IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement最新文献

{"title":"Ada-CDDPM: A Novel AIGC Method for RF Front-End Fault Diagnosis Under Imbalanced Data","authors":"Xinfeng Guo;Zhen Liu;Xiaowu Chen;Pengbin Yang;Jingyuan Wang;Xiaotian Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650272","url":null,"abstract":"Data-driven fault diagnosis is a method widely used in the maintenance and support of the radio frequency (RF) front end. Its effectiveness depends on a large volume of high-quality training data. However, due to the low probability and uneven occurrence of faults, the quantity of fault data is often less than the normal data. This data imbalanced problem greatly affects the accuracy of fault diagnosis for the RF front end. Data generation is an important way to address this problem, including generative adversarial networks (GANs), variational autoencoders (VAEs), and denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPMs). However, these methods suffer from issues such as unstable training, mode collapse, and uncontrollable generation. To solve these problems, this article proposed an adaptive conditional DDPM (Ada-CDDPM) based on improved U-Net3+, aiming to enable the model to better extract features of RF fault data and then guide it to generate the modal data required for RF system diagnosis. More specifically, this article proposed an Ada-CDDPM, which uses a conditional function with a learnable coefficient vector to guide the direction of training data generation. A differentiable loss function is proposed by this article to evaluate the quality of the generated training data. The learnable coefficient vector is optimized adaptively based on the evaluation results, enabling the final generated data to have good fidelity, diversity, and modal characteristics. This article constructed a simulation platform and an experimental platform to test the performance of the method. Comprehensive experiments show that data generated by the proposed method has significant advantages in diversity, fidelity, and is effective in solving the RF front-end diagnosis problem under imbalanced data.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148510861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multinode Ambiguity Resolution Within Factor Graph Optimization Based on Global Search in Challenging Environments","authors":"Jiaming Zhu;Zhetao Zhang;Yuan Li","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3704191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3704191","url":null,"abstract":"Ambiguity resolution (AR) is a key enabler for achieving high-precision positioning with global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) in challenging measurement environments. In many existing approaches, factor graph optimization (FGO) is used to estimate float ambiguities. AR is then performed externally using methods such as least-squares ambiguity decorrelation adjustment (LAMBDA). However, this strategy separates AR from the graph optimization process. As a result, integer constraints are not fully incorporated into the optimization framework, and the batch optimization capability of FGO cannot be fully exploited for AR. To address this issue, a multinode AR within FGO is proposed in this study. Specifically, ambiguities are modeled as multiple nodes, and an ambiguity penalty factor is introduced to account for their integer nature within the FGO framework. An iterative integer optimization is then applied, followed by a global residual-based search for fixed-solution selection and validation. The effectiveness of the proposed method was validated in both static monitoring and vehicle dynamic scenarios. In static experiments, the proposed method achieves a 72.06 % positioning accuracy improvement over the filtering-based method while reaching a 100 % fixing rate. In dynamic urban environments, the positioning accuracy is improved by 49.94 % and 14.94 % compared with the filtering-based integer least-squares (ILS) solution and the optimization-based float solution, respectively, and the proposed method performs best under a combined metric considering both fixing rate and positioning error.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1006012-1006012"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148510853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear Phase-Shifting and Common-Mode Suppression for Displacement Interferometry","authors":"Jiakun Li;Yibin Qian;Hongyu Sun;Xiao Wang;Shuai Han;Qibo Feng","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650241","url":null,"abstract":"High-end equipment development (e.g., CNC machine tools and lithography machines) drives demand for miniaturized, embedded, and high-precision multidegree-of-freedom motion measurement technologies. While laser interferometry provides noncontact long-range precision measurements, conventional homodyne interferometry is environmentally sensitive, which limits its applications. Traditional methods usually use multiple beam-split elements to achieve spatial phase-shifting and collect interference signals with fixed phase differences through four incompletely copathed photodetectors to achieve common-mode suppression. However, it fails to eliminate path-specific noise and increase system bulk. This article proposes a novel method of shear phase-shifting and common-mode suppression for displacement interferometry. Polarization shearing is innovatively used to realize interferometric phase-shifting, and a birefringent crystal (BC) takes the place of the traditional complicated splitting and phase delay components. The new optical structure, combined with the linear array photodetector, can easily collect the interference signal with a fixed phase difference. Then, by parallel differential operation, the common-mode suppression can be realized in real time. The correction for the dc error, the ac amplitude inequality error, and the nonorthogonality error is implemented by embedded digital processing. Compared with the traditional method, the proposed method has obvious anti-interference advantages and greatly simplifies the optomechanical structure. A prototype device was tested on a commercial linear stage, demonstrating 0.028-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m stability over 60 min and repeatability errors of ±0.032, ±0.063, ±0.046, and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pm 0.110~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m at 25-, 50-, 75-, and 100-mm ranges, respectively, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method and provides a new scheme with a simple structure and high precision for displacement interferometric measurement. The subsequent instrumentation design is capable of fulfilling the requirements of miniaturized embedded measurement.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148510949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IoMT-Integrated Serpentine Strain Gauge for Bioelectromagnetic Contact Lens Platforms in Continuous Tonometric Monitoring","authors":"Muhammad Shumail Malik;Naeem Abbas;Izaz Ali Shah;Amir Sohail;Han Woong Lim;Yu Jeong Kim;Hyoungsuk Yoo","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3687997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3687997","url":null,"abstract":"Glaucoma is a well-known ocular disease characterized by structural deformation of the eyeball resulting from changes in intraocular pressure (IOP). Typically, asymptomatic in early stages, glaucoma leads progressively to optic nerve damage and eventually permanent vision loss. This article presents a system-level investigation integrating a serpentine strain gauge specifically engineered for bioelectromagnetic contact lens (CL) platforms to enable continuous, noninvasive tonometric monitoring of IOP. Leveraging advanced microfabrication techniques and an optimized serpentine geometry, the proposed sensor demonstrates a strain sensitivity of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$116 pm 3 {,}Omega /mathrm {mmHg}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with an expanded measurement uncertainty of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pm 1.2{,}mathrm {mmHg}~(k=2)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, effectively capturing subtle corneal curvature variations associated with physiological IOP fluctuations. Embedded within an ultrathin, flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate, this resistance-based sensor is coupled seamlessly with a miniaturized circular-shaped dipole antenna designed for robust wireless operation at the 2.45-GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. Comprehensive electromagnetic (EM) simulations employing ANSYS HFSS and Sim4Life, corroborated by rigorous experimental validation, confirm optimal antenna performance, achieving a −10-dB bandwidth of 760 MHz and a peak gain of approximately −16.93 dBi. Safety evaluations through specific absorption rate (SAR) analyses indicate compliance with IEEE safety standards, affirming the antenna’s biocompatibility and appropriateness for ocular applications. Furthermore, the sensor-integrated telemetry system reliably transmitted strain-induced electrical signals up to 3 m, demonstrating effective real-time data acquisition and transmission for telemedicine applications. This integration of flexible electronics, optimized EM design, and wireless telemetry significantly advances the state-of-the-art in ocular biosensing, providing transformative potential for patient-centric, continuous glaucoma management.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"8004014-8004014"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148511113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Method for Monitoring Early Deterioration of IGBT via High-Frequency Information Extraction","authors":"Xiaoyu Shen;Xiangyu Zhang;Hong Shen;Zhonghao Dongye;Lei Qi","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3701098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3701098","url":null,"abstract":"The signals generated by high-frequency switching operations in power electronic devices exhibit pronounced periodicity and nonstationary characteristics. Their early aging features are often masked by strong fundamental signals, making effective detection challenging with traditional signal processing methods. This article proposes an early aging monitoring method based on covariance manifold learning, specifically designed for extracting and identifying subtle aging features within high-frequency periodic signals. The method models the covariance matrix of multichannel periodic signals as points on a Riemannian manifold. By analyzing the distribution changes of these points on the manifold, it captures minute alterations in signal statistical characteristics. A health benchmark model is constructed using the Karcher mean, and the deviation degree of the signal statistical properties is quantified via the Riemannian distance. Using insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) device bond wire aging as a validation case, experimental results demonstrate that this manifold learning framework based on multiperiod covariance matrices effectively uncovers complex correlations among multichannel signals. It significantly enhances the ability to identify early aging features, providing a theoretically grounded and practically valuable signal processing method for early aging monitoring of high-frequency periodic signals.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"3516311-3516311"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148511457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Deterministic Two-Step Algorithm for Adaptive Gain Control in High-Fidelity EIT Instrumentation","authors":"Shadrack O. Aboagye;John A. Hunt;Yang Wei","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3709352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3709352","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional adaptive gain control systems rely on nondeterministic, iterative feedback loops, which compromise measurement speed and stability in high-frame-rate instrumentation such as electrical impedance tomography (EIT). This article presents a two-stage, deterministic gain control method that eliminates iterative hardware searching through a predictive, calculation-based approach, which guarantees convergence in a maximum of two hardware adjustments. The method employs a precharacterized look-up table (LUT) to establish an initial predictive hardware setting, followed by a single algorithmically calculated correction that compensates for real-world component nonidealities, including wiper resistance and voltage-dependent multiplexer characteristics. Experimental validation on a 16-electrode saline-based EIT phantom demonstrated a ten-fold improvement in gain stability (coefficient of variation (CV) reduced from 10.1 % to 0.9 %) and an 18.8 dB improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), achieving 51.7 dB. This enhanced signal integrity translated directly to improved measurement output: position error (PE) in the reconstructed EIT image was reduced by over 50 %, and size estimation error was halved. By replacing iterative searching with deterministic, predictable convergence, this work contributes a novel instrumentation methodology that provides the time-certain gain adaptation essential for high-fidelity dynamic measurement applications.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"4010810-4010810"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148511462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MambaFormer: State Transformer Attention Network for Accurate Polyp Segmentation From Colonoscopy Images","authors":"Xu Wang;Zhaoshui He;Ling Li;Zhijie Lin;Yonglu Chen;Yamei Deng;Deyi Wang;Shengli Xie","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3593535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3593535","url":null,"abstract":"Polyp detection plays an important role in preventing colorectal and gastric cancer. However, it is difficult to detect polyps in the colorectal and gastric cavities due to the following problems: 1) lesion polyps are similar to adjacent normal tissue and 2) some polyps are small and closely attached to the tissue. To address these challenges, a state transformer attention network (MambaFormer) is proposed for polyp segmentation, where the channel state transfer attention (CSTA) module is designed to distinguish lesion polyps from similar normal tissue by learning long-range dependencies between the lesion and normal regions, and the space-state inference attention (SSIA) module is developed to capture small polyps by focusing on the most relevant features of the objects. Experiments on benchmarks demonstrate the superiority of the proposed MambaFormer for polyp detection, achieving mean intersection over union (mIoU) scores of 89.3%, 94.7%, 73.6%, 90.2%, and 83.5% on the Kvasir, CVC-ClinicDB, CVC-ColonDB, EndoScene, and ETIS datasets, respectively.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"4009616-4009616"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148511563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Large-Model-Based Dual-Branch Network for Industrial Battery CT Image Segmentation","authors":"Zijun Zhang;Xuanheng Li;Jingmin Lian;Jianlong Yu;Yi Sun","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3654706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3654706","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate segmentation of battery computed tomography (CT) images is essential for internal electrode structure measurement and automated quality control in modern power battery production lines. However, automatic segmentation of battery CT images is challenging due to the ultratight battery electrode structure, the low CT image quality, and the limited available data. To address these challenges, we propose a large-model-based dual-branch architecture that tightly integrates a battery structure-aware (BSA) branch with the segment anything model 2 (SAM2) branch. Specifically, the BSA branch is designed to capture intricate details in battery CT images, where a directional frequency–spatial enhancement (DFSE) module leverages frequency and directional spatial features to enhance fine electrode structure. To strengthen the interaction between local structural details and global contextual features from the two branches, we design a directional frequency interaction (DFI) module to promote mutual feature enhancement. Moreover, to make the model better handle the challenging regions, we develop a difference-guided point prompt (DGPP) module, which adaptively selects prompts based on interbranch prediction discrepancies to improve performance in difficult regions. Experiments on a curated battery CT dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in battery CT image segmentation.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148511906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Closing the Loop: Post Hoc Explanation Feedback-Augmented Deep Learning for Robust Machinery Fault Diagnosis","authors":"Dongdong Liu;Lingli Cui;Yue Zhao;Xianju Cheng;Huaqing Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3659600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3659600","url":null,"abstract":"The “black-box” nature of deep diagnostic models fundamentally undermines trust in their deployment for high-stakes scenarios. While post hoc explanation methods are mainstream techniques for revealing decision-making logic, they primarily produce visual interpretations (e.g., heatmaps) without yielding tangible performance improvements in the models themselves. This article proposes a post hoc explanation augmented deep learning (PHExp-DL) framework that closes the loop between interpretability and performance enhancement in fault diagnosis. Capitalizing on the intrinsic cyclostationarity of rotating machinery vibrations, we introduce a cyclic orthogonal convolution (CyclicOrthoConv), a novel convolution operator that could embed fault-induced cyclostationarity priors. Crucially, a dynamic gradient feedback scheme propagates gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM)-derived feature contributions backward, steering convolutional neural network (CNN) feature learning toward discriminative fault signatures. This creates a self-correcting learning cycle where explanation-guided feedback continuously refines feature extraction. Experimental results confirm the remarkable robustness of the proposed method under unseen noise conditions. It outperforms the baseline CNN by margins of 21.66% and 18.86% in average accuracy for the two cases, respectively, and also exceeds the performance of other state-of-the-art methods.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148512013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Centroiding Error Modeling and Code Optimization for Restored Star Images Using Coded Exposure in High-Dynamic Conditions","authors":"Boyan Ma;Jie Jiang;Yan Ma;Jiayuan Yang;Tian Lu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3657543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3657543","url":null,"abstract":"Under high-dynamic conditions, star sensors often capture images with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Image restoration can mitigate energy dispersion from star trailing, but it is inherently ill-posed with conventional exposure. Coded exposure, with its reversible blur kernel, preserves more information and enables higher-quality star image restoration. However, existing studies focus on the restoration process but cannot quantitatively analyze centroiding accuracy in restored star images. To analyze the centroiding accuracy, this article establishes a full-link model including the imaging and restoration process of coded-exposure star sensors based on Fourier optics, and provides a spatial-frequency domain representation of restored star points. A centroiding error model is derived and its influencing factors are analyzed. Based on the error model, a code optimization strategy for high-dynamic star image restoration is proposed to further improve centroiding accuracy. Experimental results show strong consistency with the proposed centroiding error model. Under high-dynamic conditions (SNR <inline-formula> <tex-math>$= 2sim 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), the optimized code reduces centroiding error by 12.7% compared to Raskar’s optimal code. Compared with the commonly used Richardson–Lucy restoration algorithm, the deconvolution restoration algorithm employed in this article achieves lower centroiding error with only 1/25 of the computation time.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148512019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}