Indian Journal of Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Unravelling Cholera's Footprints in India: A Data-Driven Investigation of its Burden, Risk, and Strain Variability.","authors":"Ashwini Mallappa, Yamini Sri Sekar, Madugu Yamini, Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh, Rajeswari Shome, Raghavendra G Amachawadi, Sharanagouda S Patil","doi":"10.1007/s12088-026-01549-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01549-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cholera continues to pose a public health challenge in India; however, existing evidence on <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> prevalence, strain diversity, and cross-border transmission risk remains fragmented and methodologically inconsistent. This limits the development of targeted and evidence-based control strategies. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to derive pooled national and regional prevalence estimates of <i>V. cholerae</i> in India. To elucidate pathogen diversity beyond epidemiological burden, pan-genome analysis of <i>V. cholerae</i> genomes was undertaken to characterize strain-level genetic variation and evolutionary clustering. Additionally, a scenario tree-based quantitative risk assessment was applied to estimate the probability of cholera risk in India from neighbouring endemic countries. The meta-analysis estimated a pooled national prevalence of 7% (95% CI 4-11%), with substantial regional heterogeneity and higher detection through PCR-based detection showing a higher prevalence (9%) than culture methods (7%). Pan-genome analysis revealed marked genetic divergence among circulating strains 4295STDY6534200 (Bangladesh, 2013) and mvav6203 (China, 2000), forming distinct evolutionary clusters. Quantitative risk assessment estimated mean transmission probabilities from Bangladesh at 1.04 × 10^-6 and China at 9.35 × 10⁻1a higher mean probability of cholera introduction from Bangladesh (1.04 × 10^-6) than from China (9.35 × 10^-10). Sensitivity analysis identified false-negative diagnostics and inadequate water and sanitation as the most influential risk drivers (Spearman's ρ = 0.83). <i>V. cholerae</i> remains a significant public health concern in India. This study provides a comprehensive and unified assessment of cholera burden, strain variability, and transmission risk in India. The findings highlight critical intervention priorities, including strengthening genomic surveillance, improving diagnostic accuracy, and enhancing WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) infrastructure, to support region-specific and cross-border cholera control strategies.</p><p><strong>Graphical abstract: </strong></p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01549-5.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 5","pages":"1186-1203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149169589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Trench Plate-Based Approach for the Selective Isolation of Metal-Cycling Bacteria.","authors":"Riya Desai, Nandan Trivedi, Manasvi Ladola, Bhavina Rathva, Aarti Desai, Himanshi Katariya, Srinivas Duggirala, Chandrashekar Mootapally, Neelam Nathani","doi":"10.1007/s12088-026-01556-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01556-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microbes play a vital role in biogeochemical cycling by transforming key elements such as iron, nitrogen, and selenium in natural environments. This study introduces and evaluates a novel Trench Plate Method, a magnetically guided enrichment approach designed to selectively isolate metal-cycling, magnetotactic-like bacteria from estuarine sediments of the Narmada River, India. The method enabled the enrichment of bacteria exhibiting directional motility toward magnetic poles, demonstrating its effectiveness as a behaviour-based isolation technique. Taxonomic identification through 16S rRNA sequencing and whole-genome sequencing revealed the isolate to be <i>Escherichia coli</i>, a surprising finding given the targeted selection. However, genomic analysis confirmed the presence of key metabolic genes involved in iron, selenium and nitrogen cycling, alongside magnetosome-like structures observed via transmission electron microscopy. These findings suggest an unexpected functional potential in <i>E. coli</i>, reflecting adaptive mechanisms in sedimentary metal-rich environments. The integration of behaviour-based enrichment with genomic profiling provides a powerful strategy for uncovering functionally relevant microbes, regardless of traditional taxonomy, with implications for biogeochemical studies and bioremediation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 5","pages":"1257-1262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653895/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149165558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Highly Specific and Sensitive Latex Agglutination Test for the Detection of Caprine Mycoplasmosis.","authors":"P Santhiya, Surya Sankar, V Niranjana, V Athira, R T Venkatachelapathy, M Mini, A Bosewell","doi":"10.1007/s12088-026-01564-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01564-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study was carried out for the cultural and molecular diagnosis of caprine mycoplasmosis in Kerala, India and for the development of an antigen detection latex agglutination test (LAT) for its field diagnosis. A total of 126 samples, comprising 100 nasal swabs and 26 lung tissues, were subjected to isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR assays included Mycoplasma 16S rRNA genus specific PCR, as well as species and cluster specific PCRs targeting the <i>Mycoides</i> cluster, <i>Mycoides</i> group, <i>Mycoplasma mycoides</i> subsp. <i>capri</i> (Mmc), <i>M. capricolum</i> subsp. <i>capripneumoniae</i> (Mccp), <i>M. capricolum</i> subsp. <i>capricolum</i> (Mcc), <i>M. agalactiae</i>, <i>M. ovipneumoniae</i>, <i>M. conjunctivae</i>, and <i>M. arginini</i>. Additionally, a Mmc strain was characterized by whole genome sequencing (WGS) and the same was used for the development of LAT by sensitizing latex beads with hyperimmune serum raised against Mmc for antigen detection. On <i>Mycoplasma 16S rRNA</i> genus specific PCR, 69 samples (64 nasal swabs and five lung tissue) turned positive. Of these, two lung tissues were positive for <i>Mycoides</i> cluster, <i>Mycoides</i> group, and <i>Mycoplasma mycoides</i> subsp. <i>capri</i> (Mmc) specific PCR. On species specific PCRs, 17 nasal swabs were positive for <i>M. agalactiae</i>, 38 for <i>M. ovipneumoniae</i>, and 8 for <i>M. conjunctivae</i>. The two lung tissue samples, which produced typical colonies on modified Hayflick medium, were confirmed as Mmc using species specific PCR. The representative Mmc strain, Ker.TCR. LT used for developing LAT had a genome size of 1,211,756 bp with 945 protein coding genes and is closely related to a goat derived strain, IVB-X as indicated by core genome phylogenetic analysis. Of the 50 nasal swab samples collected from goats with respiratory tract infections for validation of LAT, 17 were positive by PCR and 14 by LAT. In comparison to PCR, the LAT had a sensitivity of 87.5 percent and specificity of 100 percent. The latex agglutination test is a simple, rapid and reliable screening test under field conditions.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01564-6.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 5","pages":"1232-1239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149167087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiplex Real Time PCR Assay Targeting the <i>eqbE</i> for Rapid Detection and Differentiation of <i>Streptococcus equi</i> from Other <i>Streptococcus</i> Species in Indian Equines.","authors":"Dharvi Chhabra, Juhi Nagra, Anju Manuja, Rajesh Dahiya, Minakshi Prasad, Umesh Goutam, Balvinder Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s12088-026-01548-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01548-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Strangles is a tremendously contagious and chronic infectious disease caused by <i>Streptococcus equi subspecies</i> <i>equi</i>. The disease compromises the respiratory health of horses and other equines, leading to decreased productivity. The time-consuming culture methods and similarity between <i>Streptococcus equi subspecies equi</i> and <i>Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus</i>, which can cause opportunistic infections in horses and severe infections in humans, complicate its diagnosis<i>.</i> In this study, we applied a multiplex real-time PCR assay on 45 <i>Streptococcus</i> isolates from India, aiming to detect <i>Streptococcus equi subspecies equi</i> and distinguish it from other <i>Streptococcus</i> species, including <i>Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus</i>. Multiplex real-time PCR using <i>eqbE</i> gene of <i>Streptococcus equi</i> <i>subspecies equi</i> accurately identified all culture-positive samples, yielding 100% sensitivity and specificity. In contrast, conventional PCR revealed a lower sensitivity of 94.1%. Both tests showed no false positives, indicating high specificity<i>.</i> The ability to swiftly identify and differentiate <i>Streptococcus equi subspecies equi</i> from other <i>Streptococcus</i> species facilitates targeted intervention strategies, ultimately aiding in the prevention and mitigation of this debilitating disease. The distribution underscores the necessity of strengthening surveillance, implementing early diagnosis protocols, and adopting targeted control strategies in the affected regions. This is the first report in India of a multiplex real-time PCR for comparative analysis of molecular diagnostic assays for the detection and differentiation of <i>Streptococcus equi subspecies equi</i> in Indian equines. It established a valuable precedent for future epidemiological surveillance and molecular diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 5","pages":"1177-1185"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653900/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149165668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Versatile <i>Bacillus</i> Serine Proteases: Catalysts for Innovation in Industry, Medicine, and Environmental Sustainability.","authors":"Swathy Sadanandan Anand, Sudarslal Sadasivan Nair, Jayashree Gopalakrishna Pai","doi":"10.1007/s12088-026-01544-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01544-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Serine proteases from the species <i>Bacillus</i> have been recognized as important biocatalysts with demonstrated applications across industrial, medical, and environmental fields. Extensive studies have been reported for its potential applications in areas such as the leather and detergent industries. Apart from industrial applications, there are studies suggesting the relevance of <i>Bacillus</i> serine proteases in pharmaceutical research, especially in peptide synthesis and enzyme-based therapeutic strategies. In addition to these applications, <i>Bacillus</i> serine proteases have been reported for their environmental waste mitigation potential. This includes wastewater treatment, management of agricultural residues, and composting processes. By summarizing evidence for these diverse applications, this review discusses the utility of <i>Bacillus</i> serine proteases along with highlighting the research gaps that exist in translating the laboratory-scale findings into a large-scale sustainable future.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 5","pages":"1107-1115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653901/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149169395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Perspectives on Bacterial and Viral Brood Diseases of <i>Apis cerana indica</i> in India: Prevalence, Diagnostics, and Management Strategies.","authors":"Saisri Manchikatla, V S Amritha, K N Anith, V Vijayasree, K M Kumaranag","doi":"10.1007/s12088-026-01557-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01557-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The beekeeping industry in India predominantly relies on the Indian honey bee, <i>Apis cerana indica</i>. It is a crucial pollinator and was the only domesticated species before the 1960s. This reflects a near-complete dependence on this species for agricultural productivity. It remains dominant among small and rural beekeepers due to its adaptability and low input needs. Despite lower yields (8-15 kg vs 30-60 kg in <i>Apis mellifera</i>), it plays a key role in pollination, supporting nearly 75% of major crops. Maintaining bee health is fundamental to successful beekeeping, as brood diseases caused by bacterial and viral pathogens significantly impair colony vitality, leading to substantial losses. Factors such as social behavior, close interactions within colonies, certain handling practices, and international honey trade contribute to the rapid spread of these diseases. While symptoms of bacterial and viral brood infections are often visible, timely and accurate diagnosis is essential to prevent disease dissemination from the initial source of inoculum. This review comprehensively summarizes the prevalence, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for bacterial and viral brood diseases affecting honey bees, with an emphasis on both conventional and cutting-edge molecular techniques including PCR and NGS. By exploring pathogen identification at different developmental stages and highlighting recent advancements in disease detection, this review provides valuable insights for beekeepers and researchers. Ultimately, it aims to update and enhance current knowledge on brood pathogens to promote sustainable management practices in Indian apiculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 5","pages":"1135-1149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149164407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Progress in the Microbial Production and Applications of Indole Alkaloids.","authors":"Chrisbel Ponmudiraj, June Susan Abraham, Rashmi Ramakrishnan, Jameel M Al-Khayri, Praveen Nagella","doi":"10.1007/s12088-026-01554-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01554-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indole alkaloids, a well-known class of nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites, are characterized by their complex structures and diverse biological activities. Although they have historically been produced from plants, microbial sources like bacteria, fungi, endophytes, and cyanobacteria are becoming more and more popular as effective and sustainable substitutes. In order to synthesize indole alkaloids, these microorganisms have specialized enzymatic pathways, which frequently offer benefits like shorter production cycles and environmental adaptability. The production yields and structural diversity of these compounds have been greatly increased by developments in biotechnological techniques, such as metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and optimized fermentation methods. Indole alkaloids are widely used in agriculture as biopesticides, herbicides, and plant growth regulators, as well as in pharmaceuticals as anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, and neuroprotective agents. The study of microbial systems for their production addresses a number of problems with plant-based extraction, including low yields, seasonal variability, and environmental impact. Additionally, microbial platforms present chances for the sustainable development and large-scale, economical synthesis of these valuable compounds. An outline of the microbial sources of indole alkaloids is provided in this review,  which includes endophytes, bacteria, cyanobacteria, and fungi. It also looks at the most recent developments in biotechnological production techniques and emphasizes their applications. This review highlights the growing importance of microbial systems in meeting the growing demand for indole alkaloids worldwide in a variety of sectors by highlighting them as scalable and environmentally friendly platforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 5","pages":"1116-1134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149165807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Evaluation and Optimization of a CRISPR/Cas-Based Assay for Rapid Detection of <i>Tilapinevirus tilapiae</i> (TiLV) in Indian Isolates, Validated Against Conventional Nucleic acid Detection Methods.","authors":"Kaliyamoorthy Thangadurai, Megha Kadam Bedekar, Chandraprakasham Manojkumar, Meshram Supradhnya Namdeo, Maharshi Limbola, Kezhedath Jeena, Kiran Dashrath Rasal, Kooloth Valappil Rajendran, Kundan Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s12088-026-01550-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01550-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tilapia lake virus (<i>Tilapinevirus tilapiae</i>; TiLV) remains a significant threat to global tilapia aquaculture, underscoring the urgent need for rapid, sensitive, and field-ready diagnostic approaches. In this study, we developed a CRISPR-Cas12a assisted reverse transcriptase-recombinase polymerase amplification assay (Cr-TiLV) targeting a conserved region of segment 6 of the TiLV genome. The integration of RT-RPA with Cas12a significantly enhanced analytical sensitivity, enabling the detection of viral RNA at levels as low as 10 copies. Diagnostic assessment using 40 clinical samples demonstrated that the Cr-TiLV assay achieved sensitivities of 86.67% and 82.29%, and accuracies of 90% and 85%, respectively, relative to semi-nested PCR and RT-qPCR, with specificity approaching 99.9% for both benchmark methods. Although less sensitive than RT-qPCR for samples with low viral loads, the assay consistently detected low to moderate viral concentrations and showed substantial concordance with semi-nested PCR. Operating isothermally at 39 °C and requiring minimal laboratory resources, the Cr-TiLV assay offers a rapid and field-deployable diagnostic solution with strong potential for routine TiLV surveillance in resource-limited aquaculture settings.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01550-y.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 5","pages":"1204-1216"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149169274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and Evaluation of P Solubilizing Bacteria from Forest Soils for Plant Growth Promotion.","authors":"Hillol Chakdar, Pragya Saxena, M Kumar, Arjun Singh, Samadhan Y Bagul, Shaloo Verma, Sudipta Das, Prem Lal Kashyap, Anil Kumar Saxena","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01540-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01540-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the present study, four potential P solubilizing isolates viz<i>. Bacillus megaterium</i> NGNB17 and <i>B. gingsengisoli</i> JB1, <i>Kluyvera cryocrescens</i> JBP1 and <i>Serratia nematodiphila</i> NGNB2 were isolated and characterized from the soils of tropical forests of India. All isolates could solubilize > 200 mg L^-1 Udaipur Rock phosphate with NGNB2 having highest (712 mg L^-1) solubilization capacity. NGNB17 showed highest acid phosphatase activity (94.5 U L^-1) while NGNB2 showed highest alkaline phosphatase activity (24.0 U L^-1). JBP1 was the only isolate positive for IAA production, siderophore production and K solubilization. All the isolates showed significant improvement in growth of Maize, Chickpea and Wheat under pot trials, but NGNB17 and JBP1 had more pronounced effect. When evaluated on Wheat (HD2967) under field conditions along with <i>Pseudomonas striata</i>, <i>Paenibacillus tylopili</i> and <i>Aspergillus awamori</i> as positive checks, JBP1 performed at par with them and could save 50% of phosphatic fertilizer to produce statistically comparable yield as obtained for full dose of fertilizer. This is the first report of <i>Kluyvera cryocrescens</i> being demonstrated for its plant beneficial effects at field level emphasizing its use as bioinoculant. The present study is also the first report for plant growth promoting activity of <i>Bacillus gingsengisoli</i>.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01540-6.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 5","pages":"1164-1176"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149165881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in Hydrothermal Processing of Microalgae for Environment-friendly Products: A Review.","authors":"Sonal Vilas Shah, Bhawna Yadav Lamba, Avanish K Tiwari","doi":"10.1007/s12088-026-01571-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01571-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent global policies on curbing the usage of fossil fuels have made researchers look for alternative fuels, especially biofuels. This review provides insight into the hydrothermal processing (HP) of microalgae and a comparison of the three techniques, namely hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), and hydrothermal gasification (HTG), in terms of mechanism and product generation. HP is widely considered as its application is beneficial in several ways, employing wet biomass, having higher efficiency than other thermochemical conversion techniques and being eco-friendly. By a combination of various research studies, the chemistry involved in sustainable algal biofuel production via HP has been discussed, highlighting its merits and demerits. Furthermore, the knowledge gaps and research hotspots in the technologies in terms of product yield and quality are also identified. The presence of heteroatoms like sulfur and nitrogen is one of the key challenges in HTL oils. Consistent availability of feedstock, designing pilot-scale reactors and managing economics are some key considerations that needs to be addressed. While catalyst enhance the quality and yield of algal biofuels, synthesizing efficient, reusable as well as feedstock-flexible catalysts is a hurdle. Moreover, the process efficiency and energy consumption of the HP technology is also critical for improving the quantitative and qualitative parameters. In order to address the food-water-energy supply chains, process optimization and integration of technologies incorporating machine learning tools for process optimization would enhance efficiency while reducing energy consumption and environmental implications. The key contribution of this review is informative fostering the commercialization of sustainable algal biorefinery.</p><p><strong>Graphical abstract: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 5","pages":"1150-1163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149165914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}