Indian Journal of Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"A Review on Survival Strategies and Social Dynamics of Microbial Communities in Biofilm.","authors":"Tamanna Jafar, Sumita Rani Saha, Sameeha Alam, Otun Saha, Khandokar Fahmida Sultana","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01501-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01501-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Single-celled organisms colonize biotic and abiotic surfaces via intrinsic mechanisms that differentiate them from free-floating bacteria. The vital role of these mechanisms is in communication and survival in challenging environments. Particularly concerning are the biofilms formed by bacteria, which pose substantial challenges in diverse settings, ranging from medical implants to industrial pipelines. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms driving biofilm formation is essential as a foundational step in devising strategies to curb or prevent their growth. The rationale behind conducting this review study is to comprehensively address the intricate issue of bacterial biofilm formation and its far-reaching implications across various domains of human life and healthcare. Bacteria within biofilms exhibit complex multicellular behaviors, orchestrated through quorum sensing, which finely regulates gene expressions. This collective behavior fundamentally transforms the traditional perception of microbes, as they navigate three-dimensional colonization, evolve, allocate responsibilities within the biofilm consortium, and adapt to varying environmental conditions. Furthermore, the escalating crisis of antibiotic resistance in bacteria presents formidable challenges in treating biofilm-associated infections such as urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, chronic otitis media, lung infections, etc. Conventional antibiotics, historically effective against bacterial infections, now falter in the face of biofilm-related ailments. Hence, the pressing need to deepen our comprehension of bacterial biofilms becomes evident. Considering all this, this review will provide insight into the biofilm formation, and intercellular communication within biofilm communities, as well as their survival and socializing strategies. We also address the pressing challenge of antibiotic resistance which has emerged as a major obstacle in healthcare. Therefore, it is critical and urgent for clinicians to effectively treat biofilm-mediated infections with antibiotics that are now accessible. To achieve this, a collaborative approach involving microbiologists, chemists, and clinicians is essential to develop novel nanoparticle-based therapeutics and preventive strategies to effectively target and eradicate biofilms. In Short, our goal is to improve patient management and address the root cause of several chronic diseases that are often exacerbated by biofilm infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 1","pages":"95-107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12909642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146219490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endophytic Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Fungi for Management of <i>Orseolia oryzivora</i> Infestation on Rice Plants.","authors":"O E Oyetunji, A C Odebode, F E Nwilene, B C Kotun, O A Thonda, Sesan Abiodun Aransiola, Naga Raju Maddela, Ram Prasad","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01521-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01521-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Orseolia oryzivora</i> (African Rice Gall Midge-AfRGM) infestation remains a critical problem of rice in lowland agro-ecologies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Substantial and increasing yield losses caused by AfRGM are putting food security at stake in the affected areas. Insecticide application is not ecofriendly and has resulted in the emergence of resistant pest strains, thus requiring an ecofriendly substitute. Entomopathogenic fungi including <i>Metarhizium anisopliae</i> and <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> have been extensively utilized for biological control of Dipteran. An endophytic experiment was conducted to assess the impact of entomopathogenic fungi to managing AfRGM in a systemic approach. The study was set up on Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in three replications. Three strains each of <i>B. bassiana</i> and <i>M. anisopliae</i> were tested for biocontrol activity Rice seeds were coated with the inoculum of fungal strains collected from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture entomopathogenic fungi collection. The strain was prepared aseptically in the laboratory before seeding and the seed box was placed inside wooden cage in the screen house. The good agronomical practices was applied as the plant grew and five adult AfRGM were introduced to each cage for oviposition. The level of oviposition and infestation were recorded while the physiological, agronomical and yield data were collected as the plants grew. According to the findings, <i>M. anisopliae</i> IC30 strain considerably reduces AfRGM in 98.16% of non-infested tillers, while <i>M. anisopliae</i> IC20 strain controls AfRGM in 89.55% of cases. Therefore, it is clear that <i>M. anisopliae</i> may be utilized to manage the AfRGM invasion.</p><p><strong>Graphical abstract: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 1","pages":"37-45"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12909688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146219580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal Hydroxide Composite with g-C₃N₄ Catalyzed Oxidation of Antibiotics: A Step Towards Sustainable Development Goals for Antimicrobial Resistance.","authors":"Gajendar Singh, Karimullah Shaik, Vijay S Bhalekar, Ravi P Shah","doi":"10.1007/s12088-024-01417-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01417-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study focused on the synthesis of novel g-C₃N₄/Cu₃(OH)₂(MoO₄)₂ composite nanostructures for their instant peroxidase-mimicking activity. The composite was characterized using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction, FTIR, UV/Vis spectroscopy, SEM, and XPS. It demonstrated effective oxidative degradation catalyst activity for antibiotics like Ampicillin, Tetracycline, and Oxytetracycline in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. This catalyst activity has been demonstrated at room temperature through heterogeneous mixing. Moreover, the composite material is insoluble and recoverable, making it suitable for industrial pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-024-01417-0.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 1","pages":"260-265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12909672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146219483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioprocess for the Sustainable Production of Prebiotic Mannooligosaccharides Using a Bacterial Mannanase.","authors":"Monika Rana, Aditya Kumar, Rahul Warmoota, Richa Yadav, Sunena Jassal, Koushik Mazumder, Naveen Gupta","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01448-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01448-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mannooligosaccharides (MOS) are non-digestible oligosaccharides that have garnered significant attention due to their functional properties, including prebiotic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and other bioactive attributes. Despite numerous reports on MOS, limited work has been done to optimize their production in an economical and sustainable manner, which is essential for large-scale applications. The present study aimed to standardize the conditions for the enhanced production of MOS from copra meal using β-mannanase (MAN-7) from <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> MAN7. A 4.6-fold increase in MOS production was achieved, with yield reaching as high as 560 mg per gram of copra meal. β-MOS with a degree of polymerization (DP) between 2-6 were purified using activated carbon and ethanol treatment. Spectroscopic, chromatographic and other characterization techniques confirmed their DP and properties typical of oligosaccharides. MOS demonstrated a prebiotic effect by promoting the growth of health-promoting bacteria (e.g., <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp.) while remaining non-utilizable by enteropathogens. Additionally, MOS were resistant to digestive juices and exhibited no cytotoxic effects. These prebiotic properties suggest that β-MOS are suitable as candidate prebiotic agents or functional food ingredients. The optimized enzymatic conditions established in this study provide a sustainable and cost-efficient bioprocess for the valorization of agro-wastes into functional β-MOS.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 1","pages":"71-83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12909706/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146219506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Characterization of <i>Schistosoma</i> Species from Goats in Pakistan Using the 28S rDNA Region.","authors":"Muhammad Asim Khan, Kiran Afshan, Sabika Firasat, Muhammad Farhat Ullah, M Ijaz Khan, Dilsora Abduvalieva","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01502-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01502-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genus <i>Schistosoma</i> contains trematode species that cause the neglected tropical disease schistosomiasis. From a systematic perspective, using conventional methods, different species of the family Schistosomidae are challenging to identify. Utilizing molecular methods, which enable quick and accurate identification of genetically distinct but morphologically related species, would be a wiser decision. Since the study of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region is all that has been done thus far, there is still very little information available regarding the usage of 28S rRNA regions of Schistosomidae for phylogenetic inference. However, there is no information available regarding the morphological or molecular makeup of <i>Schistosoma</i> in Pakistan. Based on morphology and genotyping, 16 distinct <i>Schistosoma</i> worms from six infected goats were analyzed in this study. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the 28S rDNA was amplified, sequenced, and compared with 23 additional Schistosomatidae reference sequences that were accessible in GenBank. The phylogenetic relationship between them was constructed using the maximum likelihood approach. Relevant guidelines and regulations conducted all methods. The study is reported in alignment with the ARRIVE guidelines. In the current study, we carried out both morphological and molecular characterization of worms obtained from goats in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa area of Pakistan. Six of these worms had their morphology thoroughly investigated, and as a result, they were classified as <i>Schistosoma</i> species. Six flukes, along with an additional ten specimens, underwent PCR amplification and sequencing of the 28S rDNA region, which identified a single haplotype across all samples. A phylogenetic analysis of the 28S rDNA sequences of Schistosoma species was conducted in comparison with those of other members of the Schistosomatiddae family to evaluate intra-and interspecific variation. The findings indicated that <i>Schistosoma</i> from Pakistan (PP702080) and <i>Schistosoma japonicum</i> from China were genetically similar. The 28S r DNA genetic marker employed in the current study is very insightful and may be the focus of future research on the epidemiology and incidence of various diseases. Understanding the genetic diversity and population structure of ruminant blood flukes requires the development of more polymorphic genetic markers.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 1","pages":"207-215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12909714/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146219515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomics-Driven Analysis of LDPE Degradation by <i>Pseudomonas Aeruginosa</i> WD4 Isolated from Plastic Waste Dumpsite.","authors":"Shilpa Shilpa, Nitai Basak, Sumer Singh Meena","doi":"10.1007/s12088-024-01444-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01444-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is one of the most widely used polyethylene types that is accumulated in the environment due to its resistant nature. The commonly used packaging materials and polybags are made up of single-use LDPE. The widespread usage and mismanagement of plastic waste disposal are the biggest threats to our ecosystem. Under environmental conditions, the PE materials require a long period to degenerate. The weathering results in the fragmentation of PE in the open environment, which causes the emission of toxic pollutants and several health hazards to living beings. Several microbial communities have been reported in recent years for the biodegradation of the LDPE, but the intrinsic pathways and genes involved in the degradation are still not fully explored. The present study has reported the role of the <i>Pseudomonas</i> strain isolated from the dumpsite in the LDPE degradation. The transcriptomic analysis of the strain <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> WD4 revealed the genes utilized during the LDPE utilization. The mRNA expression levels of the strain were mapped based on the log fold changes between the presence and absence of LDPE in the culture medium. The upregulation of differentially expressed phage proteins such as PA0720, PA0726, PA0727, PA0728, and PA0719 shows the physiological importance of these genes for LDPE degradation. In earlier studies, it has been reported that these proteins play key role in the formation of biofilms by the <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> sp.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-024-01444-x.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 1","pages":"59-70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12909719/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146219528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing Probiotics: Emerging Strategies for Health and Disease Management.","authors":"Bhargav Parmar, Riteshkumar Arya, Gayatri Patel","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01478-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01478-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study looks at the growing significance of probiotics in health maintenance and illness prevention, with an emphasis on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. Probiotics, which are primarily derived from the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium families, have gained popularity for their ability to maintain a stable gut microbiota, which is essential for overall health. These beneficial microorganisms are becoming recognized as natural alternatives to antibiotics for infection control, and they work especially well when combined with prebiotics. Probiotics show promise in treating a variety of illnesses, including gastrointestinal disorders, immunological modulation, mental health support, cardiovascular protection, and metabolic disease management. Despite positive findings, more study is needed to better understand the fundamental mechanisms, optimize dosages, and identify the most beneficial strains for certain health outcomes. Emerging therapeutic sectors, including as maternal mental health, autism spectrum disorders, hypertension, and metabolic illnesses like obesity and diabetes, provide new avenues for probiotic research. As our scientific understanding grows, probiotics are set to become essential instruments in modern healthcare, providing novel methods to disease prevention and overall health enhancement. The review emphasizes the need for additional research to fully realize probiotics' promise in both clinical and everyday health applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 1","pages":"20-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12909739/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146219537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective Association of TLR6 rs5743810 with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Population of JAMMU Region.","authors":"Sakshi Sharma, Indu Priya, Isar Sharma, Suruchi Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Ritu Mahajan, Nisha Kapoor","doi":"10.1007/s12088-024-01432-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01432-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB) is an international public health problem that results in preventable deaths each year. About 10% of those infected develop tuberculosis, indicating that host defense factors play a significant role in the progression to active disease. Polymorphic variants in the genes determine genetic diversity among populations. Many studies have revealed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes coding for the innate immune molecules can affect the susceptibility and outcome of various diseases. Till date, Jammu & Kashmir state has largely remained unexplored in terms of genetic diversity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are fundamental elements of the innate immune system. TLRs identify microbial components that are conserved in pathogens and start the necessary inflammatory immune responses required for activation of adaptive immunity. Studies among populations with polymorphisms in TLR signaling genes can elucidate the connection between TLRs and human diseases. The present study is designed to find out the association of SNPs in <i>TLR1, TLR2, TLR4</i> and <i>TLR6</i> genes with pulmonary tuberculosis within the Dogra population of Jammu and Kashmir. This is conducted as a case-control study that includes 150 pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and 130 Healthy controls. SNP Genotyping for exploring the polymorphisms is done by using Sanger sequencing. T allele in <i>TLR6</i> (rs5743810) showed a protective role in TB infection (<i>p</i> = 0.0011, OR 0.16 95% CI 0.055-0.48). However, the data showed no significant association of <i>TLR1</i> (rs4833095)<i>, TLR2</i> <b>(</b>rs3804099<b>)</b> and <i>TLR4 (</i>rs4986790) with PTB in the Dogra population of Jammu region. Our data gave new insights into the role of TLR6 in <i>M.tuberculosis</i> defense and showed that TLR6 variant rs5743810 is associated with protection against TB in Dogra population of Jammu region. More studies on the larger ethnically diverse patient cohorts may help to validate the possible effect of these polymorphisms on the susceptibility to pulmonary TB.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 1","pages":"132-140"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12909677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146219560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heading: Efficacy of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Winemaking Byproducts in Preventing Alcoholic Liver Injury.","authors":"Min-Wei Hsieh, Huey-Yueh Chen, Cheng-Chih Tsai","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01506-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01506-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The primary cause of liver damage due to alcohol consumption is long-term intake that disrupts normal metabolism. We focused on evaluating the screening of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) derived from winemaking byproducts to prevent alcoholic liver damage. We employed in vitro cell tests to determine the effect of probiotics on reducing cytokine levels (INF-<i>γ</i>, TNF-<i>α</i>, IL-6, IL-8) and alcohol content after LPS-induced inflammation of alcoholic liver cells. We also analyzed the levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) after hepatocyte injury. The results showed that strain tau 2-8 (107) and strain tau 1-1 (107) could maintain a viable count above 6 Log CFU/mL at 20% alcohol concentration. Moreover, strain 3-14 (106) and strain 6-10 (107) effectively reduced AST content in HepG2 cells stimulated by alcohol, with clearance rates of 107 and 105%, respectively. In the animal experiments, feeding single and combination multi-strains at the eighth week resulted in AST levels decrease significantly compared to the alcohol group in serum. Specifically, the single strain 3-14 (106) and the combined multi-strain had better effects, reducing AST levels by 54 and 48%, respectively. Additionally, the serum triglyceride content of the group under an alcoholic diet increased over time, but feeding with lactic acid bacteria resulted in a significant decrease. The glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity of the alcohol group decreased by 31.9% compared to the control group, while feeding with single-strain lactobacillus and combined lactobacillus groups increased significantly. Feeding lactic acid bacteria effectively reduced and improved alcoholic fatty liver and liver damage. In this study, LAB derived from the utilization of winemaking by-products also helps to manage wine industrial waste in an efficient way.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 1","pages":"216-232"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12909721/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146219532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Synthesized and Characterized GO@AgNPs from Bark of <i>Grewia orbiculata</i> Combat Methicillin Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> by Damaging Cell Membrane.","authors":"Suguna Mallesh, Sharan Umesha","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01470-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-025-01470-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current study investigates the potent antimicrobial activity of biogenically synthesized silver nanoparticles from the methanolic extract of bark of <i>Grewia orbiculata</i>, which is first of its kind. Nanoparticles with size of 62 nm and negative potential of -2,2 mV were found to be well-shaped spherical in nature through DLS and SEM analysis. FT-IR revealed the presence of many functional groups such as alkyl, aromatic and alkaline groups. Through HR-TEM analysis, lattice spacing was calculated to be 0.18 nm which corresponded to the plane family (111, fcc) of metallic silver. Apart from characterization, mechanism of action (MOA) was also evaluated for GO@AgNPs. The concentrations of GO@AgNPs and Methanolic Extract of Bark of <i>Grewia orbiculata</i> (MEB of GO) required to kill MRSA and inhibit its biofilm were equal to their respective MIC. 2 × MIC of nanoparticles and 4 × MIC of MEB of GO was required to eradicate biofilm. At high inoculum, 4 × MIC of MEB of GO and 2 × MIC of GO@AgNPs was required. Lower inoculum required only 0.5 to 0.25 × MIC. Time kill kinetics showed that GO@AgNPs was bactericidal in nature, SEM analysis showed cell membrane damage and aggregation of MRSA and <i>E. coli</i> cells, whereas AFM showed the increased irregular shape, skewness and roughness of the nanoparticle treated MRSA suggesting, cell membrane damage to be the major MOA of GO@AgNPs, which was seconded by DNA leakage assay and potassium efflux assays. Through FOR experiment, post drug effect revealed it is immensely difficult for MRSA to pick resistance towards GO@AgNPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 1","pages":"159-174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12909676/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146219552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}