IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement最新文献

{"title":"A Microwave Imaging System for Soil Moisture Estimation in Subsurface Drip Irrigation","authors":"Mohammad Ramezaninia;Mohammad Zoofaghari;Tommaso Isernia","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3563036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3563036","url":null,"abstract":"The microwave imaging system (MIS) stands out among prominent imaging tools for capturing images of concealed obstacles. Leveraging its capability to penetrate through heterogeneous environments, the MIS has been widely used for subsurface imaging. Monitoring subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) as an efficient procedure in agricultural irrigation is essential to maintain the required moisture percentage for plant growth which is a novel MIS application. In this research, we implement a laboratory-scale MIS for SDI, reflecting real-world conditions to evaluate leakage localization and quantification in a heterogeneous area. We extract a model to quantify the moisture content by exploiting an imaging approach that could be used in a scheduled SDI. We employ the subspace information of images formed by back-projection (BP) and Born approximation algorithms (BAAs) for model parameterization and estimate the model parameters using a statistical curve-fitting technique. We then compare the performance of these imaging techniques in the presence of environmental clutter such as plant roots and pebbles. The proposed approach can well contribute to efficient mechanistic subsurface irrigation for which the local moisture around the root is obtained noninvasively and remotely with less than 20% estimation error.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DRCM-CSLAM: Distributed Robust and Communication-Efficient Multirobot Cooperative LiDAR–Inertial SLAM","authors":"Pin Lyu;Jiong Li;Jizhou Lai;Wei Fang;Qian Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565109","url":null,"abstract":"In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) in large, degraded, and complex areas, real-time multirobot cooperative SLAM has more obvious advantages in accuracy, fault tolerance, and flexibility than single robot SLAM. However, currently, existing cooperative SLAM algorithms have the following issues. On the one hand, poor localization of degraded scenes and incomplete consideration of interrobot loop constraints lead to insufficient robustness. On the other hand, the bandwidth occupation is large in interrobot loop areas. Therefore, in order to solve the above problems, we innovatively propose the distributed robust and communication-efficient multirobot cooperative LiDAR-inertial SLAM (DRCM-CSLAM). First, the FAST-LIO2 with loop detection and loop correction is integrated into a cooperative framework to improve the robustness in degraded scenes. Subsequently, a two-stage loop filtering is proposed to improve the accuracy of the two-stage optimization of DiSCo-SLAM by fully utilizing interrobot loop constraints. Finally, we are the first to combine the scan context (SC) descriptor and incremental octree to design a lightweight and efficient communication strategy, significantly reducing bandwidth occupation of interrobot loop areas and ensuring real-time performance. The experiments are tested on KITTI datasets and collected datasets. The results show that our method has superior performance in robustness, bandwidth, and runtime. Compared with DiSCo-SLAM, our method reduces absolute translational error (RMSE) by 42.9% and bandwidth by 90%.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Measuring Orthometric Height With Multi-GNSS Undifferenced Time–Frequency Signals","authors":"Wei Xu;Jia Song;Pengfei Zhang;Lewen Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565063","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional approach to measuring orthometric height has numerous limitations. It suffers from error accumulation, involves time-consuming and labor-intensive procedures, exhibits low efficiency, and faces challenges in cross-sea transfers. In contrast, by exploiting the principle of general relativity, using precision global navigation satellite system (GNSS) time-frequency signals for orthometric height determination can surmount these problems. This research employs the multi-GNSS undifferenced carrier phase time-frequency signal for orthometric height determination and constructs a model for undifferenced multi-GNSS carrier phase time-frequency comparison to determine orthometric height and transfer. Moreover, the study delves into simulation methods for precise clock offsets and multi-GNSS observations. Simulation experiments between China and USA are conducted to verify GNSS time-frequency signals’ efficacy in cross-sea orthometric height transfer. The experimental results indicate that the frequency stability of multi-GNSS undifferenced time-frequency comparisons can reach approximately <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 10^{-{17}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, with the bias and uncertainty of orthometric height transfer about 2.0 cm and 0.2 m, respectively. Considering the accuracy of multi-GNSS carrier phase observations and the cost of improving clock performance, a clock with frequency stability around sub-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{-{17}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> offers significant advantages for multi-GNSS time-frequency signals in orthometric height transfer. As clock performance improves and miniaturization trends continue, the accuracy of multi-GNSS time-frequency signals for determining orthometric height is expected to reach centimeter or even millimeter levels, further advancing the accurate unification of the global vertical height datum.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Symmetrical Core-Offset Fiber SPR Sensor With Superior Comprehensive Performance: Mechanism Analysis and Experimental Realization","authors":"Qing-Shun Qu;Wan-Ming Zhao;Junsheng Wang;Wei Tang;Yuanhai Lin","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565025","url":null,"abstract":"Optical fiber surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors have significantly limited their development in high-precision biochemical detection due to the difficulty in balancing sensitivity, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and resonance depth. In order to solve this problem, a symmetrical core-offset SPR sensor based on multimode-single mode-multimode (MSM) structure is proposed and fabricated in this article. Analysis using the finite-difference beam propagation (FD-BPM) and eigenmode expansion (EME) method reveals that an appropriate core-offset not only reduces the effective refractive index of cladding mode thus improving the sensor sensitivity, but also decreases the cladding modes which narrows the FWHM. In addition, light energy leakage into the cladding of the single-mode fiber (SMF) is increased, which deepens the resonance spectrum. The experimentally fabricated sensor achieves a reasonable figure of merit (RFOM) of 12.16/RIU, which represents 3.68 times the value of traditional MSM structure. The symmetrical core-offset structure achieves the balance of sensitivity and spectrum characteristics as verified by simulation and experiment. Moreover, the sensor is simple to fabricate and has high mechanical strength, which shows great prospect for high-precision biochemical detection.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intermittent Charging Method Making the Receiving Coil of Wireless Charging System Inside Cardiac Pacemaker","authors":"Hao Wang;Chunyan Xiao;Zhi Liang;Weiwei Shen","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565021","url":null,"abstract":"The wireless charging system for cardiac pacemakers has not yet been clinically applied, mainly because its receiving coil is located outside the pacemaker case, resulting in poor biocompatibility and increased implantation volume. Placing the receiving coil inside the pacemaker can solve these problems. However, this approach may cause safety issues due to eddy current heating. This article solves the heating problem by proposing an intermittent charging method and optimizing the wireless power transfer (WPT) system, such as the coupling coil and the frequency. An electromagnetic model of a pacemaker WPT system is established, incorporating conductors between coupling coils with ferrite film. The analytical expression of the voltage induced across the receiving coil is then obtained. The calculation results reveal the influence of operating frequency, ferrite film thickness, and eccentricity on the induced voltage, providing guidance for the parameter design of efficient WPT systems. The simulation and experimental results of a 3.0 W WPT system indicate that under continuous energy supply, the temperature rise can cause severe burns. Using the bipolar coil and the proposed method for intermittent charging, leads to a maximum temperature rise of human tissues <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.3~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C, meeting operational thresholds for adverse health effect. The values of SAR, E, and H are also below electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure limits, thus promoting the clinical applications of wireless charging system for cardiac pacemakers, and eliminating the need for multiple implantation surgeries for patients.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust Vision-Based Target Outline Reconstruction and In-Plane Trajectory Measurement","authors":"Sicheng Hong;Yuyong Xiong;Yingjie Gou;Qingbo He;Zhike Peng","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565061","url":null,"abstract":"Noncontact vision-based in-plane displacement and posture trajectory measurement is essential in structural health monitoring, aerospace, and related fields. However, current techniques such as optical flow and digital image correlation (DIC), remain challenges under intensity-varying and noise-interfered test scenes. To this end, by leveraging on binary segmentation and new line fitting method, this article introduces a novel target outline reconstruction (TOR) method for dynamic target tracking, creating an approach for robust vision-based in-plane displacement and posture parameter measurements. The reconstruction process begins with target-background separation, applying a binarization algorithm combined with edge extraction to obtain the initial target outline. In parallel, image processing with convolution forms the gradient value coordinate, filtering the densest regions to net the qualified points for edge line reconstruction. The TOR method was evaluated in various test scenes with background light shadowing. Experimental results demonstrate that target displacement and posture parameters are well monitored with high accuracy and robustness.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Broadband LCLCC Resonance Compensation Method for Emission Signal Enhancement of Depth-Focused Electromagnetic Detection Transmitter System","authors":"Xinhao Zhang;He Wang;Xiaoyu Pang;Chenglong Yang;Shengbao Yu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3560747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3560747","url":null,"abstract":"In depth-focused electromagnetic method (EM) surveys, broadband emission signals with multifrequency spectrum energy limited to specific frequency bands are generally used to realize the high-precision detection of anomaly targets at specific depth. However, the amplitude and spectrum energy of the emission signals are suppressed due to the presence of the high inductive impedance of the antennae, while the capability of the conventional multifrequency resonance compensation approaches is unapplicable due to the limited compensation bandwidth. To solve the above problems, a novel LCLCC resonance compensation method is proposed in this article to improve the strength of broadband emission signals. Specifically, the topology of the proposed LCLCC resonance compensation circuit is given and the compensation principle is theoretically derived. Based on this, a broadband parameter optimization design method based on Newton’s iterative method is designed to achieve the multifrequency compensation effect in the desired frequency band. Finally, the proposed method and the related discussion are validated by comparative simulations and experiments. The results show that the proposed method can effectively enhance the depth-focused waveform strength with 272% current amplitude enhancement and 225%–300% spectral energy enhancement. Compared to the previous multifrequency resonance compensation method, the emission performance is improved by over 179%, which contributes to better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance of the depth-focused transmitter system.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Junction Temperature Measurement Method for Power MOSFETs Through Body Diode With Compensation Ideality Factor","authors":"Xueli Zhu;Yajie Huang;Donglai Zhang;Anshou Li","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565118","url":null,"abstract":"Power metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) have been widely used in various power conditioning circuits due to their advantages. The junction temperature significantly impacts the reliability, performance, and lifetime of these MOSFETs. Therefore, accurate monitoring the junction temperature of power MOSFETs is essential to ensure the safe operation of power circuit systems. In application scenarios such as half-bridge converters, full-bridge converters, and motor drive circuits, MOSFETs operate in a state where the body diodes are in freewheeling mode. The body diode forward voltage is superior to other temperature-sensitive electrical parameters (TSEPs) in linearity, sensitivity, integration, and aging effect. Therefore, the body diode forward voltage is a reliable TSEP for the junction temperature measurement of power MOSFETs. This article proposes a junction temperature measurement method for power MOSFETs through processing body diode forward voltage with compensation ideality factor. This method only needs to collect the body diode forward voltage under two different forward currents, the junction temperature is then obtained from the forward voltage. The method adopts a way that compensates the intercept difference of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$V_{F}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–T curves at 0 K to eliminate the influence of the body diode ideality factor and improve the precision of junction temperature measurement. The effect of aging on forward voltage is also considered for junction temperature measurement. The effectiveness of the method has been verified by both theoretical simulations and experiments.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accurate Calibration for Magnetic Measurements Using Deep Learning","authors":"Hengzhuo Duan;Deqiang Xiao;Tao Chen;Jingyang Yun;Danni Ai;Jingfan Fan;Tianyu Fu;Yucong Lin;Hong Song;Jian Yang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565112","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate magnetic measurement is necessary in various applications. However, due to the interferences existing in the magnetic field, the calibration is typically required to correct magnetic measurements. This study introduces a deep learning method, namely, magnetic measurement calibration network (MagMCNet), to calibrate the raw measurements of magnetic sensors. Unlike the conventional methods that are reliant on the predefined measurement error models, our approach adopts deep networks to learn rich calibration parameters to effectively address the nonlinear measurement errors that the existing methods cannot resolve. Given the limited computational resources in practical applications, we integrate two networks in MagMCNet. Specifically, a complex network transfers its prediction capability to a lightweight network through a hybrid regression loss, enabling the real-time calibration. In addition, two new evaluation metrics are introduced for the direct assessment of calibration performance. The proposed approach is rigorously evaluated across simulated, laboratory, and practical application settings. MagMCNet achieves the calibration error of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.04~pm ~0.56$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mG in the evaluation with ferromagnetic interferences. Experimental results show that MagMCNet performs consistently better than related methods, suggesting the state-of-the-art performance in complex applications.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Through-Wall Human Activity Recognition With Dual-Layer Attention Augmented Multiscale Multiview Feature Fusion Network Using Low-Frequency Multistatic Bio-Radar","authors":"Yimeng Zhao;Yong Jia;Dong Huang;Li Zhang;Yao Zheng;Jianqi Wang;Fugui Qi","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565041","url":null,"abstract":"The anisotropy of both multiview detection paths and human targets presents a challenge for the through-wall detection and classification of enclosed space-high degrees of freedom (ES-HDR) human behavior, characterized by random positions and orientations. The obtained multiview micro-Doppler signatures (MDs) spectra may exhibit varying levels of information quality at both the feature spectrum space layer and the view space layer. If all the information contained at either layer is treated equally, this will seriously limit the fusion recognition results, that is, the phenomenon of “multiview fusion heterogeneous reverse autophagy.” In this article, a dual-layer attention (DA) augmented multiscale multiview feature fusion network is proposed for through-wall human activity recognition based on multiview MDs spectra. Specifically, during the single-view MDs spectra feature extraction stage, a multiscale attention feature fusion module (MSAM) is utilized to integrate features from different depth levels, where SpectralSpace Attention (SSA) is utilized to focus on the information in the feature spectrum space layer at the corresponding depth levels and dynamically assigns weights based on the importance differences. During the multiview feature fusion stage, a multiview attention feature fusion module (MVAM) is utilized to fuse multiview information, where ViewSpace Attention (VSA) is utilized to adaptively focus on the important views. The DA mechanism works together to mitigate the phenomenon of “multiview fusion heterogeneous reverse autophagy,” effectively improving the recognition performance of multiview through-wall detection ES-HDR human behavior. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves 98.542% recognition accuracy for seven types of through-wall human activities. Ablation experiments and visualization analysis strongly demonstrate the effectiveness of DA and its ability to improve the fusion recognition performance.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}