IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement最新文献

{"title":"A Novel Adaptive Multiperiod Differential Means for Rotating Machinery Condition Monitoring With Optical Encoder Signal Under Low- and Variable-Speed Conditions","authors":"Xin Chen;Yu Guo;Chao Li;Tao Liu;Zhile Wang;Wei Kang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565055","url":null,"abstract":"Condition monitoring of rotating machinery under low- and variable-speed conditions is a hot and difficult issue. Compared with vibration signals, optical encoder signals have the advantages of no external installation, direct correlation with power, and no time-varying transmission path, which has been a widespread concern in recent years. However, the encoder installation errors, sampling errors, speed trend components, and so on greatly interfere with the fault detection of rotating machinery. To address this issue, based on the accumulative characteristic of the multiperiod mean, the differential tool without amplitude interference, and the energy ratio diagnostic feature (ERDF) indicator, an optical encoder-based feature enhancement scheme is proposed, the so-called adaptive multiperiod differential means (AMPDM). Besides, the instantaneous angular speed (IAS)-based average downsampling estimation scheme based on the optical encoder estimation characteristics is introduced for suppressing high-order cyclostationary components. Furthermore, the simulation models of bearings fault and gears fault are proposed. Finally, it is verified from aspects of demodulation analysis and shock enhancement that conventional methods may not be able to extract fault features from encoder signals, and simulation and experiment results show that the AMPDM algorithm can enhance the features related to faulty gears and bearings under low- and variable-speed conditions.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144108277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability Requirements for Long-Term Monitoring Studies Based on TEM","authors":"Juan C. Zamora-Luria;Denys Grombacher;Pradip K. Maurya;Anders V. Christiansen","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565050","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in transient electromagnetic (TEM) instrument development now allow the study of long-term dynamics in groundwater systems using semi-permanently deployed instrumentation, automated for regular acquisition overextended periods. This new application shows great promise to inform on highly dynamic groundwater systems. However, the change in the TEM signal due to dynamic hydrogeological processes is generally small (a few percent of the measured signal), which demands a high level of instrument consistency to avoid biasing trends in the measured data. Thus, it is imperative to understand the stability requirements that TEM instruments must have if they are to be deployed in long-term time-lapse studies. Here, a workflow is proposed for monitoring stability in TEM instruments that are meant to be used in monitoring studies. The workflow includes tracking of peak current and waveform variation during data acquisition and estimation of how observed variation migrates into changes in the data and model space. A range of synthetic studies are examined to gain insights into the potential errors in the data space and in the model parameters after inversion based on field data acquired using a fully dedicated monitoring TEM system. A discussion of the impact of the various effects is included based on which we conclude that the changing waveform during the data acquisition mainly impacts the early time gates. However, the errors can be minimized by creating a mean waveform, which is created by measuring a suite of individual waveforms during the data acquisition process.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An ESPRIT-Based Dual-Sensor Method for Monitoring Blade Vibration Frequencies","authors":"Guilong Li;Baijie Qiao;Yu Fu;Meiru Liu;Yanan Wang;Zhibo Yang;Xuefeng Chen","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565042","url":null,"abstract":"Blade tip timing (BTT) technology allows for prolonged and comprehensive monitoring of all blades. However, BTT signal is undersampled signal, Fourier transform is not enough for the extraction of blades vibration frequency. In engineering applications, the space constraints of aircraft engines make it difficult to install multiple sensors. Therefore, achieving blade frequency monitoring with a reduced number of sensors is critically important. This article introduces an estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT)-based dual-sensor method for monitoring blade vibration frequencies. The method utilizes the rotational invariance property of the subspace formed by two-channel data to determine the signal vibration frequency and it overcomes the challenge of frequency identification with limited sensors and obtains the time-frequency result of blade vibration using only two sensors. Besides, it solves the problem of the traditional ESPRIT algorithm being usable only at constant speed. A dynamic model of rotating blades is established to calculate the synchronous responses of the blades. The BTT numerical simulator samples the undersampled signals of the blade under different excitation forces. The analysis of the undersampled signals proves the effectiveness of the method. Additionally, experiments involving a five-blade disk conducted to validate the method, and the time-frequency results of the analysis results are compared with those of the strain gauge, and the frequency error is less than 5%. The proposed method is compared with multiple signal classification (MUSIC) and OMP methods by processing the same 400-s data segment. The OMP takes 264 s, MUSIC takes 168 s, while the improved ESPRIT algorithm takes only 56 s. This method effectively addresses the challenge of blade frequency identification with limited sensors due to space constraints and enables real-time online monitoring of blade vibrations.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Detection 2-Butanone Gas Sensors Based on Biphase In₂O₃ Nanocubes Modified With Ag NPs and SnO₂ QDs at Low Working Temperature","authors":"Yinghao Guo;Zhenyu Yuan;Zhongming Guo;Mengran Ran;Fanli Meng","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565043","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing attention has been paid to environmental protection and human health. The 2-butanone is widely applied in industrial and pharmaceutical production causing small-area high-concentration harmful gas and large-area air pollution. The importance of quick and accurate detection is self-evident. In this work, the butanone-sensitive biphase In2O3 nanocubes codecorated with SnO2 quantum dots (QDs) and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared through a two-step hydrothermal strategy. Meanwhile, a fantastic detection speed and ultrahigh selectivity at lower operating temperatures were experimentally determined. The test results show that the 1 mol% SnO2 QDs and 3 mol% Ag NPs codecorated In2O3-based sensor have an ultrafast response speed (4.6 s) and a better response value <inline-formula> <tex-math>$(119)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at the low working temperature (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$160~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C) to 50-ppm 2-butanone gas. Compared to the previous work, it has significantly improved the cross-selectivity with acetone. With rh-In2O3 being highly defective crystal surfaces and abundant oxygen vacancies, the biphase homojunction plays a key role in decreasing working temperature, for electron flow between two crystalline phase interfaces. The electronic sensitization effect of the Ag element and the quantum effect of SnO2 QDs accelerate the detection speed. Moreover, the heterojunction between rh-In2 O3 and SnO2 and the Schottky junction between Ag NPs and c-In2O3 largely improve the response capability. The significance of this study is not only to provide a sensor that can accurately detect butanone gas in industrial production and air pollution but also to provide new design ideas for preparing rapid detection semiconductor gas sensors at low working temperatures. The sensor performance in this study indicates that this sensor design scheme can enhance the accuracy and detection speed of butanone sensors used in exhaust gas detection.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144073462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DualFlow: Dual-Branch Flow for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection and Localization","authors":"Yantao Zhao;Xiaojun Wu;Jun Cheng","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565067","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial production processes present challenges in collecting and annotating defect samples, primarily due to cost constraints and the inability to comprehensively cover all defect categories. To address this issue, recent research has focused on modeling normal sample features. This article proposes DualFlow, an unsupervised anomaly detection and localization algorithm based on normalizing flow. DualFlow uses a dual-branch architecture to effectively balance the detection and localization capabilities of existing algorithms. To handle features of different scales, we propose a compact and efficient module called the gated multiscale feature fusion (GMFF) module. In addition, DualFlow incorporates a variance stability loss to exploit the inherent stability of normal sample features, resulting in a significant reduction in false-positive instances. DualFlow is designed for end-to-end training and inference, greatly enhancing defect detection and localization capabilities. DualFlow achieved 99.33% image-level area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) and 98.05% pixel-level AUROC on the MVTec AD dataset. Furthermore, DualFlow exhibits robust generalization performance, as confirmed by its evaluation on the more challenging MVTec LOCO AD, BTAD, VisA, and KolektorSDD2 datasets.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Iterated Equivariant Filter and Its Application in Tightly Coupled SINS/GNSS Integrated Navigation","authors":"Wentao Lu;Yarong Luo;Chi Guo;Weiping Jiang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565028","url":null,"abstract":"The standard extended Kalman filter (EKF) is widely used in integrated strapdown inertial navigation system and global navigation satellite system (SINS/GNSS). However, its state-space model, derived from traditional error definitions, leads to poor estimation consistency. Moreover, EKF fails to converge quickly and accurately in scenarios with large attitude misalignment. To address these issues, we derive the tightly coupled (TC) SINS/real-time kinematic (RTK) and the TC SINS/precise point positioning (PPP) with the tangent group-based equivariant global error. Furthermore, to mitigate the impact of large first-order approximation errors and the covariance distortion on filter performance, we proposed an iterated equivariant filter (I-EqF) that incorporates a covariance reset step. Field vehicle experiments with low-cost SINS/GNSS integration demonstrate that the proposed filter exhibits superior estimation accuracy and transient behavior, especially in the scenario involving large attitude misalignment.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143932276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Use Case of Sliding DFT in Capacitance and Resistance Sensors Interface","authors":"Om Prakash Maurya;Sumathi Parasuraman","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565039","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a use case of sliding discrete Fourier transform (SDFT) in the capacitive and resistive sensors interface. The input and output signals of the analog sensor circuit are passed through the analog-to-digital converters and then the quadrature signal of the input excitation signal is generated through SDFT Bin-1, which can extract only fundamental frequency by filtering all other harmonics. The sliding DFT is a tuned filter that can filter out the high-frequency components, especially the second harmonics present in the correlated signal of the analog front end and the quadrature component of the excitation signal. The digitized correlated signal is passed to SDFT Bin-0, which can extract only the dc present in the correlated signal. The averaged output from SDFT Bin-0 is further utilized to calculate the capacitance (C) and resistance (R) values of the sensors under test. The proposed use case in designing the interface is applicable for one measurement at a time either C or R sensing. Experimental validation of the proposed use case has been carried out by field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of the algorithm. FPGA implementation is validated for the C range spanning from 54.28 fF to 5600 pF. The maximum absolute relative (AR) percentage error observed is 1.27% for the measured range of 20–5600 pF and 1.92% for the measured range of 54.28 fF–10 pF. The maximum AR percentage error observed for R measurement in the range of 10 k<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula>–4 M<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> is 1.157%. The application of the proposed interface includes smart devices, touch sensors, and automotive electronics.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microscale 3-D Rotation Estimation Based on Deflected Defocused Feature Extraction","authors":"Zijian Zhu;Qinghong Wan;Yingxue Yao;Yueping Xi;Chenyang Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3565116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3565116","url":null,"abstract":"In micro-electromechanical systems (MEMSs), measuring 3-D rotation presents challenges such as an unclear rotation center and poor orthogonality. Microvision-based rotation estimation is limited by a shallow imaging depth of field, leading to a narrow measurement range and low precision. This article introduces a novel method called deflected defocused feature extraction (DFE) to address these issues and enable accurate microscale rotation estimation. DFE extends the measurement range from 0.03 to 0.92 rad while achieving a precision of 0.1179 mrad for out-of-plane angles. The edge defocus model incorporating deflection angle is derived based on microscopic imaging principles. A general circular array is fabricated and a robust defocus control point extraction method is proposed. Finally, 3-D angular displacement measurement is accomplished via homography matrix decomposition. Experimental results demonstrate a resolution of 0.17, 0.17, and 0.0087 mrad for the three axes. The range-to-resolution ratios are found to be <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{4}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{4}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{6}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Temperature and High-Pressure Sensor Based on Sensitivity-Enhanced Suspended All-Optical Fiber Fabry—Pérot Interferometer for Downhole Oil Applications","authors":"Wenjie Zhang;Dan Su;Xueguang Qiao","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3562996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3562996","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to explore the temperature and pressure dual-parameter performance of the all-optical fiber-suspended microstructure as well as the relationship between the pressure sensitivity (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$S_{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and wall thickness (t) of the capillary fiber. This expands on the previous research that examines the relationship between <inline-formula> <tex-math>$S_{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$L_{2}/L_{1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of the suspended microstructures. The sensor uses a wavelength tracking method, and its wavelength response to pressure changes can reach <inline-formula> <tex-math>$S_{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of 1495.71 pm/MPa. The temperature and pressure dual-parametric performance of this type of sensor at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$150~^{circ } $ </tex-math></inline-formula>C and 50 MPa was characterized under laboratory conditions. After 1 week of continuous high-temperature and high-pressure long-term testing, the maximum difference in <inline-formula> <tex-math>$S_{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> fluctuation was 2.28 pm/MPa, which accounted for ±0.25%F.S. of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$S_{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at the given temperature. In addition, the pressure point exhibited a fluctuation of ±0.07 MPa, accounting for ±0.14%F.S. of the entire pressure range. Notably, the sensor continued to exhibit good stability and repeatability throughout the testing process. Analysis of a large amount of testing data verified an inversely proportional relationship between <inline-formula> <tex-math>$S_{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of the sensor and t of the capillary fiber. Increasing t of the capillary fiber can improve the overall temperature and pressure resistance of the sensing microstructure; however, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$S_{p}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> will be lost to some extent. The high-temperature and high-pressure sensors are responsive, highly stable, repeatable, accurate, and sensitive for long-term monitoring of high temperatures and pressures.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Dynamic Characteristics Measurement of a Water Hydraulic Proportional Flow Valve With a Discrete Pilot Stage","authors":"Hao Wang;Chao Cao;Jiyun Zhao;Yunfei Wang;He Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3558803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3558803","url":null,"abstract":"The accurate control of hydraulic support movement in coal mining remains a significant technical challenge due to the limitations of the existing electrohydraulic directional valves, which are typically on/off valves without proportional control function. To address this issue, a high-pressure, large-flow water hydraulic proportional flow valve piloted by two high-speed on/off valves (HSVs) is proposed. The main valve spool employs a symmetrical cylinder-type cone structure, featuring a nonfull-circle U-shaped valve port. The transfer function of the flow valve is derived based on Laplace transformation, and the impact of discrete pulse flow output from the HSVs on main valve displacement fluctuations is theoretically calculated. The influence of the key structural parameters and control parameters on the main valve dynamic characteristics is also simulated. Finally, a prototype of the flow valve is developed, and a semi-physical simulation testing rig using MATLAB/xPC Target is constructed. The experimental results demonstrate that the flow valve exhibits favorable dynamic and static characteristics, with the step rise time of 0.3 s and the steady-state error of 0.18 mm. The amplitude-frequency experiments reveal that the proposed flow valve achieves a frequency response of no less than 2 Hz at 100% full scale. The proposed flow valve is not limited to coal mining applications, and it is suitable for use in high-temperature and high-pressure heavy machinery equipment operating.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}