IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement最新文献

{"title":"A Shapley Value-Based Method for Formulating Physical Mechanism Semantics of Signal Sequences in Interpretable Fault Diagnosis","authors":"Zhen Wang;Guangjie Han;Li Liu;Yuanyang Zhu;Yilixiati Abudurexiti","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3606044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3606044","url":null,"abstract":"Despite significant advancements in deep learning (DL) for fault diagnosis, the black-box nature of DL models hinders their reliable deployment in industrial applications. Interpretability methods have emerged to address this opacity, yet their effectiveness remains limited due to the lack of unified semantic guidance. This semantic gap not only constrains their practical application but also creates a disconnect between post hoc model explanations and ante hoc model guidance. In addition, the absence of quantitative metrics makes it challenging to evaluate the trustworthiness of interpretability methods. To address these challenges, this article proposes a signal semantic evaluation strategy (SSES), establishing a unified semantic framework. SSES employs Shapley values to evaluate significant signal components in the frequency domain. By integrating physical mechanisms, SSES enhances evaluation accuracy and formulates interpretable fault semantics. Furthermore, adversarial training and model ensemble strategies are employed to enhance the evaluation stability. To assess the reliability of interpretability methods, we introduce two metrics that quantify the consistency between constructed semantics and actual semantics. Experiments on two public datasets demonstrate that SSES accurately identifies significant signal components, while the proposed metrics effectively quantify interpretation reliability. Experiments on the XJTU-SY and Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) datasets demonstrate that SSES accurately identifies significant signal components and achieves the highest diagnostic accuracy under noise interference, reaching 86.7% and 99.1% at 0 dB noise level, respectively. In addition, the proposed reliability metrics effectively quantify interpretation reliability, showing that models with higher reliability scores exhibit superior robustness to noise.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A UAV-Based Measurement System for Aircraft Skin Defect Detection Using a State-Space Model Approach","authors":"Mengyao Feng;Yuanming Xu;Wei Dai;Haibo Luo","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3606070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3606070","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based vision measurement system for real-time aircraft skin defect detection. Existing small-target detection algorithms often rely on transformer architectures, which, despite their accuracy, suffer from high computational complexity. To address this, we propose a novel object detection approach based on a learned neural state-space model (SSM), where image features are represented as latent dynamic systems governed by recurrent state updates rather than attention mechanisms. Experimental results show performance gains over You Only Look Once (YOLO) v8, with improvements of 2.1%, 8.1%, and 1.7% in precision, recall, and mAP50, respectively. The proposed model processes a single <inline-formula> <tex-math>$640 times 640$ </tex-math></inline-formula> frame in 4.2 ms (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$approx 238$ </tex-math></inline-formula> FPS) on an RTX 4090, demonstrating that while primarily improving detection accuracy, its linear-time complexity still ensures the real-time processing capability required for UAV-based inspection. Field tests on helicopters and transport aircraft confirm the system’s robustness, repeatability, and practical value for structural health monitoring. This work contributes a lightweight, efficient vision-based instrumentation solution incorporating dynamic modeling into the measurement process.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Situ Evaluation and Efficient Suppression of Magneto-Optical Misalignment in K–Rb–21Ne Comagnetometers","authors":"Longyan Ma;Haoying Pang;Xiaohan Ge;Ye Liu;Jiale Quan;Hao Xia;Zhihong Wu;Lihong Duan;Xusheng Lei;Wei Quan","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3606058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3606058","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the impact of magneto-optical misalignment on atomic spin responses in a spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) comagnetometer and proposes a method to measure and compensate for misalignment angles. By analyzing nuclear spin precession under varying bias magnetic field strengths, both the nuclear spin equivalent magnetic field (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$B_{n}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and the misalignment angle <inline-formula> <tex-math>$theta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> between the pump beam and the main magnetic field are extracted. To suppress the identified misalignment, a novel alignment technique based on periodic strong magnetic field pulses is introduced. This method enables rapid in situ adjustment of the pump beam direction, thereby enhancing nuclear spin self-compensation and overall system performance. Experimental validation demonstrates that the proposed approach improves the suppression of transverse magnetic field interference, with a 43.2% enhancement in magnetic response attenuation. Additionally, magneto-optical alignment optimization results in marked improvements in system stability and sensitivity: the Allan deviation at 100 s is reduced by 34%, and the inertial measurement noise at 1 Hz decreases by 43.3%, achieving a sensitivity of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3.56times {10^{ - 6}}{{mathrm { }}^{circ } }/text {s}/sqrt {text {Hz}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145061872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FMCW Radar for 3-D Tracking Based on MLBI Interferometer and MDS Estimation","authors":"Salvador Andrés;Carlos Heras;Andrés Ocabo;Jorge Lanzuela;Rubén Martínez;Asier Villafranca;Iñigo Salinas;Rafael Alonso","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3604971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3604971","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the implementation of a C-band frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system, utilizing software-defined radio (SDR) hardware and integrated with a five-element multilong-baseline interferometer (MLBI) receiver, for the detection and 3-D tracking of passive moving targets. A key aspect is the generation of a low jitter, high signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SINAD) signal, which significantly enhances the radar’s performance for angle of arrival (AoA) detection and micro-Doppler signature (MDS) estimation. The high signal quality achieved enables the detection and 3-D tracking of low radar cross-sectional (RCS) targets, such as small drones, at distances up to 800 m without requiring high radar power. In addition, this work demonstrates the effectiveness of a simple phase line assignment algorithm to mitigate errors in the AoA measurement of passive moving targets even when the MLBI geometry deviates from its optimal configuration. The performance of the radar system was evaluated in an open-field test using a DJI Mavic 3, and the results highlight the significant potential of this radar concept for medium-cost 3-D tracking and MDS identification applications.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11151814","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MonoPCFlow: Enabling Efficient Scene Flow Estimation From Monocular View","authors":"Chichao Cheng;Guangming Wang;Yin-Dong Zheng;Lu Liu;Hesheng Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3600732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3600732","url":null,"abstract":"Scene flow captures the dynamic changes of points in a 3-D scene, essential for understanding motion in physical environments. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-based scene flow estimation methods face challenges related to resolution, refresh rate, and cost. In contrast, monocular image-based methods estimate optical flow and depth separately at different stages. This fragmented approach inevitably compromises spatial–temporal consistency and introduces error accumulation. We propose monocular point cloud FlowNet (MonoPCFlow), a novel framework for scene flow estimation directly from a pair of consecutive monocular images. We integrate pseudo-LiDAR representations with dense 3-D scene flow estimation, effectively bridging the 2-D-to-3-D domain gap for monocular motion analysis. We develop a depth-enhanced refinement module that mitigates information loss in pseudo-LiDAR generation, preserving critical geometric and appearance features to improve scene flow accuracy. Experimental validation demonstrates MonoPCFlow’s superior performance, achieving 37.0% (FlyingThings3D) and 39.7% Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Toyota Institute of Technology (KITTI) relative reductions in endpoint-error compared to contemporary benchmarks.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145051000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Definition Sonar Imaging Using 2-D Low-Complexity Adaptive Processing","authors":"Jiahao Fan;Xionghou Liu;Xin Yao;Yixin Yang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3604926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3604926","url":null,"abstract":"Forward-looking sonar (FLS) uses matched filtering (MF) and conventional beamforming (CBF) to process the echo and get a 2-D image. The imaging results suffer from low resolution and high sidelobe levels (SLLs), leading to low definition. To solve this problem, we present a 2-D low-complexity adaptive (LCA) sonar imaging method to achieve high-definition images. In the azimuth dimension, we employ a set of predesigned Chebyshev and Kaiser windows, combined with left- and right-steered variations of these windows, to perform angular LCA beamforming. In the range dimension, we use weighted MF with Chebyshev and Kaiser windows to improve the range resolution and reduce range SLLs. In both azimuth and range dimensions, the proposed method adaptively selects the optimal windows from a set of predesigned ones under the constraint of minimum power distortionless response. This approach can be viewed as a discrete form of 2-D adaptive processing, offering improved imaging quality over conventional methods while maintaining robustness and low complexity. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Results show that it outperforms existing sonar imaging methods in key metrics such as half-power beamwidth (HPBW), peak sidelobe level ratio (PSLR), and average sidelobe level (ASL). In addition, the method demonstrates robustness under small array manifold errors, as well as in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and low signal-to-reverberation ratio (SRR) environments. Quantitative image quality assessments based on peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM) further confirm the superiority of the proposed method. These improvements suggest that the enhanced imaging performance can be beneficial for underwater target detection and classification tasks. Furthermore, real-data experiments conducted in a lake environment confirm the practical effectiveness of the method in generating high-definition sonar images with enhanced clarity and detail. These findings highlight the practical value of the proposed method in high-definition sonar imaging.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 0.1–26 GHz SerDes-Based Broadband White Noise Generator for Ethernet Compliance Tests","authors":"Dario Prevedelli;Luca Bergamaschi;Alessandro Acquaviva;Filippo Persia;Roberto G. Massolini","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3604918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3604918","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces a novel SerDes-based broadband noise generator developed to evaluate the robustness of wireline communication links for data center applications. The system supports high-speed transmission rates of 26 and 53 Gbaud. In accordance with Ethernet compliance tests, the generator can produce normally distributed noise with integral output power above −4.4 dBm, ensuring adequate impairment injection into the device under test (DUT). The proposed solution integrates multiple high-bandwidth transmitter (TX) output signals to develop a differential white noise generator. This approach leverages key SerDes components, including the PseudoRandom binary sequence (PRBS) generator and the finite impulse response (FIR) filter, which is configured to achieve a flat output frequency response up to 26 GHz. To ensure the normality of the output signal, the output distribution is theoretically analyzed using the central limit theorem, with results validated through time-domain measurements. The selected SerDes component is an advanced electrooptic re-timer designed to operate in a differential <inline-formula> <tex-math>$100~Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> environment. This re-timer can achieve a return loss (RL) below −10 dB across the entire operating bandwidth, ensuring minimal signal reflection and optimal performance. The noise generator, as a result, achieves an overall crest factor (CF) greater than 12 dB, indicating a high peak-to-average power ratio. Moreover, the excess noise ratio (ENR) exceeds 64 dB, highlighting the generator’s capability to produce a significant level of noise above the thermal noise floor. Thanks to FIR filter equalization, the final spectrums exhibit a competitive power density flatness within ±1.6 dB with an overall digital and analog power supply consumption of 815 mW.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145051012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Decoupled Hierarchical Fault Detection Method for Insulator Parallel Gaps: Integrating Lightweight Localization and Attention-Based Diagnosis","authors":"Shuai Hao;Tianqi Li;Xu Ma;Shiao Fan;Tianrui Qi","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3604115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3604115","url":null,"abstract":"Insulator parallel gaps, as critical lightning protection components in high-voltage transmission lines, are prone to faults, such as short circuits and excessive spacing, which compromise line safety and power supply reliability. However, detecting insulator parallel gaps from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) captured images is challenged by complex backgrounds, structural distortion, and occlusion. Thus, a hierarchical detection method incorporating lightweight localization and attention mechanism-based diagnosis (KLSD-HDet) is proposed, which uses a localization network to capture the faults and then conducts fault diagnosis. First, to accurately capture target objects, a lightweight fault localization network (KDeFus-LNet) is designed, with nonlinear feature extraction (NFE) and target localization capabilities in complex backgrounds enhanced. Second, leveraging the spatial geometric information from 3-D fault models, a multiview fault image generation method is developed to compensate for the missing feature representations of partial viewpoints in real-world datasets. Then, a cross-space learning and multiscale residual-based fault diagnosis network (S-CR2-DNet) is proposed to improve multiview fault representation understanding and diagnostic accuracy. Finally, knowledge distillation is employed to lightweight S-CR2-DNet, enhancing its practical applicability. Extensive experiments validate that KLSD-HDet outperforms the state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods, achieving 94.49% detection precision, improved by 6.65% compared to the SOTA algorithms.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145036751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized Lattice-Structured Flexible EIT Sensor for Tactile Reconstruction and Classification","authors":"Huazhi Dong;Sihao Teng;Xu Han;Xiaopeng Wu;Francesco Giorgio-Serchi;Yunjie Yang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3604919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3604919","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible electrical impedance tomography (EIT) offers a promising alternative to traditional tactile sensing approaches, enabling low-cost, scalable, and deformable sensor designs. Here, we propose an optimized lattice-structured flexible EIT tactile sensor incorporating a hydrogel-based conductive layer, systematically designed through 3-D coupling field simulations (3D-CFSs) to optimize structural parameters for enhanced sensitivity and robustness. By tuning the lattice channel width and conductive layer thickness, we achieve significant improvements in tactile reconstruction quality and classification performance. Experimental results demonstrate high-quality tactile reconstruction with correlation coefficients (CCs) up to 0.9275, peak signal-to-noise ratios (PSNRs) reaching 29.0303 dB, and structural similarity indexes up to 0.9660, while maintaining low relative errors down to 0.3798. Furthermore, the optimized sensor accurately classifies 12 distinct tactile stimuli with an accuracy reaching 99.6%. These results highlight the potential of simulation-guided structural optimization for advancing flexible EIT-based tactile sensors toward practical applications in wearable systems, robotics, and human–machine interfaces (HMIs). All data are publicly available in Edinburgh DataShare with the identifier <uri>https://doi.org/10.7488/ds/7982</uri>","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accurate High-Speed Equivalent-Time Sampling Receiver: Architecture and Performance Metrics","authors":"Aaron D. Pitcher;Charl W. Baard;Mihail S. Georgiev;Natalia K. Nikolova","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3604952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3604952","url":null,"abstract":"An equivalent-time (ET) sampling ultra-wideband (UWB) dual-channel receiver is proposed, which is controlled by a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). It has a programmable repetition period and ET sampling rate [up to 20 gigasamples per second (GSa/s)]. The architecture employs a programmable delay chip (PDC) to achieve ultra-high speed of over 8900 traces/s for a typical <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s repetition period. Compared with previously reported high-speed (PDC-based) receivers, it offers superior time-sampling accuracy. The design incorporates a custom dual-channel radio frequency (RF) front end with a low-jitter clock source, critical in achieving time-sampling stability. Importantly, a simple yet effective method is proposed to correct the systematic timebase distortions due to the PDC, whose delay inaccuracies are the main signal-degradation factor in ET receivers realizing picosecond sampling intervals. The realized low-cost system operates as a high-speed oscilloscope with a 10-dB receiver bandwidth of 6 GHz and with accuracy comparable to that of bench-top high-speed oscilloscopes. Performance metrics and measurement procedures are proposed to evaluate and compare time-sampling receivers. These are applied to the proposed receiver, including tests as part of a compact pulsed radar. Its performance is compared with two high-speed bench-top oscilloscopes as well as previously reported ET receiver prototypes.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11147170","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145036781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}