IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement最新文献

{"title":"A Multipath Detection Method Using C/N0 Observations From Low-Cost Receivers","authors":"Zhen Li;Shengyi Xu;Xiaolong Xu;Qile Zhao;Jing Guo","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2024.3488134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3488134","url":null,"abstract":"Multipath effects in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) observations significantly reduce positioning accuracy and are challenging to model and mitigate. We propose three statistical tests for multipath detection using the carrier-to-noise power density ratio (C/\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$N0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000). Each test has certain advantages and disadvantages: the first \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$S1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 based on the C/\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$N0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 is sensitive to an abnormal C/\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$N0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 but cannot distinguish multipath and non-line-of-sight (NLOS). The second \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$S2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 based on the differenced C/\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$N0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 between frequencies can detect multipath without being affected by NLOS, but at least two frequencies are needed. Additionally, the combination of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$S1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$S2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 can be used to identify NLOS. The third \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$S3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 based on the epoch difference of C/\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$N0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 is preferred for kinematic mode. The best performance is achieved when all three tests are used in combination. For the static multipath detection experiment in a harsh environment, a function related to the azimuth is established to mitigate the impact of azimuthal dependence of C/\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$N0$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 on multipath detection for low-cost receivers. The detection rates for a Trimble Alloy receiver with a geodetic antenna and a low-cost u-blox F9P receiver with a microstrip patch antenna were 83.67% and 73.40%, respectively, while their incorrect detection rates were 10.11% and 20.24%, respectively. For single-epoch static real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning with the u-blox F9P, the proportion of horizontal position error within 0.2 and 2 m were improved from 61.5% to 78.8% and 78.3% to 92.8%, respectively, once multipath observations were identified. For the kinematic experiment, 47.05% and 61.79% of the observations were detected as affected by multipath interference, and 70.95% and 85.27% of NLOS observations were detected via the combination of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$S1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$S2$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 for the alloy and u-blox F9P receivers, respectively. However, due to the sensitivity of low-cost devices to multipath effects, the number of available satellites will significantly decrease during kinematic positioning. In such cases, a weighting method should be applied.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"73 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Abnormality in Deterministic Compressive Sensed Breast Thermograms Using Bilateral Asymmetry","authors":"Ankita Dey;Sreeraman Rajan;Ioannis Lambadaris","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2024.3488144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3488144","url":null,"abstract":"The increased number of breast cancer cases worldwide necessitates the development of early breast abnormality detection techniques. Thermography serves as a promising imaging modality that can be used as an adjunctive tool with mammography for early breast abnormality detection. It can be particularly useful for breast abnormality detection in developing or underdeveloped countries that have a limited number of medical professionals and low-power processing units for diagnosis. Appropriate compression of breast thermal images reduces the data storage expenses and computational complexity of the algorithms for breast abnormality detection using thermography. Therefore, we are motivated to use deterministic compressive sensing (CS) for the compression of the red-plane extracted from the breast thermograms and detecting breast abnormality in the compressed domain using the compressed red plane. The deterministic CS technique employs a given deterministic binary block diagonal (DBBD) matrix that acts as a low-pass filter and downsampler and preserves the features needed for abnormality detection. We propose a bilateral asymmetry analysis-based breast abnormality detection technique in the compressed domain. A performance analysis of compressed domain breast abnormality detection technique with red-plane thermograms compressed using CS and non-CS compression techniques at different compression ratios (CRs) along with an analysis of computational complexities is presented. A comprehensive analysis of the performance of compressed domain breast abnormality detection is also explored when different types of common medical image noises (Gaussian, salt and pepper, and speckle noise) at different noise levels are present.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"73 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimentally Validated Dynamic Equivalent Circuit Model of Perovskite Solar Cells: Utilizing Machine Learning Algorithms for Parameter Extraction Using I–V and C–V Characteristics","authors":"Eman Sawires;Zahraa Ismail;Fathy Amer;Sameh Abdellatif","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2024.3488138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3488138","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a novel approach for parameter extraction and optimization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) using a hybrid random forest (RF) machine learning model integrated with a neural network algorithm. We validated our model’s accuracy through experiments on a fabricated cesium lead chloride perovskite cell, characterizing it under one Sun conditions and diffused light injection. We compared the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of our model with experimental measurements and existing literature on perovskites. Additionally, we utilized measured C–V characteristics as inputs for a polynomial regression algorithm to extract C–V coefficients. Our results indicate a significant improvement in RMSE to 0.00016 with hyperparameter optimization (HPO), representing nearly a 90% enhancement over the equilibrium optimizer (EO) benchmark. Although the computational time for the ML model with HPO was approximately double that of the EO, the ML model without HPO still outperformed the EO by about 25% with only a modest increase in time. These findings underscore the effectiveness of hybrid machine learning approaches in optimizing PSC performance.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"73 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142598654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Feature Prefusion and Mask-Guided Network for Camera Decoration Defect Detection","authors":"Hui Wang;Yuqian Zhao;Fan Zhang;Gui Gui;Qiwu Luo;Chunhua Yang;Weihua Gui","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2024.3485445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3485445","url":null,"abstract":"Camera decoration is an important part of smartphone. To achieve fully automated production, a dependable, efficient, and automatic method is required for camera decoration surface defect detection. This article presents a detection scheme based on computer vision to improve the efficiency of screening defective products. Since there is no available dataset for method designing in camera decoration field, we establish a camera decoration defect dataset CD3 including 9417 samples with four types of defects. To increase sample size and alleviate category imbalance of CD3, we provide a dataset enhancing framework including a defect copy method and a background reuse method to generate an enhanced dataset CD3_En containing 39649 samples. Besides, a feature fusion and mask-guided network (FMN) including a feature prefusion (FPF) module and a multistage fusion (MSF) module is proposed to screen the defective products. The FPF is constructed by receptive field blocks (RFBs) and information diffusions (IDs), and it can achieve data volume reduction and context enhancement after being embedded between the BoneNet and Neck. The MSF is used as the Neck to realize a two-step feature fusion for predicting the bounding boxes of defects and their masks. The experimental results on the CD3_En dataset demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method compared with other 11 classic object detection methods.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"73 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fat-Water Signal-Based Electrical Properties Tomography Using the Dixon Technique","authors":"Yinhao Ren;Kecheng Yuan;Guofang Xu;Chunyou Ye;Feng Liu;Bensheng Qiu;Xiang Nan;Jijun Han","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2024.3485405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3485405","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to improve the accuracy of electrical properties tomography (EPT) by proposing a fat-water quantification-based EPT (FW-EPT) using the Dixon technique and provided a feasible approach for obtaining electrical properties (EPs) from current clinical routing modalities. Nine human liver-mimicking phantoms were built with varying fat-water (FW) content at 64 MHz. The EPs were measured using the open-ended coaxial probe method, and an FW signal was obtained through Dixon scanning. Subsequently, three sets of fit models were established: F-EPs, considering only fat information; W-EPs, considering only water information; and FW-EPs, considering both fat and water information. To assess the accuracy of these models, FW-EPT experiments were conducted on two healthy subjects, and the results were evaluated using literature values as a reference benchmark. Experiments showed that the FW-EPs fitted model offered the best accuracy. Compared with the literature values, the average relative errors for human liver conductivity and relative permittivity at 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were lower than 2.89% and 5.37%, respectively. The scanning time for clinical human magnetic resonance (MR) experiments was approximately 22 s. FW-EPT enabled faster, higher resolution, and more precise imaging of EPs in human liver tissue. The findings of this study offered new insights for clinical EPT.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"73 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142595850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the Velocity and Concentration of Pneumatically Conveyed Particles in the Upstream of an Acoustic Emission Waveguide Through CFD-DEM Modeling and Electrostatic Sensing","authors":"Xingxing Zeng;Yong Yan;Xiangchen Qian;Kamel Reda;Yunlong Lu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2024.3488148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3488148","url":null,"abstract":"The characterization of the velocity and concentration of pneumatically conveyed particles in the upstream of the waveguide protruded into the flow is essential for the measurement of the mass flow rate and size distribution of particles using acoustic emission (AE) methods. However, the protrusion of the waveguide affects the movement of particles, and there is a challenge in quantifying its effects on particle velocity and concentration due to the complexity of the dynamics of particle flow. Therefore, the computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) is employed in this study to simulate the collisions between particles and waveguides with a varying protrusion depth in both circular and square vertical pipes. The modeling data indicate that in circular and square pipes, the waveguide protruded into the flow between 2 and 10 mm results in a reduction in particle velocity of about 30.6%–32.7% and 30.8%–32.9%, respectively, and an increase in particle concentration of about 3.5%–15.6% and 4.0%–17.3%, respectively. Based on the modeling data, a sensing system incorporating electrostatic sensors is developed to measure the particle velocity and concentration in the upstream of the waveguide. Experimental tests were carried out on both circular and square vertical pipes on a particle flow test rig. Experimental results show that in circular and square pipes, the waveguide protruded into the flow between 2 and 10 mm results in a reduction in particle velocity of approximately 32.5%–34.5% and 32.7%–34.8%, respectively, and an increase in particle concentration of approximately 4.1%–19.5% and 4.6%–21.8%, respectively. The experimental results show a close agreement with the modeling data.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"73 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Experimental Verification of a 6.25-GHz PLL for Harsh Temperature Conditions in 65-nm CMOS Technology","authors":"Marco Mestice;Gabriele Ciarpi;Daniele Rossi;Sergio Saponara","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2024.3488132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3488132","url":null,"abstract":"Reliability is an important characteristic of electronic systems, and it could be undermined by several issues. Among these, a wide temperature range represents a threat to the correct operation of electronic systems. Indeed, wide temperature ranges can be experienced in various fields, such as the oil and gas industry, the avionics and automotive fields, or space applications. In these cases, temperatures can reach maximum values up to 160 °C and minimum values down to -40 °C. In addition, in these fields, the ever-improving sensors’ technology is pushing for increasingly higher data rates to the control units. This implies the use of high-speed point-to-point connections, which usually exploit phase-locked loops (PLL) to synchronize the communication. These PLLs should then be able to operate in harsh environments and the gigahertz range. In this article, we present the design and the experimental verification of a 6.25-GHz PLL for harsh temperature conditions from -40 °C up to 160 °C prototyped in a standard 65-nm CMOS technology. We describe the transistor-level design, and we discuss the setups for all the performed measures. The proposed PLL shows a limited performance dependence on temperature variations, which can be compensated further thanks to a tunable bandwidth. Moreover, it achieves fast locking with low area, low power, and a phase noise below −98 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"73 ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power Transformer Insulation Diagnosis Using De-Trapped Charge Affected Short-Duration Dielectric Response","authors":"Somesh Ganguly;Arijit Baral;Sivaji Chakravorti","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2024.3488154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3488154","url":null,"abstract":"The polarization and depolarization current (PDC) gets affected by de-trapped charges. Analysis of such currents leads to an inaccurate assessment of the transformer insulation condition. Existing insulation model-based methods assume the polarization current to be free of the de-trapped charges. This assumption does not always hold good; moreover, most of the time series forecasting methods available in the literature are based on this assumption. A novel method has been proposed for obtaining the depolarization current, which is less affected by the de-trapping current, from short-duration de-trapped charge affected polarization current. The result presented in the article demonstrates that the use of data that is less affected by de-trapped charges leads to reliable diagnosis. The proposed analysis has been formulated and tested on data collected from various real-life transformers.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"73 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142600411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly Stretchable Serpentine-Shaped Strain Sensor Based on 3-D Printing for Gestures Recognition","authors":"Peng Zhang;Changbo Guo;Liangsong Huang;Yuxia Li;Kun Zhang;Yu Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2024.3488139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3488139","url":null,"abstract":"The gesture recognition technology based on flexible strain sensors has attracted widespread research interest in fields such as human–computer interaction. However, the complex fabrication process of current flexible strain sensors limits their mass production capacity. Herein, we introduce a fabrication method for strain sensors based on 3-D printing technology. A custom serpentine-shaped flexible strain substrate was constructed using low-cost thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomer as printing material, which met the needs of mass production of the flexible substrate and improvement of mechanical properties of the sensor. Soaking the substrate in a specific proportion of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF)/carbon black (CB) solution, the sensing layer based on a stable conductive network was constructed on its surface using ultrasound technology, and further softening enhanced its deformation ability. The proposed strain sensor exhibits excellent sensing performance with a wide strain range of up to 200%, high sensitivity of 58.08, fast response time of about 0.1 s, a nd high durability (1000 cycles under 50% strain), achieving detection of human joint motion status. Finally, a wearable gesture recognition system was established based on the data glove integrated with flexible sensors and a support vector machine (SVM), achieving an accuracy rate of 96% for recognizing ten commonly used gestures and translating them into audible speech in real-time. The experimental results demonstrate the practical value and potential application of the designed sensor in wearable devices, and to build communication channels for people with language disorders in the future.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"73 ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fault Location and Fault Cause Identification Method for Transmission Lines Based on Pose Normalized Multioutput Convolutional Nets","authors":"Hao Wu;Jian Wang;Dongliang Nan;Qiushi Cui;Wenyuan Li","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2024.3488157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3488157","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate identifying of fault causes and locating fault sites are fundamental requirements to ensure the safe operation of the power grid. Compared with extra-high-voltage transmission lines, digital fault recorders (DFRs) with high sampling rates and information synchronization are rarely applied in high-voltage transmission lines. One-ended DFRs and impedance-based methods are commonly used for fault identification and location. However, the impedance-based fault location and fault cause identification methods have coupling effect due to the fault resistance caused by different causes, which can affect the location accuracy. To address this, a fault cause identification and location method based on pose normalized multioutput convolutional nets (PNMCN) is proposed. First, the fault characteristics displayed by the volt-ampere curve are analyzed based on the fault mechanism. Second, a one-ended volt-ampere curve is used as an input, pose normalization is employed to improve feature extraction for fault resistance, and coupled prior knowledge of fault cause and fault location is used during training of PNMCN to mitigate their mutual effects. Finally, the results of the case study show that the median and mean relative errors of the fault location are 0.68% and 1.16%, respectively, and the fault cause identification accuracy is 99.5% when using one-ended low-sampling frequency data. The proposed method can be used for adaptive reclosing and is convenient for operation and maintenance personnel to detect faults.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}