IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement最新文献

{"title":"Explainable Deep Neural Networks for Evaluation Status of Transformer Paper Insulation With Multiple Chemical Indicators","authors":"Ying Zhao;Enze Zhang;Yihang Deng;Harald Schwarz;Chaohai Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3575967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3575967","url":null,"abstract":"Chemical indicators are essential for evaluating transformer paper insulation aging. However, relying solely on a single chemical indicator is insufficient for comprehensive and reliable evaluation. To address this problem, the study proposes a method using furfural, methanol, and ethanol to evaluate the aging status of transformer paper insulation. First, molecular dynamics (MDs) simulations identify the key pathways and reaction types during paper insulation pyrolysis. Oil-paper insulation samples are prepared under various aging factors using an accelerated thermal aging test platform. Experiments reveal the change law in multiple chemical indicators content due to insulation degradation. A deep neural network (DNN) is then used to evaluate the aging status, achieving the value of MAPE is 8.1%, validating the model’s effectiveness. Finally, Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) is applied to interpret the contribution of multiple chemical indicators, providing a reasonable explanation for their impact. Research shows that the DNN-SHAP model effectively evaluates transformer paper insulation aging, offering theoretical support for accurate characterization.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Multimodal Motor Demagnetization Diagnosis Framework With Half-Wave Fundamental Wave Division Transformation","authors":"Sheng Ni;Hongyang Wang;Shanbin Liu;Yinan Wang;Juntao Yu;Li Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3575960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3575960","url":null,"abstract":"The gradual adoption of hybrid permanent magnet (HPM) motors has driven increased demand for effective demagnetization fault diagnosis methods. Current techniques for diagnosing demagnetization are either vulnerable to interference or incapable of extracting discernible features. Accordingly, this article aims to identify clearer features for demagnetization diagnosis and develop a lightweight intelligent model to reduce sample size dependence. In this article, the half-wave fundamental division-relative position matrix (HFD-RPM) is proposed. This transformation involves initially capturing the positive half-wave of back electromotive force (EMF) and extracting the fundamental wave for reconstruction. Then, the positive half-wave is divided by the reconstructed half-wave fundamental to substantially alter the sequence data and yield effective time-frequency redundancy features. The resulting sequence data is then normalized to a 1-D series, which is subsequently input into a 1-D convolutional neural network (CNN) for classification. Through the training and interpretability analysis of the classifier, the proposed framework demonstrates 100% accuracy, a loss of 0.0126, and the proposed transformation enables exceptional lightweight performance. Compared to other feature extraction methods, the proposed approach generates redundant features that contribute more distinctly to classification, enabling the diagnosis of subtle demagnetization signals. Finally, cross-validation using Gaussian signals and real measured signals from the prototypes confirms the proposed framework’s robustness to interference noise.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postprocessing Compensation for Rotating Accelerometer Gravity Gradiometer Using Linear Motion Error Model Coefficient Calibration Method","authors":"Bohai Ke;Mingbiao Yu;Yu Liang;Xukai Guo;Xiaobing Yu;Tao Jiang;Li Yu;Chenyuan Hu;Huafeng Liu;Ji Fan;Zebing Zhou","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565784","url":null,"abstract":"Motion errors pose a significant challenge to moving-base gravity gradient measurement applications. To eliminate those errors, model-based compensation methods are commonly employed. However, those compensation results are strongly influenced by the motion error model correctness. This article proposes a postprocessing compensation method, which can solve that problem, for the rotating accelerometer gravity gradiometer (RAGG). Two experiments are carefully designed to validate the different components of the linear motion error model. Using a six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) platform, sinusoidal excitations are employed for motion error coefficients calibration. The experimental results show that the R-squared value of the fitting (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${R} ^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) exceeded 0.995, confirming the accuracy of the RAGG linear motion error coefficients calibration. Additionally, using the calibrated motion error coefficients, an aircraft motion excitation is also applied on the RAGG for postprocessing compensation. The compensated outputs indicate that the motion errors can be reduced from the micro-g (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>g) level to the order of nano-g (ng). The power spectral density (PSD) of the results after compensation show an excellent accordance with those of the RAGG self-noise in static measurement. These results provide a guidance for noise reduction and motion error compensation in RAGG systems.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fusion of Inertial and High-Resolution Acoustic Data for Privacy-Preserving Human Activity Recognition","authors":"Zhe Yang;Ying Zhang;Yanjun Li;Linchong Huang;Ping Hu;Yuexiang Lin","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565250","url":null,"abstract":"Multimodal human activity recognition (HAR) offers significant advantages over single-modality approaches, particularly in the recently discussed fusion of inertial and acoustic data. However, audio information often contains sensitive personal information. While some studies have focused on audio privacy protection, speech frequencies (below 8 kHz) can still be potentially reconstructed using deep learning techniques. This article presents a novel approach to protect audio privacy in multimodal HAR by utilizing low-cost microphones to extract high-resolution (Hi-res) audio and filtering sensitive information at both nonspeech (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$8sim 96$ </tex-math></inline-formula> kHz) and inaudible (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$20sim 96$ </tex-math></inline-formula> kHz) levels. We collected a dataset of 20 comprehensive daily activities from 15 participants using custom hardware, with ground truth built from video evidence. Building on this foundation, this article proposes a new hybrid-attention-based HAR method, which leverages self-attention (SA) for extracting salient features in both the temporal and latent space domains, as well as cross-attention (CA) for exploring intermodal relationships. According to the evaluation on the collected dataset, the proposed method demonstrates significant performance improvements over single-modality approaches and outperforms common direct concatenation fusion methods. In addition, inaudible ultrasonic frequencies have demonstrated the ability to differentiate certain activities, making them effective for multimodal fusion in scenarios with strict privacy requirements.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Commercial Compact Integrated Triaxial Fluxgate Sensor Based on 4-D Heterogeneous Multidimensional Integration","authors":"Yuhan Dai;Xiang Qiu;Zhan Pu;Xuecheng Sun;Chong Lei","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565704","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the design and fabrication of a compact integrated microelectromechanical system (MEMS) triaxial fluxgate sensor based on 4-D heterogeneous multidimensional integration for large-scale commercial high precision navigation grade geomagnetic field detection application, utilizing three fluxgate chiplets and two combined substrates. The sensor achieves full three-component magnetic field detection by bonding the chiplets onto the substrates in orthogonal L-configuration. The fluxgate chiplet measures <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6times 3.9times 0.5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm, while the triaxial fluxgate sensor has dimensions of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$12times 11.7times 7.2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm. This results in a 2.9-fold area increase and only a 20% height increase compared to individual chiplets. The sensor exhibits X-, Y-, and Z-axes sensitivities of 889, 887, and 880 V/T, with noise levels of 0.031, 0.085, and 0.071 nT<inline-formula> <tex-math>$surd $ </tex-math></inline-formula>Hz at 1 Hz, respectively, and range of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pm 100~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>T. In the time drift stability test, three fluxgate chiplets showed noise peak to peak values below 22 nT within one hour, and below 2 nT with 10 s, confirming the time-stability of the sensor. The orthogonality error of the sensor reaches 1°. A neural network-based error correction method significantly improves measurement accuracy, reducing the fluctuation range from 28.4917 to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.3015~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>T. This advancement in miniaturized fluxgate sensor technology promises broad applications in geomagnetic field detection.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linear–Nonlinear Feature Reconstruction Network for Emotion Recognition From Brain Functional Connectivity","authors":"Baole Fu;Xiangkun Yu;Yinhua Liu","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565702","url":null,"abstract":"The electroencephalogram records both the static performance and dynamic changes in the brain electrical activity, with linear and nonlinear features capable of modeling these static and dynamic aspects. However, traditional EEG-based emotion recognition methods rely excessively on linear features (static analysis) without fully considering nonlinear features (dynamic changes). This limitation hinders a comprehensive capture of the complex interactions and dynamic variations between brain regions. This study proposes an EEG emotion recognition method based on a linear-nonlinear feature reconstruction network using the brain functional connectivity. The method comprehensively captures the complex interactions and dynamic changes between brain regions by extracting linear and nonlinear features from the dynamic and static connectivities. To enhance the feature discriminability, a feature self-reconstruction encoder (FSRE) is introduced, which refines the feature representation and improves the accuracy and discrimination of features. A feature interaction and reconstruction (FIR) module uses a bidirectional reconstruction strategy to interact with and reconstruct features based on their relationships, thereby enhancing the correlation between features and target classification. Experiments conducted on the SEED and SEED-IV datasets validate the effectiveness of this method, demonstrating that it achieves higher accuracy and robustness in emotion classification tasks compared with other advanced methods.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acquiring Clear Images for Objects Undergoing 3-D High-Speed Vibration and Low-Speed Motion and Its Evaluation","authors":"Shinnosuke Yonezu;Yuji Yamakawa","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565701","url":null,"abstract":"Automation of precision appearance inspection is critical in the manufacturing industry. In particular, on the production line, it is necessary to perform precision appearance inspection at high magnification on objects that are moving and vibrating. However, in our previous studies, high-speed vibration tracking technology using a high-speed vision system object moving at a slow speed can only be captured for an instant, resulting in a deviation from the viewing angle. In this study, to realize in-line precision appearance inspection, we propose a method to acquire clear images from a phenomenon in which high-speed vibration and low-speed movement are combined in a complex manner and evaluate its specifications. Four methods are proposed. The first is a method that captures objects passing within the field of view at high speed without tracking their low-speed movement and acquires clear images. The second is a method that statistically separates the movement and vibration elements of the object and tracks the vibration and movement with high precision to acquire clear images. The third is a method that uses a stereo camera to recognize the nearest object, track the object, and acquire clear images. The fourth is a method that uses a stereo camera to recognize differential objects, track the object, and acquire clear images. As a result, for a vibration with an amplitude of 1 mm in the planar direction, the limit frequency was 64.5 Hz for simple harmonic motion and 12.8 Hz for rotational motion, and for a vibration with an amplitude of 2 mm in the focal direction, the limit frequency was 10.0 Hz. The maximum movement speed was 29 mm/s, indicating that this is an efficient system that can acquire clear images at a frequency of more than <inline-formula> <tex-math>$50times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>/s.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoupling Method of Triaxial Magnetic Field Compensation and Multiparameter Measurement in Comagnetometers","authors":"Dinghui Gong;Zitong Xu;Xiaofei Huang;Di Gong;Chang Liu;Xing Heng;Fan Wang;Weiyi Wang;Kai Wei;Wei Quan","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565777","url":null,"abstract":"Spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) comagnetometers possess considerable potential for applications in fundamental physics research and inertial navigation. Operating comagnetometers at the magnetic field compensation point and performing multiparameter measurement are fundamental to reducing the magnetic noise and maintaining high performance. However, the crosstalk among the triaxial magnetic fields diminishes the effectiveness and accuracy of magnetic field compensation and multiparameter measurement. To address this limitation, we propose a novel method for in situ rapid and accurate magnetic field compensation and multiparameter measurement. The decoupling of the triaxial magnetic fields, achieved experimentally through first-order and second-order approximations based on the modulation dynamics of coupled electronic-nuclear spins, enables the direct determination of the magnetic field compensation point. Additionally, the method facilitates the derivation of both the scale factor and the electronic spin relaxation rate. The proposed method addresses the issue of triaxial magnetic field coupling, enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of magnetic compensation and multiparameter measurement. The proposed method saves more than 70% time compared to the nondecoupled method, maintaining magnetic field compensation accuracy within 0.2 nT. It demonstrates promising potential for precise magnetic field manipulation and real-time closed-loop control of comagnetometers.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Full-Lifecycle Calibration Method for Camera and LiDAR in Autonomous Driving","authors":"Ming Wei;Jun-Guo Lu;Nan Ye;Zhen Zhu;Qinghao Zhang;Yafei Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565783","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, advancements in light laser detection and ranging (LiDAR) and camera technologies have brought increasing attention to autonomous driving. Sensor fusion provides complementary information that overcomes the limitations of individual sensors and improves the safety of autonomous vehicles. The key to achieving this fusion lies in sensor calibration. This article presents a full-lifecycle calibration method that integrates offline and online processes to achieve high-precision and efficient calibration for camera-LiDAR systems in autonomous driving. The proposed approach unifies the calibration stages, addressing both the initial factory calibration and the dynamic adjustments required during vehicle operation. Offline calibration is performed using specialized calibration boards and standardized workflows to establish accurate initial parameters, ensuring a robust foundation for subsequent operations. Online calibration leverages a learning-based, end-to-end deep declarative network to dynamically adjust calibration parameters in real time, compensating for sensor displacement caused by vibration, loosening, or collisions. Extensive experiments are conducted to validate the proposed method. The accuracy and robustness of the offline calibration are validated through quantitative and qualitative results in simulated and real-world tests. Competitive precision in online calibration is demonstrated on public datasets, with average translation errors of 0.667 and 1.937 cm, and average rotation errors of 0.149° and 0.138° achieved on the KITTI and NuScenes datasets, respectively. Additionally, the online calibration method’s real-time capability is confirmed in practical experiments, with a frame rate of approximately 11 frames/s. This full-lifecycle calibration method significantly improves the accuracy, reliability, and long-term stability of autonomous driving systems, addressing critical challenges in sensor calibration across diverse environments. The code will be released at <uri>https://github.com/weiming2/off-onlineCalib.git</uri>","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Least Square Method-Based Unified General Design of Magnetic Field and Current Patterns for Improved Synthesized Magnetic Focusing (SMF)","authors":"Hyo J. Park;Syed Ahson Ali Shah;Ye R. Kim;Seog Y. Jeong;Chun T. Rim","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565713","url":null,"abstract":"A focused magnetic field is highly needed in medical applications such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and implantable wireless power transfer (WPT). An optimum current pattern (CP) design of coaxial coils by appropriate selection of magnetic field pattern (MP) for synthesized magnetic focusing (SMF) is widely explored in this article. Using SMF equations, the CP of multiple coils (n) can be determined for any desired MP in theory. The magnitude of coil currents, however, could be extraordinarily large if inappropriate MP is sought. Furthermore, the MP for a few specific focal points (m) only could be controlled by the SMF theory; this means that the magnetic field for other points could not be controlled as wanted and could be arbitrary (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mle n$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). The least square method is, therefore, first adopted in the SMF design for the case MP has a larger number of focal points than CP (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$n~lt m$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). Therefore, the number of focal points of MP m becomes arbitrary regardless of n due to the proposed unified general SMF design. The relationship between MP and CP for the innovative coaxial coils is specifically examined for the step, trapezoidal, and cosine-exponential MP cases. It is found that the smoother MP gives rise to a better CP with a minimum magnitude of currents and a minimum number of coils. Experiments for the cosine-exponential MP with three coils at the switching frequencies of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$35sim 75$ </tex-math></inline-formula> kHz show very good agreements with the simulation.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}