor accuracy. Considering three antenna sensors with undamaged, half-damaged, and fully damaged waterproofing layers, an experiment is conducted to verify the influence of damage on sensor performance. Compared with the undamaged waterproofing layer case, the case with a fully damaged waterproofing layer has an initial resonant frequency that is 50% smaller, and the error increases from 10% to 33%. The identification method for the damaged condition of the waterproofing layer is summarized based on the irregularity of the return loss (S11) and resonant frequency.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secure Combination of Untrusted Time Information Based on Optimized Dempster–Shafer Theory","authors":"Yang Li;Yujie Luo;Lujun Fang;Yichen Zhang;Wei Huang;Ao Sun;Shuai Zhang;Tao Zhang;Chuang Zhou;Li Ma;Jie Yang;Heng Wang;Yan Pan;Yun Shao;Xing Chen;Ziyang Chen;Song Yu;Bin Luo;Hong Guo;Bingjie Xu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565381","url":null,"abstract":"Secure precision time synchronization is important for applications of cyber-physical systems (CPSs). However, several attacks, especially the time delay attack (TDA), deteriorate the performance of the time synchronization system seriously. The multiple paths scheme is thought as an effective security countermeasure to decrease the influence of TDA. However, the effective secure combination algorithm is still missed for precision time synchronization. In this article, a secure combination algorithm based on the Dempster-Shafer (D-S) theory is proposed for the multiple paths method. Special optimizations are done for the combination algorithm to solve the potential problems due to untrusted evidence. Theoretical simulation shows that the proposed algorithm works much better than the fault-tolerant algorithm (FTA) and the attack detection method based on a single path. An experimental demonstration proves the feasibility and superiority of the proposed algorithm, where the time stability with 27.97, 1.57, and 1.12 ps at average time 1, 10, and 100 s is achieved under TDAs and local clock jumps. The proposed algorithm can be used to improve the security and resilience of many important synchronization protocols, such as network time protocol (NTP), precision time protocol (PTP), and two-way fiber-optic time transfer (TWFTT).","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10980098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}