IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement最新文献

{"title":"Performance Characterization and Application Assessment for a Type of 3-D-Printed Microneedle Array Electrodes Toward High-Quality Electrophysiological Recording","authors":"Shanyong Huang;Jianyu Fu;Debin Xu;Jianglang Cao;Guanglin Li;Peng Fang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3578716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3578716","url":null,"abstract":"The electrophysiological signals are inherently characterized by low signal strength, instability, and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The signal quality is usually determined by the electrode–skin interface impedance (EII) and stability of contact interface, where signals may deteriorate due to a change in EII over time by dehydration of conductive gel used in conventional wet electrodes. As a novel type of dry electrode, microneedle array electrodes (MAEs) can penetrate through the stratum corneum and contact the viable epidermis without a touch to the dermis, reducing the EII and forming a stable human-machine interface for signal recording. Various MAEs have been realized by different fabrication methods; however, the performance characterization of MAEs is still insufficient to support and facilitate their applications. In this study, we investigated a type of 3-D-printed MAEs toward high-quality electrophysiological recording. The temporal EII stability of MAEs was investigated by a comparison with the commercially available wet electrodes, which demonstrated the superior performance of MAEs in long-term use. An optimized electrical model for MAEs was proposed, with the RCL connection replacing the normally used RC connection, which showed that the RCL model could achieve a better fitting of EII characteristics for MAEs. Application assessment was fulfilled by recording both electromyography (EMG) and electrocardiography (ECG), which proved the excellent behavior of MAEs in signal recording. In all experiments, no skin allergy, inflammation, or other injury was observed by MAE application. In general, this work may demonstrate a stable and reliable approach for high-quality electrophysiological recording with a strong application potential.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-Device Fault Diagnosis With Augmented Acoustic Emission Data: A Case Study on Carbon Fiber Panels","authors":"Yuxuan Zhang;Rhys Pullin;Bengt Oelmann;Sebastian Bader","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3577849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3577849","url":null,"abstract":"Acoustic emission (AE)-based fault diagnosis in structural health monitoring (SHM) systems faces challenges of data scarcity and model overfitting due to the complexity of AE data acquisition and the high cost of labeling. To address these issues, this study systematically explores various data augmentation techniques for AE signal processing and evaluates their impact on model robustness and accuracy. Furthermore, given the complexity of traditional machine learning (ML) models and their deployment challenges on resource-constrained embedded devices, we investigate lightweight ML algorithms and propose a Tiny ML (TinyML)-based fault diagnosis approach. Experimental validation on a carbon fiber panel fault diagnosis case demonstrates that the proposed method significantly improves classification performance under data-scarce conditions while enabling real-time fault diagnosis on embedded systems. These findings underscore the potential of integrating data augmentation, lightweight ML algorithms, and TinyML to enhance both diagnostic accuracy and real-time performance in SHM applications.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Power Radio Frequency Amplifier for 5-T MRI Whole-Body Scanner","authors":"Jifeng Chen;Xu Chu;Zhenhua Shen;Bin Liu;Bin Cao;Hui Zhu;Xiaoliang Zhang;Xin Liu;Qiaoyan Chen;Ye Li;Hairong Zheng","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3575994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3575994","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at ultrahigh field (UHF) requires radio frequency power amplifiers (RFPAs) with high power capability for whole-body imaging. Insufficient radio frequency (RF) power restricts the peak transmit magnetic field (<inline-formula> <tex-math>${B} _{1}^{+}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) strength, thereby impeding the ability to achieve sufficient high flip angles for body imaging. This study presents an RFPA that can achieve a peak power capability of 64 kW, the highest reported value for UHF MRI systems. A novel impedance matching circuit design method was proposed to optimize the power capability of each RF transistor. The designed RFPA features an innovative transmit architecture that accommodates various applications by configuring independent transmit channels in eight-channel, four-channel, or two-channel modes. High gain linearity of 0.2 dB/3.6°, 0.3 dB/5.2°, and 0.2dB/4° was achieved across different operating modes. The <inline-formula> <tex-math>${B} _{1}^{+}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> maps and body images acquired using a 5 T whole-body MRI scanner demonstrated that sufficient flip-angles for whole body imaging can be achieved with the proposed RFPA. The body images also exhibited good uniformity in contrast.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of MXene-Based Molecular Sieves in Improving Selectivity of Semiconductor Hydrogen Sensors","authors":"Jingfeng Li;Zhenyu Yuan;Fangling Zhou;Huai Wang;Fanli Meng","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3577854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3577854","url":null,"abstract":"The poor gas selectivity of semiconductor resistive gas sensors has been limiting their practical applications. Since semiconductor sensor devices are in direct contact with gases, filtering the gases during gas transmission to isolate the interfering gases and prevent the sensor devices from meeting them is an effective method to improve the selectivity of the sensors. In this article, a molecular sieve film is reported for semiconductor sensor filters, which can substantially isolate other interfering gases except hydrogen and still retain a high throughput rate for hydrogen. The molecular sieve film is synthesized from the 2-D material MXene, which has strong adhesion and flexibility properties, and can be perfectly integrated with the metal filters, which greatly improves the value of the molecular sieve film for practical applications. After systematic testing, it is found that the sensor equipped with molecular sieve compared to no molecular sieve sensor for methane, ammonia, and carbon monoxide has about 90% reduction in sensitivity, exciting is still retained 91% of the sensitivity of hydrogen, which is due to the molecular sieve membrane in the nanoscale pores (0.35 nm) in the molecular sieve membrane, which selectively isolates large molecular gases other than hydrogen. This work provides a new approach to improve the selectivity of semiconductor-based hydrogen sensors.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Method for Near-Field to Far-Field RCS Prediction Based on Parameter Extraction and Identification","authors":"Jinhai Huang;Jianjiang Zhou;Yao Deng","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3573349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3573349","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, insufficiently fine distance-phase extraction by the state space method (SSM) was managed by the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) method to enhance the accuracy of radar cross section (RCS) predictions, especially through near-field-to-far-field transformations (NFFFTs). Specifically, SSM was first employed to extract the amplitude and scalar distance of the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) scattering center model (SCM) for reconstructing the far-field (FF) radiated signal. Second, the CRLB was applied to increase the precision of distance extraction from GTD signals for refining FF echoes and obtaining vital distance information for precise localization of FF events. Third, the derived characteristics were systematically used to strengthen the quality of backscattered signals and hence estimate FF RCS values with parameter identification (PI) techniques. These advances bolster the predictive capacities of RCS within the purview of NFFFT, which comprises a major feature of this research. Furthermore, an in-depth review of PI methodologies was performed to improve the accuracy and precision of RCS predictions. Simulation results provide the underlying platform for later physical testing. Finally, the actual tests were conducted within a hexahedral anechoic chamber, demonstrating the efficiency of the proposed CRLB-based phase extraction and PI approaches in anticipating FF RCS values.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Difference-Sensitive Mechanism Transformer Model for Incipient Fault Diagnosis in Electrical Drive Systems","authors":"Yuanpeng Gong;Yulian Jiang;Chao Cheng;Shenquan Wang","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3577846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3577846","url":null,"abstract":"The wide application of electrical drive systems in industrial and transportation domains necessitates fault diagnosis technology. In the past decade, transformer models have emerged as critical analytical tools, owing to their exceptional temporal sequence processing capabilities and proficiency in detecting intricate operational patterns. However, traditional transformer often struggles to capture minor fault features in the system. To solve this challenge, an incipient fault diagnosis method using transformer with a difference-sensitive mechanism embedded into the broad echo state network framework (TDMB-ESN) is proposed in this article. The advantages of the proposed difference-sensitive mechanism mainly include three parts: 1) an adaptive attention window is proposed to calculate the attention score matrix, which enhances the flexibility of the transformer in extracting local features of fault data; 2) a difference measure function is designed to further expand the distance scale and strengthen the difference between different fault data points; and 3) the softmax function based on the difference measure function (DM-softmax) is designed. The experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the accuracy of incipient fault diagnosis in electrical drive systems.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-Driven Bayesian Framework to Mitigate Smart Meter Asynchrony in Forecasting Aided Distribution System State Estimation","authors":"Sayantan Chatterjee;Soumyajit Ghosh;Saikat Chakrabarti;Abheejeet Mohapatra","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3577850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3577850","url":null,"abstract":"Smart meters (SMs) are pivotal in improving the accuracy of distribution system state estimation (DSSE) in the modern-day monitoring and control paradigm. Due to limited communication bandwidth or signal strength, the synchronized data conveyance from SMs to the control center remains an onerous task. Performing DSSE using nonsynchronized SMs introduces asynchrony errors, which affect estimation accuracy. Toward this objective, a gated recurrent unit (GRU)-based SM data forecasting is implemented to facilitate SM data imputation, thereby mitigating SM asynchrony. Simultaneously, the effect of out-of-date (OD) variance incurred due to SM asynchrony, given the node load changes, needs to be priorly detected and iteratively updated to improve estimation results. This burdensome task gets eliminated by adopting variational Bayesian (VB) adaptive cubature information filter (VB-ACIF), which can intrinsically adapt the unknown measurement uncertainties incurred by the SM OD variances. Numeric results from test systems reveal that forecasting aided-DSSE (FA-DSSE) using VB-ACIF delivers improved estimation accuracy and is suitable for practical distribution system operation. The proposed estimator’s robustness in dealing with multiple anomalies and correlated data communication failure (CF) is also validated for the proposed FA-DSSE framework.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Joint Waveform Adaptation and Data-Assisted Jamming Suppression for Multiple Target Tracking Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning","authors":"Yongbing Huang;Rui Guo;Fengning Yu;Yue Zhang;Shiyou Xu;Zengping Chen","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3577834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3577834","url":null,"abstract":"To enhance the adaptive capabilities of radar, this work focuses on the problem of joint waveform adaptation and data-assisted jamming suppression in multiple target tracking scenarios with high-power sidelobe jamming. Utilizing deep reinforcement learning (DRL) methods, we develop agents capable of decision-making based on the environmental perception information, thus enabling beamforming for jamming suppression and enhancing tracking performance. Jamming suppression faces challenges due to the computational complexity of beamforming and the large sample size of jamming. Furthermore, the multidimensionality of waveform parameters and the fluctuating states of targets pose additional challenges. To address these challenges, we employ deep reinforcement learning for jamming number perception, leverage convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to extract features, and incorporate the self-attention mechanism for jamming number decision-making. For waveform adaptation, we segment each parameter into a distinct decision space, with distinct agents making decisions using value-decomposition networks (VDNs). These agents are augmented with gated recurrent units (GRUs) to manage diverse target states and maintain historical data. The focus on tracking robustness and accuracy can be tailored by designing the reward function weights. A separate training approach is developed to obtain effective joint policies. To avoid signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) constraints and enhance applicability to real radar systems, we develop an intelligent radar tracking simulation at the signal level and evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Simulation results demonstrate that the receiver agent can balance the perception of jamming numbers and real-time capabilities to assist in jamming suppression. Furthermore, compared with criterion-based methods and an entropy reward-based method, the transmitter agent can enhance tracking robustness and accuracy by adapting waveform parameters. Moreover, field experiments are conducted to verify that the proposed DRL method can improve the actual multitarget tracking performance through waveform adaptation.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Accelerated Aging Effects on Hybrid Supercapacitors Under Different Fast-Charging Strategies","authors":"Gabriele Patrizi;Fabio Canzanella;Fabio Corti;Maurizio Laschi;Gabriele Maria Lozito;Dario Vangi;Alberto Reatti;Lorenzo Ciani","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3577838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3577838","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs) combine the high power density and long cycle life of electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) with the energy density of batteries, offering a promising alternative for various applications, including electric vehicles (EVs) and energy management in power grids. However, aging mechanisms can affect HSCs’ performance significantly during high-stress charge phases. This article investigates the effects of accelerated aging on HSCs under different fast-charge profiles. Eight HSCs were subjected to an extensive test campaign involving electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and fast-charge/discharge cycles to analyze the impact that accelerated wear-out has on the capacity fading and the internal resistance (IR) of the HSCs. A customized experimental setup was employed to monitor degradation trends, providing a comprehensive dataset over a wide frequency range (100 mHz–100 kHz) at a constant temperature of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$20~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C. Additionally, this work evaluates the performance of two capacity degradation models to predict the remaining useful life (RUL) of the HSCs. The results provide insights into the degradation mode of HSCs under different stress conditions in terms of rates and overheating and highlight the role of fast-charge strategies in influencing cycle life and device health. Significantly reduced lifetimes were observed, limited to a few hundred cycles, along with sensible differences in IR trends, with increments above 90% under constant-current constant-voltage (CCCV) profiles. The dataset used in this study is available at <uri>https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.29153561.v1</uri>","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microsecond-Accurate EtherCAT Transmission Scheme for Industrial Cyber–Physical Systems","authors":"Minyoung Sung;Heeseung Yoon","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3577827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2025.3577827","url":null,"abstract":"EtherCAT, an industrial Ethernet standard, supports high transmission rates and clock synchronization, making it well-suited for measurement and control systems (MCSs). Industrial cyber–physical systems (CPSs) rely on MCSs for the seamless integration of computational and physical components. This article proposes the microsecond-accurate EtherCAT transmission scheme (METS), a software-based solution for real-time data exchange that enables consistent and coordinated sampling and actuation in industrial CPSs. METS minimizes master–slave synchronization errors through timebase offset adjustment and message delay compensation and reduces message jitter via heuristic frame transmission scheduling. To address task execution variability, METS supports two scheduling modes: extensive, which aligns transmission with the worst case execution time, and adaptive, which tracks the average of recent execution times. Experiments conducted on an MCS testbed demonstrate that METS achieves synchronization error within <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pm 1.0~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s, with variance below <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.3~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s, and ensures high-periodicity message delivery, reducing jitter to approximately <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s. The proposed scheduling mechanism introduces a tunable tradeoff between message delay and jitter, governed by a slack reduction parameter <inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>. A multiobjective optimization study based on the 95th percentile of delay and jitter across workloads demonstrates how designers can tune <inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> to meet specific operating conditions. By enabling robust and precise MCS purely through software on general-purpose computing platforms, METS offers a flexible and scalable solution for industrial CPS applications.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}