Indian Journal of Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Microbial Biofilm Formation to Mitigate Foodborne Pathogens Strategies and Control Measures.","authors":"Meshari A Alsuwat, Assar Ali Shah, Shakeeb Ullah, Rifat Ullah Khan, Mohammed Alissa, Muhammad Shuaib Khan","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01461-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01461-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Foodborne pathogens pose a serious public health threat, causing widespread illness and severe consequences. A major challenge in their control is the formation of biofilms on surfaces in food production environments, enhancing bacterial survival, antimicrobial resistance, and persistence. This review investigates biofilm formation strategies employed by key pathogens like <i>Salmonella, Escherichia coli,</i> and <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>, emphasizing the pivotal role of biofilm management in addressing food safety concerns. The study explores the genetic, molecular, and environmental factors influencing biofilm development, which are crucial for devising effective control measures. Strategies employed by bacteria, such as quorum sensing, adhesion mechanisms, and extracellular polymeric substance production, are detailed. This review also discusses current control measures, including chemical and physical interventions, novel approaches like bacteriophages and biofilm-disrupting enzymes, and considerations in surface material design to minimize biofilm formation. In conclusion, a comprehensive understanding of biofilm formation strategies and effective control measures is essential for ensuring food safety. This review provides insights into managing biofilm-associated risks in the food industry, contributing to innovative and sustainable approaches for mitigating the impact of foodborne pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"496-511"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280113/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Lactobacillus</i> spp<i>.</i> from the Human Gut Microbiota as a Therapeutic Tool in Controlling MRSA-Induced Sepsis.","authors":"Aditi Giriraj, Apoorva Bhat, Sasmita Sabat","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01508-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01508-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past few years, sepsis, characterized by an exaggerated response to infection, has emerged as a significant global cause of mortality. The rise in antibiotic-resistant strains underscores the necessity to explore alternative approaches beyond antibiotics, which is the conventional treatment. Recent investigations into the human gut microbiome propose considering it as a potential therapeutic alternative. The study was performed on 10 blood samples infected with <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> ATCC 25923 by treating it with different concentrations of partially purified protein isolated from <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp. Proteins were isolated and purified using a lysis buffer followed by 35-40% ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialysis. The protein efficacy was measured via cytotoxicity and cell viability assays such as MTT and dye exclusion assay. The 1:8 and 1:10 <i>S. aureus</i>-to-protein ratio was found to be highly effective in controlling and inhibiting the growth of <i>S. aureus</i>. A statistical analysis by ANOVA determined the effect of age and gender on the blood cells infected with 1:8 and 1:10 <i>S. aureus</i>-to-protein samples. The results represent the concentration of protein added to the transfected sample reduced the damage by protecting the systemic immune cells. This overview specifically examines potential proteins within the human gut microbiome that may regulate <i>S. aureus</i>-induced sepsis. This investigative study is an advantage as gut microbiome used can be a novel therapeutic focus to mitigate over activation of inflammasomes during sepsis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"677-687"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280107/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Analysis of <i>Pfmsp1</i>, <i>Pfmsp2</i> and <i>Pfcrt</i> Genotypes in India and Global Perspectives for Evolving Epidemiological Patterns in <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>.","authors":"Geetika Narang, Joseph Hawadak, Jahnvi Jakhan, Soumyananda Chakraborti, Vineeta Singh","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01519-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01519-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding genetic variability of <i>Plasmodium falciparum (Pf)</i> is essential for addressing malaria transmission patterns and formulating effective treatment strategies. This study aims to examine the genetic structure of Indian <i>Pf</i> population over the past three decades by analysing the evolving patterns of <i>Pfmsp1</i> and <i>Pfmsp2</i> genes and the prevalence of <i>Pfcrt</i>-resistant genotypes, while exploring their correlation with infection clonality. A total of 304 malaria-positive samples from 14 Indian states between 1993 and 2023 were analysed. Allelic polymorphism of <i>Pfmsp1</i> and <i>Pfmsp2</i> was assessed using PCR, while <i>Pfcrt</i> genetic polymorphism was analysed via amplicon sequencing. Period-wise, multiplicity of infection (MOI) for both <i>Pfmsp1</i> and <i>Pfmsp2</i> peaked in 1990s, declining over time, with the lowest MOI observed during 2020-2023. K1 allele of <i>Pfmsp1</i> and FC27 allele of <i>Pfmsp2</i> were the most prevalent. Clonality varied significantly across six Indian regions and four time periods. The K76T mutation in <i>Pfcrt</i>, a marker for chloroquine resistance, was predominant in 83.54% of samples. The K1 allele was significantly associated with CVMNK (<i>P</i> = 0.026), FC27 with <b>S</b>VMN<b>T</b> (<i>P</i> = 0.005), and IC/3D7 with both CVMNK and CV<b>IET</b> haplotypes (<i>P</i> < 0.001). The study also included analysis of Indian and global distribution of <i>Pfcrt</i> genotypes. The decline in MOI and polyclonality of <i>Pf</i> populations highlights the success of ongoing malaria control strategies. However, chloroquine-sensitive <i>Pf</i> parasites have yet to re-emerge, as resistant strains continue to persist. To monitor the sensitivity towards chloroquine, molecular surveillance needs to be carried out regularly along with in-vivo studies.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-025-01519-3.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"743-754"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280100/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant activity and synergistic antimicrobial effects of <i>Acorus calamus</i> and <i>Hedychium spicatum</i> essential oil with conventional antibiotics.","authors":"Faiqa Aiman, Sanjay Guleria, Pooja Choudhary, Aasiya Majeed, Gaurav Rajauria","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01452-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01452-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The antioxidant, antimicrobial properties, and chemical composition of essential oil extracted from <i>Hedychium spicatum</i> and <i>Acorus calamus</i> aromatic plants was estimated. The primary constituents found in the essential oils were eucalyptol (22.43%) in <i>H. spicatum</i> and β-asarone (83.45%) in <i>A. calamus</i>. The essential oil of <i>A. calamus</i> demonstrated greater antioxidant activity than that of <i>H. spicatum</i>, as shown by its higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀ value:1.00 ± 0.016 mg/mL), reducing power (IC₅₀ value: 4.54 ± 0.008 mg/mL), and FRAP activity (150.23 ± 6.07 mM Fe²⁺eq./100 mg). Both essential oils showed notable antimicrobial activity having inhibition zones ranging from 11 ± 0.75 to 13.5 ± 0.87 mm for <i>H. spicatum</i> and 8 ± 0.45 to 14.5 ± 0.87 mm for <i>A. calamus</i> against various Gram-negative bacteria, including <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (K.p.)<i>, Escherichia coli</i> (E.c.) and Gram-positive  bacteria, such as <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (B.s.), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (S.a.), <i>and Micrococcus luteus</i> (M.l.). Furthermore, the essential oils' minimum inhibitory concentrations against the studied microorganisms varied from 900 to 3100 µg/mL. Studies combining synthetic antibiotics with essential oils revealed synergistic and partially synergistic interactions, indicating that essential oils can increase the effectiveness of antibiotics against bacteria that are resistant to several drugs. Finally, the essential oils of <i>A. calamus</i> and <i>H. spicatum</i> show encouraging antioxidant and antibacterial properties, underscoring their potential as natural therapies for microbial diseases and lowering dependency on synthetic antibiotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"615-628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280266/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Novel Duplex qPCR-HRM Assay for Rapid Detection of African Swine Fever Virus in Pigs.","authors":"Shazia Yousuf, Shanti Choudhary, Ratan Kumar Choudhary, Lukumoni Buragohain, Nagendra Nath Barman, Sachin Kumar, Yashpal S Malik","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01454-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01454-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study introduces an assay combining real-time qPCR and high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis for the detection of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). The assay utilizes two subunits of RNA polymerases (<i>RNAP1 or NP1450</i> and <i>RNAP6 or C147L</i>) gene-targeting primers. Initially, the assay was developed on plasmids containing synthetic gene constructs and later validated on clinical samples obtained from field outbreaks. The assay demonstrated high specificity, as evidenced by the absence of amplification from closely related viruses such as porcine parvovirus type 1 (PPV1), porcine parvovirus type 2 (PPV2), and porcine circovirus (PCV). Comparative analysis between qPCR-HRM assay and TaqMan real-time PCR showed similar detection limits for both methods. The assay showed an accuracy of 100% compared to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)-recommended assay when tested on 25 representative clinical samples. In silico computational analysis revealed that the identified primer sets can detect all the ASFV genotypes circulating globally. Notably, this assay offers an advantage of differentiating strain with single base change (single nucleotide polymorphisms; SNP) using HRM peaks. The study revealed that utilizing real-time PCR with HRM is a cost-effective method of early detection of ASFV in field. This provides an alternative method for swiftly, simply, and accurately detecting ASFV with high specificity and sensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"629-638"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280288/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In silico Evaluation of Marine Phage Tail Proteins as Inhibitors of β-Lactamases: A Novel Approach to Combat Antibiotic Resistance.","authors":"Cemile Bagkur, Cenk Serhan Ozverel, Emine Erdag","doi":"10.1007/s12088-026-01553-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01553-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibiotic resistance poses a significant global health threat, necessitating innovative strategies to combat bacterial infections. β-lactamases, enzymes that hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotics, contribute significantly to antibiotic resistance. Phage therapy, utilizing bacteriophages to target β-lactamases, holds promise as an alternative treatment approach. In this study, we investigated the binding affinities between extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), and AmpC-type β-lactamases with marine phages. Molecular modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations were employed using I-TASSER, AutoDock Vina, and GROMACS software to explore the interactions between tail tube proteins of selected marine phages (P-SSM2, P-SSM4, and P-SM2) and various β-lactamases. Among ESBLs, KPC-2 consistently exhibited the highest binding free energy, indicating robust interactions with marine phages. Similarly, among all MBLs, NDM-1 and VIM-1 showed superior binding free energies across all phage complexes. In addition, among AmpC-type beta-lactamases, CMY-2 displayed higher binding affinities across various phage complexes than DHA-1. In silico analyses suggest that marine phage tail proteins may interact with β-lactamases in a manner that could potentially mitigate antibiotic resistance. The differential binding affinities observed highlight the versatility of marine phages in targeting specific beta-lactamases. This novel approach could lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-026-01553-9.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"808-819"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280121/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for the Rapid Detection of Salmonella Serovars from Food Samples.","authors":"Shruthi Padavu, Ananya Subrahmanya Bhat, Barani Thillai Devi, Vijaya Kumar Deekshit, Ballamoole Krishna Kumar, Praveen Rai","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01514-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01514-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Salmonella</i> poses a significant threat to public health due to its role in causing severe foodborne illnesses. Traditional identification methods involving bacterial cultivation and biochemical techniques are time-consuming and expensive. As a result, there is an urgent need for a rapid and efficient means of <i>Salmonella</i> detection, particularly for on-site applications. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) method has emerged as one such promising tool for rapid pathogen detection. Unlike conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), RPA can be conducted at near-ambient temperatures and has improved amplification efficiency. In the current study, a specific and sensitive approach for identifying <i>Salmonella enterica</i> was developed using RPA. This approach not only achieved a lower limit of detection, as low as 55 femtograms of DNA but also operated at a lower reaction temperature compared to traditional PCR. Most notably, the amplification could be completed in just 20 min, making it significantly faster without compromising sensitivity or specificity. These results demonstrate the utility of RPA for assessing food samples and detecting <i>Salmonella</i> contamination, offering a promising solution to enhance food safety and public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"721-728"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280278/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological Approaches to Carbon Sequestration and Bioenergy Production.","authors":"Rashmi S Dhanwar, Rupali Thakur, Ujjwala Waghmare, Adarsh K Singh, Namita Singh, Gaurav Nahar, Andrew Ross, Munira Alateeqi, Om Prakash","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01495-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01495-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Addressing the urgent challenge of climate change requires significant reductions in global greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) technologies are vital in mitigating GHGs emissions. CCU revolves around the capture of carbon and transforming it into value-added products. There are various strategies to capture/sequester carbon and they can be physical, chemical or biological. Physical methods include carbon sequestration into oceans and soil and stored as geological formations. Chemical methods mainly include the storage of carbon in bicarbonate form. The major drawbacks of physical and chemical methods include risk to the environment and its expansiveness. Biological methods overcome these drawbacks. This review explores various biological carbon sequestration technologies specifically focused on biofuel production from plants, algae, and bacteria. This review also gives an insight into current technological advances in bioenergy production and upgrading.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"536-552"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280102/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Genomic Investigation of Mumps Virus Genotype G Isolates from Dibrugarh, Assam: Insights from Whole Genome Analysis.","authors":"Kimmi Sarmah, Kishore Sarma, Biswajyoti Borkakoty, Prasanta Kumar Borah, Ajanta Sharma, Jagadish Mahanta","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01489-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01489-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mumps, caused by Mumps virus (MuV) in the Paramyxoviridae family, features a 15,384 nucleotide RNA genome. Despite vaccination efforts, mumps outbreaks persist, particularly in regions with optional vaccination policies like India. Therefore, this study aims to understand genomic variations of the complete genome of MuV genotype G from Assam, India as these genetic changes is essential for evaluating vaccine effectiveness and devising strategies against the evolving pathogen. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on two samples from 2016 and 2017. The genomes were annotated using the WHO reference genome (genotype G) and compared with vaccine strains (Jeryl Lynn and L Zagreb,) and other Indian MuV genotype G complete genome sequences. Phylogenetic analysis, N-glycosylation site determination, and epitope conservancy analysis were conducted. Structural variations were assessed using 3D models. The genomes of Assam MuV (G1 and G2) were 15,305 bp and 15,377 bp, respectively. Genome sequencing reveals unique genetic variations in various coding genes, notably in nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, matrix, and fusion. These variations include substitutions exclusive to Assam sequences, indicating antigenic site involvement. The HN protein analysis points to potential vaccine escape mutants with substitutions at positions 279 and 287. A structural assessment demonstrates no significant alterations in overall secondary conformation, but a noteworthy substitution in B-cell epitopic region (N323K) raises concerns about immune evasion. The identified genetic variations suggest evolving antigenicity in MuV genotype G, which may impact vaccine effectiveness. Continuous genomic surveillance and immunological studies are crucial for optimizing vaccination strategies and addressing the evolving pathogen.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-025-01489-6.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 3","pages":"827-832"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13280093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148294941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of <i>P. vivax</i> Merozoite Surface Protein-1 Genetic Diversity in Multiple Geographical Regions.","authors":"Sama Rashidi, Nilofar Taghipour, Kobra Kohansal, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Asghar Sepahvand, Syedeh Fatemeh Moosavi, Shahrooz Bassiri","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01453-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01453-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite decreases in incidence, malaria remains a serious infectious disease, with the <i>Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax)</i> species being the predominant cause, accounting for about 90% of annual reported cases in Iran. In this study, we describe the genetic diversity of the <i>P. vivax</i> merozoite surface protein-1 (<i>Pvmsp-1</i>) across three geographical locations to evaluate the impact of this diversity on disease control. A total of 88 <i>P. vivax</i> samples were collected from three neighboring countries: Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, during 2015-2016. Genomic DNA was extracted, and fragments of <i>Pvmsp-1</i> were amplified and sequenced. The nucleotide and amino acid changes, as well as the haplotype frequency in Pvmsp-1, were analyzed across these geographic sites. The sequences of Pvmsp-1 obtained from the studied regions were compared with homologous sequences from the GenBank database to explore the genetic structure of <i>P. vivax</i>. The PCR products of the Pvmsp-1 gene, using Pvmsp-1 specific primers, showed a 1124 bp long band. Genotyping of the Pvmsp-1 gene revealed the presence of three allele types, with type 1 being predominant. Most of the polymorphisms were found within the 400-600 bp regions. Some of the Iranian <i>P. vivax</i> isolates showed 98% similarity in their identity compared to other strains. The study of genetic diversity distribution in <i>P. vivax</i> provides crucial information for malaria control and elimination programs. Despite the high homology among these geographical regions and the different haplotypes between Iranian and other samples, it can be concluded that malaria transmission in this investigation is local to Iran.</p><p><strong>Graphical abstract: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 2","pages":"344-351"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13179971/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147972197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}