IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement最新文献

{"title":"DOA Estimation by Jointly Exploiting L1-SVD and Enhanced Spatial Smoothing in Coherent Environment","authors":"Jingchao Zhang;Muheng Li;Longxin Bai;Liyan Qiao","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565343","url":null,"abstract":"As a sparse-based direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm, the L1-singular value decomposition (SVD) algorithm is widely used to measure the orientation of targets. In real measurements, the coherent environment that often arises due to multipath propagation leads to the deterioration of the noise immunity and estimation accuracy of the L1-SVD algorithm. Although the decoherence of L1-SVD can be enhanced by introducing spatial smoothing after SVD, which is called SS-L1-SVD, the algorithm does not fully utilize the available information in the observed data. In this article, we propose a new method called L1-enhanced spatial smoothing decomposition (ESSD). ESSD combines spatial smoothing with matrix decomposition by utilizing the relationship among the covariance matrix and the left singular matrix and the singular value matrix. ESSD not only improves the decoherence ability of the algorithm but also makes full use of the information in the observed data and reduces the computational complexity, which makes the algorithm more practical than the traditional algorithms in real measurements. In order to further verify the performance of the new algorithm, we not only performed simulation experiments but also designed a physical experimental platform that can be used for DOA estimation and constructed a real coherent environment caused by multipath propagation and performed physical experiments. The results of simulation and physical experiments show that the L1-ESSD algorithm reduces the error by about 1° and the computation time by about 8 s compared with the conventional L1-SVD algorithm.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opportunities and Challenges in Using Modulated Electrostatic Softening in FM MEMS Accelerometers","authors":"Christian Padovani;Luca Pileri;Leonardo Gaffuri Pagani;Philippe Robert;Giacomo Langfelder","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565346","url":null,"abstract":"This work advances the research on time-switched frequency-modulated (FM) accelerometers by presenting both a new device and a new measurement architecture. The sensor exploits nanopiezoresistive gauges to minimize the oscillator frequency noise down to sub-sub-10 <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>g/<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sqrt {text {Hz}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> equivalent acceleration density, while at the same time holding almost 100-g full-scale. The corresponding dynamic range is promising for several applications; however, this article also shows how the theoretical performance is affected by noise associated with a pair of modulating voltage waveforms, required by the specific working principle. Exploiting a digital generation of these waves and low-noise digital-to-analog converters (DACs), the effect is only partially mitigated. Nevertheless, the system experimentally reaches up to 65-g full-scale and holds as low as 30-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>g stability at almost 1000-s observation interval.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Threshold-Based Stator Inter-Turn Fault Diagnosis for Induction Motors Using the Negative Sequence Current’s Magnitude and Phase Angle","authors":"Mohammadhossein Nazemi;Xiaodong Liang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565246","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces a novel threshold-based stator inter-turn fault (SITF) detection and faulty phase identification method for induction motors (IMs) through the negative sequence stator current analysis, where the negative sequence current magnitude level (NCL) is used for SITF detection, and the negative sequence current’s phase angle (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$measuredangle {I}_{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) is used for the faulty phase identification. Through the systematic experimental investigation of NCL’s behavior under various unbalanced voltage conditions (0.1%–1.7%), a detection threshold (ThSITF) of NCL equal to 10% is established. Three angular zones for <inline-formula> <tex-math>$measuredangle {I}_{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> are defined for the faulty phase identification: ±60° for Phase A, 60°–180° for Phase B, and 180°–300° for Phase C. Experimental validations on a 2.2-kW IM demonstrate accurate SITFs detection across different fault severities and motor loading levels using the proposed method. Extensive testing results for six SITFs with 2, 3, 5, 10, 13, and 15 shorted turns at Phase B reveal a linear correlation between the fault severity and NCL. The proposed method remains effective for variable frequency drive (VFD)-fed IMs, showing enhanced sensitivities at a higher frequency.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating Surrogate Bias in Black-Box Pedestrian Attacks via Mask-Based Gradient Backpropagation","authors":"Binyi Su;Dongying Li;Hua Zhang;Haiyong Chen;Yong Li;Zhong Zhou","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565056","url":null,"abstract":"This article studies transfer-based black-box pedestrian attacks in traffic scenes, where an attacker aims to deceive a target model by generating malicious examples using a surrogate model. The goal is to craft adversarial examples that can be misdetected by the target model, even though the attacker has limited knowledge about the target model’s architecture and parameters. However, the contribution of adversarial transferability to improved attack performance may be weakened due to possible differences in model architectures and training datasets between the surrogate model and the target model (referred to as “surrogate bias”). To mitigate this challenging issue, we propose a black-box attack method by developing an adversarial patch generator based on a novel mask-based gradient backpropagation (MGB) method. The core innovation of this article lies in the proposed MGB method, which combines random mask augmentation and weighted gradient backpropagation to enhance adversarial transferability, along with a mask regularization (MR) technique that stabilizes the patch distribution, improving attack robustness. Innovatively, MGB leverages the random mask augmentation combined with weighted gradient backpropagation to craft the adversarial patch, encouraging the model to learn more transferability patterns of the crafted patch. Furthermore, to mitigate the challenging variance shift issue raised by random masks between the training and testing phases, we propose an MR method to penalize large value updates in the patch, effectively stabilizing the learned distribution of the adversarial patch. Extensive experiments conducted on the classical benchmark demonstrate that our proposed attacking method has achieved superior attacking performance against multiple mainstream detectors and pedestrian datasets.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous Frequency Sweeping Magnetorheometry Based on Variable Inductance","authors":"Alejandro Rodriguez-Barroso;Javier Ruiz-Nievas;Jose Carlos Ruiz-Pelegrina;Oscar Martinez-Cano;Guillermo Camacho;Juan de Vicente","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565054","url":null,"abstract":"Self-assembly of magnetic colloidal particles into pre-programmed microstructures plays an important role in the design of functional soft materials of interest in the microfabrication of sensors, actuators, and/or tissue engineering applications. Particle aggregates emerge because of a delicate balance between magnetic interparticle interactions and hydrodynamic interactions with the carrier. These aggregates are dynamic and follow the field when its frequency is small enough. However, for sufficiently large field frequencies the particles within the aggregates experience a time-averaged magnetic interaction that results in the formation of static (i.e., arrested) gel-like structures. The transition between the dynamic and static state is not well understood because strong fields are needed to continuously vary their frequency in a wide range. Current approaches that rely on capacitor banks require periodically turning off field generation to prevent current and voltage spikes when switching circuit relays, which disrupts the gel-like structure. These unwanted alterations in the sample’s microstructure introduce perturbations in the measurements, rendering them unreliable. In this study, we propose an inductance approach that operates at resonance, eliminating the need for switching-off periods during frequency sweeps while enabling precise control of the phase lag between the applied voltage and the generated magnetic field. This method requires continuous inductance adjustment and allows direct comparison with interrupted systems, demonstrating that field interruptions exceeding 20% duty cycle significantly affect rheological measurements. Furthermore, videomicroscopy and rheometry are employed to investigate the transition between dynamic and static behavior, as well as to monitor microstructural evolution and rheological properties under oscillatory shear. These high-precision measurements facilitate the advancement of smart and biological material design and synthesis, enhance frequency control of microrobots for medical applications, and improve both the speed and resolution of active rheometry techniques.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiphysics Field Virtual Sensors for PEM Fuel Cells Based on a Deep Learning Method","authors":"Zhendong Sun;Yunke Nie;Yujie Wang;Zonghai Chen","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565057","url":null,"abstract":"In transportation and stationary power generation applications, an accurate and reliable fuel-cell condition monitoring system is essential to achieve efficient and long-life fuel-cell system operation. However, due to the structure of bipolar plates and membrane electrodes, it is difficult to directly arrange sensors to obtain internal information. In this article, a deep learning-based virtual sensor construction method for fuel cells is proposed, which utilizes only external sensors to reconstruct the physical distribution inside the fuel cell. The U-Net is employed to encode and decode the original signals, while the spatial attention mechanism enables the deep neural network to focus on the effective information in the spatial distribution. In addition, the virtual sensor responds well to flooding in the flow channels at high current densities. The results show that the structural similarity (SSIM) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of the multiphysics field reconstruction are 0.9599 and 37.24, respectively. In the real fuel-cell test, the SSIM for multiphysics field reconstruction reached 0.9621. Additionally, the model’s effectiveness was further validated through comparisons with existing deep learning models. This work effectively advances the design of fuel-cell condition monitoring systems and contributes to the construction of high-precision fuel-cell digital twins.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targetless Automatic Edge-to-Edge Extrinsic Calibration of LiDAR-Camera System Based on Pure Laser Reflectivity","authors":"Weijie Zhu;Shuo Shan;Chaoliu Tong;Kanjian Zhang;Haikun Wei","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3560719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3560719","url":null,"abstract":"High-precision calibration of LiDAR and cameras is an essential precondition for multisensor fusion systems. Since controlled targets are not always available in field, targetless calibration methods have emerged as a practical alternative to traditional target-based approaches. However, the complexity and variability of natural scenes pose significant challenges to feature extraction and matching in the targetless calibration process. To address these issues, this article proposes a targetless, automatic edge-to-edge calibration method based solely on laser reflectivity, aimed at enhancing calibration accuracy and feature consistency in the LiDAR-camera calibration (LCC) task. Traditional methods primarily focus on the 3-D information of LiDAR point clouds for feature detection. In contrast, the proposed method leverages the superior capabilities of laser reflectivity to perceive color, depth, and material properties. This strategy enables robust edge feature consistency in 2-D, thereby enhancing overall calibration accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method reduces translation error by an average 61.9% compared to existing state-of-the-art targetless approaches, offering enhanced feature extraction accuracy and robustness, particularly in complex and unstructured environments.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Microwave Imaging System for Soil Moisture Estimation in Subsurface Drip Irrigation","authors":"Mohammad Ramezaninia;Mohammad Zoofaghari;Tommaso Isernia","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3563036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3563036","url":null,"abstract":"The microwave imaging system (MIS) stands out among prominent imaging tools for capturing images of concealed obstacles. Leveraging its capability to penetrate through heterogeneous environments, the MIS has been widely used for subsurface imaging. Monitoring subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) as an efficient procedure in agricultural irrigation is essential to maintain the required moisture percentage for plant growth which is a novel MIS application. In this research, we implement a laboratory-scale MIS for SDI, reflecting real-world conditions to evaluate leakage localization and quantification in a heterogeneous area. We extract a model to quantify the moisture content by exploiting an imaging approach that could be used in a scheduled SDI. We employ the subspace information of images formed by back-projection (BP) and Born approximation algorithms (BAAs) for model parameterization and estimate the model parameters using a statistical curve-fitting technique. We then compare the performance of these imaging techniques in the presence of environmental clutter such as plant roots and pebbles. The proposed approach can well contribute to efficient mechanistic subsurface irrigation for which the local moisture around the root is obtained noninvasively and remotely with less than 20% estimation error.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DRCM-CSLAM: Distributed Robust and Communication-Efficient Multirobot Cooperative LiDAR–Inertial SLAM","authors":"Pin Lyu;Jiong Li;Jizhou Lai;Wei Fang;Qian Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565109","url":null,"abstract":"In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) in large, degraded, and complex areas, real-time multirobot cooperative SLAM has more obvious advantages in accuracy, fault tolerance, and flexibility than single robot SLAM. However, currently, existing cooperative SLAM algorithms have the following issues. On the one hand, poor localization of degraded scenes and incomplete consideration of interrobot loop constraints lead to insufficient robustness. On the other hand, the bandwidth occupation is large in interrobot loop areas. Therefore, in order to solve the above problems, we innovatively propose the distributed robust and communication-efficient multirobot cooperative LiDAR-inertial SLAM (DRCM-CSLAM). First, the FAST-LIO2 with loop detection and loop correction is integrated into a cooperative framework to improve the robustness in degraded scenes. Subsequently, a two-stage loop filtering is proposed to improve the accuracy of the two-stage optimization of DiSCo-SLAM by fully utilizing interrobot loop constraints. Finally, we are the first to combine the scan context (SC) descriptor and incremental octree to design a lightweight and efficient communication strategy, significantly reducing bandwidth occupation of interrobot loop areas and ensuring real-time performance. The experiments are tested on KITTI datasets and collected datasets. The results show that our method has superior performance in robustness, bandwidth, and runtime. Compared with DiSCo-SLAM, our method reduces absolute translational error (RMSE) by 42.9% and bandwidth by 90%.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Measuring Orthometric Height With Multi-GNSS Undifferenced Time–Frequency Signals","authors":"Wei Xu;Jia Song;Pengfei Zhang;Lewen Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565063","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional approach to measuring orthometric height has numerous limitations. It suffers from error accumulation, involves time-consuming and labor-intensive procedures, exhibits low efficiency, and faces challenges in cross-sea transfers. In contrast, by exploiting the principle of general relativity, using precision global navigation satellite system (GNSS) time-frequency signals for orthometric height determination can surmount these problems. This research employs the multi-GNSS undifferenced carrier phase time-frequency signal for orthometric height determination and constructs a model for undifferenced multi-GNSS carrier phase time-frequency comparison to determine orthometric height and transfer. Moreover, the study delves into simulation methods for precise clock offsets and multi-GNSS observations. Simulation experiments between China and USA are conducted to verify GNSS time-frequency signals’ efficacy in cross-sea orthometric height transfer. The experimental results indicate that the frequency stability of multi-GNSS undifferenced time-frequency comparisons can reach approximately <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 10^{-{17}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, with the bias and uncertainty of orthometric height transfer about 2.0 cm and 0.2 m, respectively. Considering the accuracy of multi-GNSS carrier phase observations and the cost of improving clock performance, a clock with frequency stability around sub-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{-{17}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> offers significant advantages for multi-GNSS time-frequency signals in orthometric height transfer. As clock performance improves and miniaturization trends continue, the accuracy of multi-GNSS time-frequency signals for determining orthometric height is expected to reach centimeter or even millimeter levels, further advancing the accurate unification of the global vertical height datum.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}