IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement最新文献

{"title":"Low-Cost Mechanical Sonar Mapping With Artifact Removal in Confined Spaces","authors":"Yuanju Cao;Caoyang Yu;Xianbo Xiang;Lian Lian","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3652719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3652719","url":null,"abstract":"Exploration of confined underwater environments—such as polar subice regions, submerged caves, shipwreck interiors, flooded water-conveyance tunnels, and enclosed test tanks—has garnered increasing research interest. Conventional sensing modalities, including optical imaging, passive acoustics, and tethered active sonar systems, encounter substantial limitations in such settings. Low-cost mechanically scanning imaging sonar (MSIS) systems offer a promising alternative. However, MSIS measurements are severely affected by multipath artifacts inherent to acoustic propagation in enclosed spaces, which obscure true structural boundaries and pose significant challenges to robust underwater perception. To address these challenges, a complete MSIS-based mapping framework is developed for confined environments. By reconstructing physically interpretable angle-range representations from discrete time-domain echo signals extracted directly from the MSIS serial stream, we propose two boundary extraction strategies: an adaptive thresholding-based method and a lightweight deep segmentation network termed MSIS-Net. To eliminate multipath artifacts and recover true structural contours, a novel graph-based acoustic front extraction (GAFE) algorithm is developed, leveraging acoustic propagation priors for directionally guided path tracing. Experimental validation is conducted in real-world tank environments of varying scale, demonstrating the robustness and decimeter-level accuracy of the proposed framework. In support of further research, we release the confined-MSIS dataset, the first open-access dataset tailored to confined-space acoustic mapping using MSIS.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146026477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precise Evaluation of Frequency Response Consistency Between Accelerometers by Exciting With Dual-Frequency Vibration","authors":"Yang Zhou;Zhe Pei;Li Yu;Wenjie Wu;Huafeng Liu;Jinquan Liu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650235","url":null,"abstract":"Nano-g accelerometers are used in high-precision applications where frequency response consistency (FRC) across devices can outweigh individual calibration accuracy. In scenarios such as gravity gradient measurements on moving platforms, strong motion disturbances make this consistency assessment and compensation essential, yet challenging with conventional methods. This article proposes a method of precisely evaluating accelerometer FRC by introducing an auxiliary reference frequency in addition to the test frequency. Two accelerometers are excited side by side during the sweep test. Systematic analysis indicates that it can significantly suppress dominant common-mode errors, which result from the test apparatus, the monitoring instruments, the accelerometer under test, and their susceptibility to the environmental conditions in such an FRC test. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method yields substantially more precise evaluation of the FRC than individually testing every accelerometer. A compensation filter is accordingly designed to correct the inconsistency between two self-developed accelerometers, improving amplitude consistency to better than 10 ppm and phase consistency to better than <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>rad.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupling-Free Magnetic Field Coils at Identical Surface Inside Magnetic Shielding Systems","authors":"Jixi Lu;Xiaoyan Gao;Shuying Wang;Yibo Qi;Nuozhou Xu;Xihui Ye;Lei Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650245","url":null,"abstract":"In precision magnetic field measurement, the combination system of magnetic shielding devices and coils is essential to provide a stable and controllable magnetic field environment. However, close proximity between coils and shielding introduces severe coupling effects that degrade performance of the system. Self-shielded coil is conventionally used to reduce this effect, but its suppression effect is limited, and its nested configuration causes a large volume waste. To address the problem, we propose a novel design method for coupling-free magnetic field coil set, including main coils and shielded coils, at identical surface inside magnetic shielding systems, which can achieve ultrahigh coupling-resistance and uniformity with maximum space saving. Based on the Fourier-Bessel function and magnetic field boundary condition, analytical models for magnetic field of the designed coils set under free and ferromagnetic boundaries are established, respectively. Through comparative analysis, the additional term caused by the coupling effect is separated, which enables the complete suppression of the coupling effect at the source. In addition, the quantum-inspired genetic algorithm (QIGA) is employed to solve the complex problem with strong constraints of higher performance and identical surface configuration efficiently. Taking the most commonly used circular coils in the shielding cylinder as the optimization object, we carry out the optimization. Experimental results demonstrate that our optimized coils reduce coupling factor to 0.28%, and improve uniformity to the order of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{-4}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> without any volume loss. The method can also be extended to other types of coils and magnetic shielding configurations to improve the accuracy of magnetic field measurement.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced Harmonic Errors by Geometrically Modulating the Demagnetizing Fields in Wave-Type Anisotropic Magnetoresistance Angle Sensors","authors":"Qihang Xu;Jiaming Liu;Mengmeng Guan;Wei Su;Zhiguang Wang;Zhongqiang Hu;Ming Liu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650260","url":null,"abstract":"Anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) angle sensors are widely utilized in industrial applications owing to their noncontact operation, cost efficiency, and miniaturization potential. However, harmonic distortion inherent in AMR measurements fundamentally limits angle encoder accuracy. This work introduces a high-precision AMR sensor employing a wave-type topology that suppresses harmonic errors through geometric innovation, demonstrating significant performance enhancements versus conventional strip-type sensors: 64.3% reduction in maximum angular error (0.50° versus 1.4°), 65.3% lower worst-case nonlinearity (0.2% versus 0.576%), and minimal change in repeatability (0.14° versus 0.137°). Systematic evaluation of dynamic responses under variable field angles through Stoner–Wohlfarth modeling and experimental validation exhibits excellent agreement, confirming curvature optimization effectively minimizes angular errors. Mechanistic analysis identifies demagnetizing fields and induced anisotropy as dominant error sources. Crucially, this architecture maintains fabrication simplicity, demonstrating exceptional cost-performance synergy for automotive, robotics, and industrial automation applications requiring sub-0.5° accuracy.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-Time Elimination of Harmonic Drift for Hemispherical Resonator Gyro Based on FRP Control Scheme","authors":"Hanshi Li;Weinan Xie;Qi Wang;Guoxing Yi;Changhong Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650265","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of the hemispherical resonator gyro (HRG) in whole-angle (WA) mode is affected by the angle-dependent harmonic drift. Suppressing this drift is essential to improve its temperature stability and operational range. In this article, a novel real-time method for eliminating harmonic drift based on a forward and reverse precession (FRP) control scheme is proposed. First, the sources of harmonic drift in HRG are analyzed. The HRG dynamical equations incorporating multiple error sources are derived and analyzed through numerical simulation. Subsequently, a real-time error identification algorithm is developed and validated through simulation. Finally, a temperature experiment is conducted to validate the method. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can accurately identify and compensate for errors at different temperatures, effectively suppressing the harmonic components in angular velocity by more than 97%. The bias instability (BI) of the HRG remains consistently around <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.024boldsymbol {^{circ }}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/h across various temperatures, indicating strong temperature stability. Additionally, the scale-factor nonlinearity (SFN) is reduced fivefold to 0.84 ppm. Most importantly, this method can be applied to all Coriolis vibratory gyroscopes to effectively eliminate their common angle-dependent harmonic drift.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning-Based High Dynamic Range Imaging for Time-of-Flight Cameras","authors":"Ingyo Jeong;Jiho Ryoo;Soohee Han","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650246","url":null,"abstract":"Time-of-flight (ToF) cameras provide cost-effective 3-D depth sensing but are constrained by limited dynamic range, hindering reliable performance in scenes with large variations in distance and reflectance. To overcome this limitation, this study proposes a deep learning-based high dynamic range (HDR) approach, DeepToF-HDR. The method combines two key neural networks: an exposure-time selection network (ESN) that dynamically adjusts scene-dependent exposure times, and a depth fusion network (DFN) that integrates multi-exposure-ToF measurements. A composite loss function with end-to-end joint training is employed to ensure stable and synergistic optimization of both networks. Under identical exposure-time configurations, experiments on a real multi-exposure ToF dataset show that DeepToF-HDR achieves a 54.1% reduction in the mean absolute error (MAE) of the depth compared with conventional baselines. Comparable accuracy is also achieved with less than half the number of captures and only 28% of the total exposure time, demonstrating superior accuracy and efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Photonic Microphone in a Popular Transistor Outline Package Based on Self-Mixing Interference","authors":"Anyu Li;Lei Shao","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3670581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3670581","url":null,"abstract":"High-performance and small form-factor acoustic sensing is critical for speech-based human–machine interaction and industrial monitoring. In this article, we propose a photonic microphone based on self-mixing interference (SMI), which optically transduces the motion of a compliant membrane to deliver an output signal that is linearly correlated with acoustic pressure, thereby enabling direct sound readout. The device features fully integrated photonic and mechanical components in a popular transistor outline (TO) package, leading to an ultracompact geometry compared to other existing photonic sensors. Owing to its optical interference mechanism, this microphone exhibits an exceptional sensitivity of −15.10 dB (ref: 1 V/Pa) and achieves a minimum detectable pressure (MDP) of 6.45 dB (ref: <inline-formula> <tex-math>$20~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>Pa) under standard free-field test conditions at 1 kHz. Within the frequency range of everyday speech (60–2000 Hz), the microphone exhibits a response deviation of only ±0.85 dB, demonstrating excellent performance in weak signal detection and high-fidelity sound cloning. These results underscore its promising potential, surpassing most of the existing capacitive and piezoelectric microphone chips.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147696529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Condition Monitoring of Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas-Insulated Switchgear Vessel Using Smart Ultrasonic Sensor","authors":"Soumya Debashis Das;Shailesh Kumar;Gyan Ranjan Biswal;Tarikul Islam","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3674259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3674259","url":null,"abstract":"Gas-insulated switchgears (GISs) are more prone to functional dielectric phenomena, which can cause behavioral changes in the electrical insulation systems. Standard maintenance and operational strategy circumscribe sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6) operational stress emissions, a formidable greenhouse gas. In the present work, an ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04)-based monitoring system is developed to monitor SF6 gas density inside GIS vessels. The system is designed to ensure detection capability compatible with a maximum allowable SF6 leakage rate of 0.5% of nominal gas mass per annum. With the help of a simple design, the developed system offers a linear direct measurement of gas density with a quick response time (worst case 80 s), enabling trace-level detection to avoid the possibility of GIS failure because of late detection. The functional implementation and effectiveness of the proposed method have been assessed using several influential parameters like pressure, temperature, molar mass, and humidity. The efficacy of the measurement is tested for pure SF6 gas, and for the mixture of 80% N2+20% SF6 gaseous medium at high voltage AC and DC applications (up to 50 kV AC and 70 kV DC) in the laboratory as per the industry standard IEC 61850. The developed monitoring system will be suitable to ensure the safety, reliability, and efficiency of GIS by continuously monitoring the parameters like the density of SF6 gas, breakdown voltage, and temperature.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147696530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-Acoustic Assessment of Digital MEMS Microphones for Traffic Noise Monitoring","authors":"María Campo-Valera;Fabio Saba;Mario Corallo;Paolo Guidorzi;Andrea Osele;Carlo Costa","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3699785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3699785","url":null,"abstract":"Traffic noise is a major environmental pollutant affecting public health and quality of life. Although sound level meters (SLMs) compliant with IEC 61672 and IEC 61260 provide reliable measurements, their high cost limits large-scale deployment. Digital micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) microphones offer a compact and cost-effective alternative for distributed monitoring networks; however, their integrated digital architecture prevents conventional electrical testing, challenging metrological traceability and regulatory compliance. This work presents a full-acoustic verification methodology for digital MEMS microphones intended for sound level metering, inspired by IEC 61672-3. The method uses controlled playback of standardized test tones and representative traffic noise signals in an anechoic test box. Unlike established approaches for conventional SLMs verification based on both electrical and acoustic tests, the proposed methodology introduces a full-acoustic, SI-traceable verification framework tailored to digital MEMS architectures. By leveraging easily controllable pressure-field comparison techniques against a reference microphone, this method guarantees measurement accuracy and reliability while facilitating repeatability. It allows for the consistent characterization of sensitivity, frequency response, and dynamic performance under realistic conditions, resulting in a scalable, metrologically robust, and cost-effective solution for advanced traffic noise monitoring applications.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"9703016-9703016"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11551287","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148236086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hierarchical Ultrasonic Imaging Framework With Signal-Image Dual Denoising for Detecting Natural Weld Defects in Austenitic Stainless Steel","authors":"Jiachen Zhou;Xuan Li;Shijun Wang;Yuncheng Zhang;Jiang Lu;Lishuai Liu;Yanxun Xiang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3697071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3697071","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable detection of naturally occurring microdefects in austenitic stainless steel welds remains a significant challenge due to the severe scattering noise induced by coarse-grained microstructures, which substantially degrades imaging quality and inspection efficiency. Existing postprocessing approaches typically optimize either the signal-processing stage or the image-enhancement stage in isolation, and therefore struggle to achieve robust defect detection under strong scattering conditions. To address this limitation, this article proposes an innovative hierarchical ultrasonic imaging framework that deeply integrates physics-based acoustic path design with dual denoising in both signal and image domains. First, a shear-wave full-skip mode is employed to interrogate the weld region and acquire full matrix capture (FMC) data. Subsequently, the FMC data are denoised using the decomposition of the time-reversal operator (DORT) method to suppress grain-induced scattering noise. Then, image reconstruction is performed by combining the delay-multiply-and-sum (DMAS) algorithm with the vector coherence factor (VCF), leading to a significant enhancement in imaging performance. The effectiveness of the proposed method is experimentally validated on 20-mm-thick austenitic stainless steel weld specimens containing natural defects, including porosity, slag inclusions, and cracks. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can successfully extract weak defect signals that are otherwise submerged in strong scattering noise. Compared with conventional total focusing method (TFM) imaging, the final images achieve improvements of 20.96–22.58 dB in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and 15.46–18.92 dB in contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), substantially enhancing defect boundary clarity and detectability. Owing to its robustness and implementation simplicity, the proposed method provides a highly reliable solution for ultrasonic inspection of welds in coarse-grained materials.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"9702810-9702810"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148171524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}