IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement最新文献

{"title":"Preferable Performance of Line Laser Triangulation On-Machine Measurement Through Error Modeling and Path Planning","authors":"Dawei Ding;Xingyu Hua;Fengyu Xu;Guoping Jiang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3680182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3680182","url":null,"abstract":"Line laser triangulation on-machine measurement (LLTOMM) provides an effective solution for evaluating surface quality without reconfiguring the setup. In this article, a contributed system comprising a six-degree-of-freedom robot and a line laser sensor is presented to quickly and reliably acquire profile information. The performance regarding the reliability, accuracy, and efficiency is guaranteed and enhanced through the adoption of hand–eye calibration, error compensation, and path planning. The sensor’s postures are calibrated by measuring a standard cylinder and adopting a penalty function with Powell’s method of conjugate gradient included. A comprehensive model primarily considering laser triangulation error and positional error is then proposed, in which surface reflection characteristics and squirrel search algorithm-back propagation (SSA-BP) neural networks are regarded as effective components. On this basis, a path planning method involving surface segmentation, posture adjustment, and data splicing is designed to ensure a reliable measurement process. Curved surfaces are measured as a case study to verify the effectiveness of this work. Results show that measurement errors following a planned multiconstraints path were compensated for, with reductions of 61.29%, 50.11%, and 54.89% for a spherical surface, and 50.85%, 50.47%, and 50.76% for a freeform surface, respectively. This provides both researchers and industry with a more stable and effective LLTOMM approach for future applications.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148513617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-Beam Optically Pumped Atomic Magnetometer With Suppression of Light Shift Based on Space-Division Multiplexing Light","authors":"Rongtong Zhu;Jianli Li;Shuo Sun;Huanyu Zhou;Yi Zhang;Pengcheng Du;Jin Li","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3659643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3659643","url":null,"abstract":"Single-beam optically pumped atomic magnetometers (OPAMs) represent promising candidates for applications in geomagnetic field monitoring, biomedicine, and various other precision sensing domains owing to their exceptional sensitivity, high measurement accuracy, and cost-effectiveness. However, in orientation-based OPAMs utilizing circularly polarized light (CPL) pumping, the <sc>off</small>-resonant light introduces a light shift. The light shift acts as an additional magnetic field, reducing the measurement accuracy of OPAMs. Moreover, the dependence of the light shift on light intensity and frequency facilitates the conversion of light noise into magnetic noise, thereby degrading the sensitivity of OPAMs. In this study, we propose an optical pumping scheme based on space-division multiplexing light (SDML) to suppress the light shift in OPAM. The approach employs two orthogonally polarized linearly polarized beams with a controlled phase difference to generate a spatially periodic distribution of left- and right-handed CPL. Optical pumping with the SDML induces oppositely directed light shifts in distinct spatial regions that effectively cancel each other. Finally, it is verified by experiments that the light shift is greatly suppressed based on SDML. Under detuned SDML pumping, both the light shift and light intensity noise are suppressed by over 50% while maintaining a sensitivity comparable to that achieved with conventional CPL pumping. The proposed method demonstrates significant potential for magnetometers in light-noise-prone environments, and it can be generalized to other orientation-based magnetometers that rely on CPL pumping.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148513634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Slide Ablation Characteristics During Pantograph Lowering Based on Simulation and Arc Voltage Measurements","authors":"Xiaokang Wang;Fuchuan Duan;Yang Song;Zhigang Liu;Long Chen","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3650294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3650294","url":null,"abstract":"The process of pantograph lowering in electric locomotives generates intense transient arcing, which significantly influences the service life of the pantograph–catenary (PC) contact pair. This article investigates slide ablation during pantograph lowering by incorporating heat dissipation from material evaporation, a factor not addressed in prior studies. First, a high-precision arc voltage acquisition system was developed and implemented under real railway conditions. This system served as the basis for validating the proposed multiphysics-coupled transient arcing model. Subsequently, an ablation model was established to account for the effect of material evaporation on surface temperature evolution under transient arcing. Then, numerical simulations were conducted to reveal the temperature field distribution on the slide surface. Finally, the effects of pantograph-lowering voltages, pantograph-lowering speeds, and ambient wind speeds on the slide ablation were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that reducing the pantograph-lowering voltage and increasing the pantograph-lowering speed can effectively mitigate slide surface ablation. Furthermore, the transient arcing produces an arc-shaped ablation pit on the slide surface, with the peak temperature stabilizing at approximately 4000 K, close to the carbon sublimation point.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148513876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Assessment of Miniature IMU Orientation Accuracy Across Sampling Rates and Motion Speeds","authors":"Jiaqing Wang;Lawrence H. Le;Dean Ta;Edmond Lou","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3687367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3687367","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate orientation estimation using miniature inertial measurement units (IMUs) is critical for portable biomedical tracking applications, particularly for guiding freehand ultrasound probes. However, the combined effect of sampling rate, motion speed, and filtering algorithm on estimation performance remains insufficiently characterized. This study presents a systematic evaluation of orientation accuracy using a custom-built six-axis IMU module (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times 2.5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cm) across varying sampling rates and controlled rotational speeds. Static experiments assessed accelerometer-based tilt estimation from 0° to ±90° in 10° increments, using a 0.1° resolution digital protractor as ground truth, yielding mean absolute errors (MAEs) below 1.5°. Dynamic experiments evaluated six commonly used filters: complementary filter, Madgwick filter, Mahony filter, Kalman filter (KF), extended Kalman filter (EKF), and unscented Kalman filter (UKF), under four sampling rates (12.5, 26, 52, and 104 Hz) and eight angular velocities (15°–120°/s at 15°/s intervals). A robotic arm executed controlled roll and pitch motions within ±160°, while an optical tracking system provided reference orientations. Results show that orientation accuracy strongly depends on both sampling frequency and rotational speed. At low speeds (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$le 30^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/s), all filters achieved MAE < 2° even at low-sampling rates (12.5 and 26 Hz). At medium speeds (45°–75°/s), Kalman-based filters achieved MAE < 2° at 52 and 104 Hz. At high speeds (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$ge 90^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>/s), the EKF achieved the best performance, with MAE < 1° at 26 Hz. Overall, the EKF operating at 26 Hz provided the best balance between accuracy, robustness, and computational efficiency, supporting its suitability for low-power biomedical tracking applications. This work provides the first systematic characterization of how sampling frequency and motion speed jointly influence IMU orientation accuracy in portable biomedical tracking systems.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"9519910-9519910"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148513866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noncontact Vibration Measurement and Bearing Fault Feature Extraction Method Based on Machine Vision","authors":"Yixin Jiang;Tao Liu;Jun Zhou;Xing Wu;Xiaoqing Liu;Qing Chen","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3660395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3660395","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of intelligent and interconnected industrial equipment, the demand for equipment diagnosis and prediction promotes the optimization of smart factory maintenance strategies. As the core transmission component of rotating machinery, the bearing directly affects the production efficiency and operation safety, so that the efficient performance evaluation of the bearing is very important for the predictive maintenance and intelligent management of the equipment. The traditional signal acquisition method is affected by the challenging industrial field conditions. In recent years, noncontact methods have been gradually applied to industrial measurement. However, causes such as difficulties in calibration and image recognition, weak vibration, and so on, visual condition monitoring of complex systems, such as bearing faults has not been widely and effectively explored in existing research. Therefore, this article incorporates visual displacement tracking into the field of bearing fault detection, and uses Lucas–Kanade (LK) optical flow to extract subpixel vibration from equipment operation video, the optimal filter size is searched by Fibonacci, and the pulse of each fault period is enhanced by multipoint maximum kurtosis-harmonic to noise ratio deconvolution (MMKHD), which directly expresses the accurate fault characteristic frequency through the spectrum. The signal extraction and analysis of bearings at different fault positions under various rotational speeds are carried out, respectively, and the contact acceleration sensor is used to collect the vibration signal synchronously for comparison and verification. Furthermore, the experiment is carried out by using the main light source with decreasing power, and the robustness of the vibration extraction method under different illumination environments is verified.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148513966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Strain Sensitivity Fiber-Optics Bolt Sensor Based on Vernier Effect","authors":"Yingnan Sun;Guowen An;Pinggang Jia;Jingyi Wang;Jun Wang;Yuanhao Li;Jianjun Yang;Haiyang Wang;Jia Liu;Gensen Yang;Li Qin","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3659622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3659622","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a high strain sensitivity fiber-optics bolt sensor based on the Vernier effect is proposed. Four weak reflection fiber Bragg gratings (WFBGs) are inscribed along the fiber-optics axis based on femtosecond laser direct writing, and the two cascaded Fabry–Perot cavities with similar free spectral ranges (FSRs) composed of WFBGs can generate the Vernier effect. Based on the Vernier effect fiber-optics (VEFO) sensing unit and the temperature-compensated fiber Bragg grating (TCFBG), a temperature-compensated VEFO (TCVEFO) bolt sensor was designed and fabricated. For comparison, according to the current common structure of fiber-optics bolt sensor, a single FBG fiber-optics (SFFO) bolt sensor was also fabricated. The experimental results show that both sensors have good linear responses, and the maximum sensitivity of the TCVEFO bolt sensor is 17.42 pm/<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu varepsilon $ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Compared with the SFFO bolt sensor, the strain sensitivity is improved by a factor of 23.23. A simple structure of the sensor eliminates the need for complicated fabrication processing, thus it can be a promising candidate for high-sensitivity structural health monitoring.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148513976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Intraclass Similarity Spectrum for Multidomain Generalization Fault Diagnosis in Rotating Machinery","authors":"Fengwei Zhang;Zuoyi Chen;Jun Wu;Hong-Zhong Huang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3704264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3704264","url":null,"abstract":"Domain generalization (DG) has emerged as a pivotal paradigm for intelligent fault diagnosis of rotating machinery under non-stationary operating conditions. Diverging from prevalent methods that prioritize the elimination of inter-domain discrepancies via macroscopic feature distribution alignment, this article proposes a structurally parsimonious framework predicated on a novel intraclass similarity spectrum (ISS). Distinct from alignment-centric methods, this article shifts the focus toward intrinsic intraclass structural invariance. The theoretical premise is that while the statistical distributions of monitoring signals drift due to varying operating conditions, the relative geometric topology among intraclass samples preserves robust consistency. Accordingly, the proposed method encodes microscopic intraclass similarities into high-order ISS and employs a streamlined six-layer fully connected network to map these topological features to fault classes. Extensive empirical evaluations on three industrial datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieves an optimal balance between diagnostic precision and computational efficiency. It significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods and exhibits superior robustness against severe class imbalance.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"3516811-3516811"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148514070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interface-Sensitive Electrical Capacitance-Ratio Tomography for Supercavity Profile Reconstruction in Open Domain","authors":"Mengxian Shen;Jiangtao Sun;Peng Suo;Xu Zhang;Zitang Yuan;Yadong Wang;Changwen Li;Lijun Xu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3664584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3664584","url":null,"abstract":"Subtle disturbances of supercavity profile can destabilize high-speed underwater vehicles, potentially causing severe accidents. Existing methods struggle to online monitor the supercavity profile on the outer surface of the axisymmetric gyratory body of an underwater vehicle. Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), with its soft-field characteristics, offers a promising solution, but traditional approaches face limitations on reconstructing supercavity profile with high sensitivity and resolution due to the large permittivity contrast between water and air. This study proposes an outward electrical capacitance-ratio tomography (OECRT) framework for the monitoring of supercavity profile, where it is theoretically proved that the specified interelectrode capacitance ratio is only sensitive to air–water interface irrespective of the dielectric contrast. Unlike traditional closed-domain ECT, OECRT establishes a direct bijective function between the boundary interelectrode capacitance ratios and the open-domain supercavity profile. Results of water-entry experiments demonstrate that OECRT outperforms the conventional methods in both the sensitivity to phase interface changes and spatial and temporal resolutions. The proposed OECRT method is a promising alternative to the traditional closed-domain ECT methods, especially in the cases where there exists large dielectric contrast between the target and background media or open-domain imaging is required.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148514023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CNN–GRU-Based High-Resolution Rainfall Measurement Using Download Signals of 5G Cellular Network","authors":"Yanning Mao;Jian Wang;Manuel Fiallos-Salguero;Soon-Thiam Khu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3704239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3704239","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing frequency of extreme rainfall events highlights a critical limitation in meteorological monitoring: acquiring high spatiotemporal resolution data remains challenging due to the high cost and sparse deployment of traditional sensors. This study proposes a cost-effective rainfall measurement framework that repurposes commercial 5G networks as dense passive sensing infrastructure. A deep learning-based inversion model is developed to estimate rainfall intensity from 5G reference signal received power (RSRP). The proposed convolutional neural network–gated recurrent unit (CNN–GRU) architecture jointly processes RSRP time series and synchronous meteorological variables (humidity, temperature, and pressure) to capture rainfall-induced signal attenuation patterns. To assess robustness and generalization, the model is trained and tested using datasets from two geographically and climatically distinct regions: Fuzhou (subtropical monsoon climate) and Tianjin (temperate monsoon climate). The CNN–GRU model achieves seven-level rainfall intensity classification accuracies of 94.68 % in Fuzhou and 91 % in Tianjin, maintaining stable performance under heavy rainfall conditions (> 0.8 mm/min). Cross-regional prediction yields an accuracy of 91 %, demonstrating strong generalization capability. Furthermore, a transformation scheme converts discrete classification outputs into continuous 5-min cumulative rainfall estimates. The resulting average relative error is below 4 %, and a reliable conversion threshold of 1 mm/5 min is identified. These results indicate that 5G network signals can serve as a complementary data source for high-resolution rainfall monitoring, providing a scalable and cost-efficient approach for densifying existing observation networks.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"2512714-2512714"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148514089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dependence of Optical Refractive Index of Seawater on Temperature, Salinity, Pressure, and Wavelength in Near-Infrared Waveband for Warm and Shallow Sea","authors":"Funa Zhuang;Jing Wang;Bohai Zhang;Bo Yin;Shanshan Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2026.3693439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2026.3693439","url":null,"abstract":"Dependence of optical refractive index (RI) of seawater on temperature, salinity, and pressure is crucial for optical fiber sensors operated in seawater. Expressions of RI of seawater on temperature, salinity, pressure (TSP), and wavelength applicable to the near-infrared waveband are developed based on a great deal of RI data measured by a semiencapsulated microfiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MMZI) sensor. To verify the accuracy of these expressions, RI measured by an infrared refractometer, theoretically calculated sensitivity, and experimentally measured sensitivity are used, by which the most accurate expression is determined. Based on this expression, a variable sensitivity matrix (VSM) is established to demodulate temperature, salinity, and pressure simultaneously with errors of 10.91%, 6.09%, and 18.80%, respectively. The expression proposed here will provide valuable references for theoretical and experimental studies on optical fiber sensors operated in the infrared waveband and push the applications of fiber optical sensors in ocean investigations.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"75 ","pages":"9521213-9521213"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148514094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}