IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement最新文献

{"title":"L-PR: Exploiting LiDAR Fiducial Marker for Unordered Low-Overlap Multiview Point Cloud Registration","authors":"Yibo Liu;Jinjun Shan;Amaldev Haridevan;Shuo Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3544745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3544745","url":null,"abstract":"The point cloud registration is a prerequisite for many applications in computer vision and robotics. Most existing methods focus on the registration of point clouds with high overlap. While some learning-based methods address low-overlap cases, they struggle in out-of-distribution scenarios with extremely low-overlap ratios. This article introduces a novel framework dubbed L-PR, designed to register unordered low-overlap multiview point clouds leveraging light detection and ranging (LiDAR) fiducial markers. We refer to them as LiDAR fiducial markers, but they are the same as the popular AprilTag and ArUco markers—thin sheets of paper that do not affect the 3-D geometry of the environment. We first propose an improved adaptive threshold marker detection method to provide robust detection results when the viewpoints among point clouds change dramatically. Then, we formulate the unordered multiview point cloud registration problem as a maximum a posteriori (MAP) problem and develop a framework consisting of two levels of graphs to address it. The first-level graph, constructed as a weighted graph, is designed to efficiently and optimally infer initial values of scan poses from the unordered set. The second-level graph is constructed as a factor graph. By globally optimizing the variables on the graph, including scan poses, marker poses, and marker corner positions, we tackle the MAP problem. We perform both qualitative and quantitative experiments to demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms previous state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods in addressing challenging low-overlap cases. Specifically, the proposed method can serve as a convenient, efficient, and low-cost tool for applications such as 3-D asset collection from sparse scans, training data collection in unseen scenes, reconstruction of degraded scenes, and merging large-scale low-overlap 3-D maps, which existing methods struggle with. We also collect a new dataset named Livox-3DMatch using L-PR and incorporate it into the training of the SOTA learning-based methods, which brings evident improvements for them across various benchmarks. We release the open-source code implementation and datasets at: <uri>https://github.com/yorklyb/L-PR</uri>.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synchronous Extraction of Cage and Inner Ring Rotational Frequencies in Aircraft Bearings via Weak Magnetic Fields and Adaptive Ridge Extraction for Cage Slip Monitoring","authors":"Xiaofeng Bai;Aftab Alam Khan;Liwei Zhan;Jianpeng Ma;Chengwei Li;Qazi Mazhar ul Haq","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3542864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3542864","url":null,"abstract":"Cage slip in bearings is a key factor contributing to bearing failure and is also a crucial parameter for evaluating bearing health. However, existing methods for detecting cage slip are still inadequate. The cage slip is typically calculated by measuring the difference in rotational frequency between the cage and the inner ring. This article presents an innovative monitoring method that achieves synchronous monitoring of the cage and inner ring frequencies by analyzing the variations in weak magnetic signals caused by remanent magnetism and the geomagnetic field, along with an adaptive ridge extraction algorithm. No additional modifications to the bearings are required. Furthermore, the method is not affected by environmental factors such as oil mist and high temperatures. Furthermore, the proposed adaptive ridge extraction algorithm dynamically balances the peak values and curve smoothness in the time-frequency graph of weak magnetic signals during rotational frequency extraction. It also dynamically adjusts the search bandwidth of the ridge and defines extraction regions to effectively avoid interference between the harmonic frequencies of the rolling elements and the rotational frequency of the inner ring, ensuring reliability of frequency extraction, especially during changes in spindle rotational frequency. This method can also locate bearing faults by analyzing the fault characteristic frequencies in weak magnetic signals. The experimental results have validated the effectiveness of this method, demonstrating its significant contribution to the advancement of aircraft bearing condition monitoring technology.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Research on Correlation Characteristics of Space Charge and Electric Field Intensity Around DC Conductor","authors":"Hongbo Liu;Tian Zhao;Yanqing Liu;Kui Li;Xiaozhen Zhao;Yunqi Xing;Ruijin Liao","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3544742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3544742","url":null,"abstract":"The electric field intensity and space charge density are important parameters for gas discharge, and the study of the relationship between them not only helps to better understand the mechanism of corona discharge but also provides a reference for insulation margin design for power equipment. In this article, a space charge measurement platform based on the acoustic pulse method is constructed, and in this way, the distribution of space charge density in the corona cage can be obtained. In addition, corona discharge characteristics (including onset characteristics and electric field distribution) are obtained based on theoretical calculation and experimental measurement, and then the correlation mechanism between space charge and field intensity under dc voltage is established. The results show that when corona discharge occurs, the space charge density is positively correlated with the onset voltage and negatively correlated with the onset electric field, and the space charge is also negatively correlated with the surface electric field intensity around the wire surface. However, the space charge density gets bigger with the increase of spatial electric field intensity in the corona cage. The above research results can reveal the correlation mechanism between space charge and electric field intensity more accurately, which is of great significance for the in-depth study of the corona discharge mechanism and air discharge characteristics.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143570682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Model for Quantifying and Propagating Uncertainty of Precise Time Measurement System With Tapped-Delay-Line Time-to-Digital Converters","authors":"Xin Yu;Yinye Ding;Wenhao Chen;Rencheng Song;Chengliang Pan;Haojie Xia","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3545157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3545157","url":null,"abstract":"To evaluate the uncertainty of high-performance integrated circuits in precise time-interval measurements, we designed a time-to-digital converter using a typical tapped-delay-line (TDL) architecture implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Using a 28-nm Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGA chip, we established a precise time measurement system that achieves a measurement precision better than 22 ps. Detailed modeling and analysis of measurement uncertainty identified potential error sources in the TDL time-to-digital converters design and implementation. We analyzed various factors, including time-interval quantization, fine time interpolation, signal input and sampling, signal propagation, and clock signals to reliably evaluate the time-to-digital converter’s resolution. By analyzing uncertainty sources and applying reasonable distribution assumptions, an adaptive Monte Carlo method (AMCM) was used to propagate and evaluate uncertainty components. This approach showed good consistency with the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM), providing valuable insights for evaluating more complex time-to-digital converter (TDC) architectures. These analyses and experiments also offer guidance for using advanced manufacturing processes to enhance the resolution and precision of precise time-interval measurement systems.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143570656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Method of Measuring Switching Overvoltage Based on the CVT Capacitive Current Integration Principle","authors":"Jiandong Duan;Xiao Guan;Ming Zhao;Wenchao Lu;Kunxiong Liu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3544338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3544338","url":null,"abstract":"Switching overvoltage will destroy the resonance condition inside the capacitor voltage transformer (CVT), reducing the accuracy of the CVT measurement of switching overvoltage. Some methods can accurately measure the switching overvoltage, but they need to modify the CVT structure, and the operation process is complex and expensive. To solve this problem, this article proposes a switching overvoltage measurement method based on the CVT capacitive current integration principle. This method uses the compound Simpson integration algorithm to integrate the capacitive current to realize the measurement of the switching overvoltage. On this basis, the effect of capacitive current data loss and the initial value of voltage integration on this method is considered to improve the measurement accuracy. Furthermore, the accuracy of this method for measuring the switching overvoltage is verified by simulations and experiments. Compared to other methods, this method has the advantage of a simple measurement principle, lower transformation complexity, and easy implementation.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifrequency Microwave Liquid Identification Sensor Based on Interdigital Split Ring Resonators","authors":"Jing Lei Yong;Peng Li;Xing Li He;Mei Song Tong;Le Tian Guo;Yun Jing Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3544708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3544708","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a novel multifrequency microwave sensor comprising four interdigital split ring resonators (SRRs) coupled to a microstrip feed line is proposed for measuring types and volume fractions of liquids. The interdigital SRR is based on a traditional SRR with its split replaced by an interdigital capacitor (IDC) structure. The IDC in the SRR, serving as the sensing region, has strong electric fields, highly responsive to variations in the dielectric properties of the sample. To mitigate the influence of the sample on the microstrip feed line, a ground plane is inserted between the feed line and the sensing region. Different samples exhibit distinct resonant frequencies and transmission magnitudes of the sensor, which are used to invert their complex permittivity through a mathematical relationship model. Subsequently, liquid types and concentrations can be identified based on a pre-established knowledge database. Significantly, the four-resonance frequency measurement enables to determine the dielectric dispersion of the liquids over the 2–6-GHz range, enhancing identification accuracy through the nearest neighbor search principle. Experiments conducted with various liquid types and ethanol solutions of varying concentrations demonstrate the superior identification capability of the sensor. The sensor’s compact size, simple structure, and high identification accuracy highlight its potential for on-site, real-time, noninvasive detection applications.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Visual Servoing of Robotic Systems With Closed Structure and Limited Image-Space Position Measurement Capacity","authors":"Yu Zhang;Zebin Chen;Dianrui Mu;Jiannan Chen;Changchun Hua","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3545158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3545158","url":null,"abstract":"Existing torque-based visual servoing controllers are not applicable to industrial/commercial robots with closed structure. On the other hand, velocity-based visual servoing controllers operate effectively under the assumption that the torque controller can ensure the stability of the combination of torque control/visual control loop, while ignoring the effects of unknown dynamics. This article presents a new adaptive visual servoing loop controller, which dynamically generates joint position or velocity commands for the torque control loop based on image-space feedback. It is rigorously proven that the proposed scheme can guarantee the stability of the visual servoing system, despite uncertainties in the camera model, robotic kinematics, and dynamics. Furthermore, the proposed controller does not require modification of the torque controller, making it applicable for the industrial/commercial robots with closed structure. To address the camera’s capacity for measuring image-space positions and ensure the feature point remains permanently visible, an image-space position-based barrier function (IPBBF) is developed to constrain feature points within the camera’s view directly, rather than utilizing the traditional tracking error-based BF that indirectly converts the image-space position constraints into error constraints, thus eliminating the laborious offline computation process for the parameters of performance functions. Theoretical analysis and experimental results on a robot manipulator are conducted to exhibit the superior performance of the designed method.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143570659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noninvasive Stereoscopic Backlight Imaging Design for In Situ Measurement of Particle Size Distribution During Continuous Crystallization via COBC","authors":"Ji Fan;Tao Liu;Yongcan Shuang;Mingyan Zhao;Haibo Niu;Junghui Chen;Yonghong Tan","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3545165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3545165","url":null,"abstract":"To realize in situ measurement of particle size distribution (PSD) during continuous crystallization via a continuous oscillatory baffled crystallizer (COBC), a novel noninvasive stereoscopic backlight imaging system is proposed in this article together with a deep-learning-based stereoscopic image analysis method. The stereoscopic imaging device consists of two telecentric lens-based cameras and backlight illuminators, while an optical platform is designed to acquire high-quality stereo images of flowing particles in the tubular crystallizer, which can be conveniently moved along the tubes of COBC for in situ measurement in different zones. Using a deep-learning-based image segmentation network for processing the snapshotted image pairs, a matching algorithm is established to sort out the interest-point correspondences regarding particle length and width from each particle mask pair. Based on the matched interest points, an optimal 3-D point reconstruction method is presented to measure each particle size with regard to its 3-D posture in COBC. The designed stereoscopic backlight imaging system and 3-D reconstruction method are validated by inserting a microscale checkerboard into the COBC for in situ calibration and measurement. Experimental results on measuring PSD during the continuous crystallization process of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-type L-glutamic acid well demonstrate the effectiveness and merit of the proposed measurement method.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143583141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wavelet Scattering Transformer: A Robust Rail Corrugation Detection Method Under Varying Speed Condition Based on Multiscale Time–Frequency Feature Representation","authors":"Wentao Mao;Na Wang;Linlin Kou;Ke Feng","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3544731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3544731","url":null,"abstract":"Rail corrugation detection, which identifies regular undulation wear on rail surfaces, is crucial for improving metro safety and ensuring system reliability. Current detection methods are usually limited to predetermined corrugation types and fixed speeds, which is not applicable to actual metro operations in an open environment. This article proposes a robust and reliable corrugation detection model, wavelet scattering transformer (WSTrans for short), by incorporating wavelet scattering transform and tensor decomposition into a deep transformer architecture. The original vibration signals are first fed into the tensor Tucker decomposition to get the core feature representation, enhancing the model’s reliability by filtering out irregular noise. Then, the obtained features are input into a wavelet scattering attention (WSA) mechanism that uses wavelet scattering transform as filters to capture multiscale information across the full-frequency band and uses channel attention to select critical frequency channels. The variation characteristics of passing frequency at varying speeds can be obtained to reliably identify whether a corrugation occurs through the transformer’s feedforward layer. An alternating training algorithm is designed to seek the optimal corrugation feature representation and the best robustness to noise interference. Experiments with real-world data from Beijing Subway in 2023 validate WSTrans’s effectiveness and reliability in adaptively detecting rail corrugation across varying speeds.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143583244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Eddy Current Testing Probe for Thickness Evaluation of Multilayers on Nuclear Fuel Claddings","authors":"Jiuhao Ge;Fei Xu;Jia Chen;Weiyu Jiang;Zhiyong Deng","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3545170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3545170","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear fuel claddings are the first barrier against fission products in a primary circuit. Eddy current testing (ECT) is a commonly used nondestructive testing technique for measuring the thickness of chromium and oxide layers on claddings. Because of the lack of an analytical model for ECT probes above multilayer pipes, the design and optimization of the probe have not been reported. In this article, an analytical model for coils placed outside multilayer pipes involving arbitrary nonconductive and conductive layers is built based on second-order vector potential (SOVP). A model of nuclear fuel claddings is built, and the influence of probe parameters on signals is analyzed. According to the results, a design flowchart for the ECT probe is provided by considering resonance frequency and quality factors. Comparisons among the experiment, finite element model, and analytical model indicate that the built analytical model is validated and efficient. In addition, the performance of the new probe is better and more sensitive than that of the old probe; therefore, the proposed design flowchart is effective.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143570602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}