Indian Journal of Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Antibiotics: From Mechanism of Action to Resistance and Beyond","authors":"Shyamalima Saikia, Pankaj Chetia","doi":"10.1007/s12088-024-01285-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01285-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Antibiotics are the super drugs that have revolutionized modern medicine by curing many infectious diseases caused by various microbes. They efficiently inhibit the growth and multiplication of the pathogenic microbes without causing adverse effects on the host. However, prescribing suboptimal antibiotic and overuse in agriculture and animal husbandry have led to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, one of the most serious threats to global health at present. The efficacy of a new antibiotic is high when introduced; however, a small bacterial population attains resistance gradually and eventually survives. Understanding the mode of action of these miracle drugs, as well as their interaction with targets is very complex. However, it is necessary to fulfill the constant need for novel therapeutic alternatives to address the inevitable development of resistance. Therefore, considering the need of the hour, this article has been prepared to discuss the mode of action and recent advancements in the field of antibiotics. Efforts has also been made to highlight the current scenario of antimicrobial resistance and drug repurposing as a fast-track solution to combat the issue.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140810600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anticandidal Efficacy of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Trans-Himalayan Plant Extracts Against Drug Resistant Clinical Isolates of Candida auris","authors":"Nandini Verma, Mohammad Riyaz, Gurkeerat Kaur, Preeti Negi, Harshita Ghawri, Khem Raj","doi":"10.1007/s12088-024-01277-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01277-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Candida auris</i> is the most common, globally detected nosocomial fungal pathogen with multi-drug resistance. The high prevalence of <i>C. auris</i> infections has raised concern about drug resistance and adverse effects, compounded by a lack of effective alternative drugs. Bioengineered nanomaterials play a significant role in combating nosocomial infections. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as an extensively used nanomaterial due to their prominent antimicrobial properties. One of the most promising approaches is to incorporate herbal extracts that contain a range of phytoconstituents, being used for curing various chronic illnesses. This study aimed to produce eco-friendly, cost-effective green synthesized AgNPs with trans-Himalayan medicinal plant extracts (<i>Trillium govanianum</i> &amp; <i>Bergenia ligulata</i>) and assess their anticandidal and antibiofilm potential. The green-synthesized AgNPs formation and crystalline nature were confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and X-ray diffraction analysis. The UV–Vis spectra of the AgNPs revealed bands in the range of 415–430 nm. Phytoconstituents as reducing agents were involved in the stabilization of AgNPs as identified by FTIR spectra. HR-TEM of AgNPs’ displayed a spherical shape with size in the range of 10–100 nm. Results of activity tests performed using various <i>C. auris</i> clinical strains showed half maximum growth inhibition (IC₅₀) at 8.02 µg/mL, which inhibited 65% of biofilm for <i>T. govanianum</i> extract. The free radical scavenging activity evaluated for green synthesized AgNPs using DPPH showed more than 90% antioxidant activity. Green synthesized AgNPs displayed potent growth inhibition (IC₅₀) at 4.01 µg/mL with 87.0% biofilm inhibition. Green synthesized AgNPs coated bandages and catheters inhibited the growth of <i>C. auris</i>. This study concluded that green synthesized AgNPs formulation in conjunction with antifungal agents exhibits potential biomedical application and also could be used as alternative therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140810456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Verticiella alkaliphila  sp. nov., An Alkaliphilic, Arsenic-Resistant Bacterium Isolated from the Gut of Lepidocephalichthys guntea","authors":"Chandana Basak, Vivek K. Ranjan, Nibendu Mondal, Jagannath Sarkar, Wriddhiman Ghosh, Ranadhir Chakraborty","doi":"10.1007/s12088-024-01287-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01287-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Detailed phenotypic and genotypic characterization was done to establish the taxonomic position of a novel bacterial strain GG226^T, frequently been isolated from the gut of <i>Lepidocephalichthys guntea</i>. Strain GG226^T a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, motile, alkaliphilic bacterium. The 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis disclosed that GG226^T belongs to genus <i>Verticiella</i> due to its maximum sequence identity with <i>Verticiella sediminum</i> XH089^T (98.4%), the sole representative of this genus. A genome BLAST distance phylogeny (GBDP) tree, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) tree, and multi locus species tree (MLST) reconfirmed that GG226^T shares its closest taxonomic identity with <i>Verticiella sediminum</i> XH089^T. The DNA G + C content was estimated to be 67 mol%. When compared with <i>Verticiella sediminum</i> XH089^T the DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value was 21.90% and the average nucleotide identity (ANI) value was 80.13%; both of which were sufficiently below the threshold value (≤ 70% and ≤ 95–96%) for new prokaryotic species validation. The dominant fatty acids (&gt; 5% of total fatty acids) were C_16:0, summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7c/C_16:1ω6c), C_17:0 cyclo, and C_12:0 3-OH. The strain GG226^T has shown significant growth in pH 9 and 10, and noticeable high resistance to sodium arsenate (MIC: &gt; 500 mM). The results of biochemical tests, phenotypic characteristics, genotypic data, and physiological properties could differentiate strain GG226^T from its closest taxonomic relative. Hence, characterization based on chemotaxonomic, phenotypic, genomic, and phylogenetic evidence demonstrated that the strain GG226^T represents a novel species of the genus <i>Verticiella,</i> for which the name <i>Verticiella alkaliphila</i> sp. nov. (type strain GG226^T = MCC 5181^T = JCM 36073^T) is proposed.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140810453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycopeptides: Insights Towards Resistance, Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics","authors":"Sree Teja Paritala, Gunjan Gandhi, Karishma Agrawal, Pinaki Sengupta, Nitish Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s12088-024-01273-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01273-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Glycopeptides have emerged as life-saving therapeutics in treating various gram-positive bacterial infections. Vancomycin being the first therapeutically approved glycopeptide has turned out as a blockbuster drug in the mitigation of gram-positive infections. However, long-term misuse of these glycopeptides led to the development of resistance which became a bottleneck in tackling various infections. Antimicrobial resistance has become a global threat exposing their impact on the public health domain. Concomitant to this the second-generation glycopeptides were developed through structural alterations and were approved by the USFDA which are serving as a last resort for an effective treatment. However, resistance against these also might develop shortly when misused. In this aspect, strategic approaches concerning structural activity for enhancing the antimicrobial activity and overcoming resistance were conferred. The clinical use of glycopeptides were also limited due to associated toxicity concerns and unusual pharmacokinetics. Understanding the pharmacokinetics of glycopeptides in different clinical conditions are necessary in tackling drug-induced resistance due to overdosing. Hence, dose optimization and therapeutic drug monitoring in different clinical conditions is necessary for better safety profiles and toxicity reduction. So, this review provides insights into glycopeptide-induced resistances, aspects of structural modifications to overcome resistance and their implications on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in different clinical conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140810460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Silico Drug Repurposing Endorse Amprenavir, Darunavir and Saquinavir to Target Enzymes of Multidrug Resistant Uropathogenic E. Coli","authors":"Umesh C. Halder","doi":"10.1007/s12088-024-01282-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01282-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multidrug resistance is a paramount impediment to successful treatment of most hospital acquired bacterial infections. A plethora of bacterial genera exhibit differential levels of resistance to the existing antibiotics. Prevalent Uropathogenic Escherichia coli or UPEC conduce high mortality among them. Multi-Drug Resistant bacterial strains utilize precise mechanisms to bypass effects of antibiotics. This is probably due to their familiar genomic origin. In this article drug repositioning method have been utilised to target 23 enzymes of UPEC strains viz. CFT073, 536 and UTI89. 3-D drug binding motifs have been predicted using SPRITE and ASSAM servers that compare amino acid side chain similarities. From the hit results anti-viral drugs have been considered for their uniqueness and specificity. Out of 14 anti-viral drugs 3 anti-HIV drugs viz. Amprenavir, Darunavir and Saquinavir have selected for maximum binding score or drug targetability. Finally, active sites of the enzymes were analyzed using GASS-WEB for eloquent drug interference. Further analyses with the active sites of all the enzymes showed that the three selected anti-HIV drugs were very much potent to inhibit their active sites. Combination or sole application of Amprenavir, Darunavir and Saquinavir to MDR-UPEC infections may leads to cure and inhibition of mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140801575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enzyme Activity of Culturable Fungi and Bacteria Isolated from Traditional Agarwood Fermentation Basin Indicate Temporally Significant Lignocellulosic and Lipid Substrate Modulations","authors":"Pearlin Shabna Naziz, Runima Das, Supriyo Sen","doi":"10.1007/s12088-024-01257-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01257-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Agarwood oil is one of the costliest essential oils used in perfumery, medicine and aroma. Production of the oil traditionally involves a soaking/fermentation step. Studies have indicated a definite role of the diverse microorganisms growing during the open soaking step, and in the emergent aroma of the essential oil. However, the temporal nature of fermentation and a key functional aspect i.e., the enzymatic properties of the microbes from the fermentation basin have not been studied yet. A total of 20 bacteria and 14 fungi isolated from fermentation basins located in Assam, India, at different soaking periods classified as early (0–20 days), medium (20–40 days) and late (40–60 days) clearly pointed towards an early fungal domination followed by succession of bacteria. The physico-chemical transformations of the wood are controlled by enzymatic properties (cellulase, xylanase, amylase and lipase) of the isolates. The results indicated a strong lignocellulosic substrate modulation potential in the four isolates, viz- <i>Purpureocillium lilacinum</i> (0.354 mg/mL), <i>Mucor circinelloides</i> (0.331 mg/mL), <i>Penicillium citrinum</i> (0.324 mg/mL) and <i>Bacillus megaterium</i> (0.152 mg/mL). The highest culturable abundance (CFU/mL) was found in <i>M. circinelloides</i> (2 × 10⁹) among fungi and <i>B. megaterium</i> (4.5 × 10⁹) among bacteria. The highest cellulase activity was shown by <i>P. lilacinum</i> (0.354 mg/mL) while xylanase and lipase by <i>M. circinelloides</i> (0.873 and 0.128 mg/mL). An interesting revelation was that a substantial proportion of the isolates (70% bacteria and 78% fungi) were positive for lipase activity. This is the first report on the “culturable microbiome” of the agarwood fermentation basin from a temporal and functional bioactivity perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"176 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140810459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective and Wound Healing Activity of Fucopyranose (Sulfated Polysaccharides) from Padina pavonica (L.)","authors":"Selvam Palpperumal, Subbiah Sankaralingam, Chellapandian Balachandran, Shunmugiah Mahendran, Sakthivel Venkatesh, Naiyf S. Alharbi, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Veeramuthu Duraipandiyan, Kathirvelu Baskar","doi":"10.1007/s12088-024-01237-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01237-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The emergence of various diseases such as cardiovascular, aging and cancer are due to oxidative stress as well as the shortage of enough antioxidant materials. Our study was intended to analyze the anticancer, antimicrobial, wound healing as well as hepatoprotective activities of purified sulfated polysaccharides derived from <i>P. pavonica.</i> The sulfated polysaccharide was subjected to partial purification using DEAE cellulose. The sulfated fraction was identified by HPLC, FTIR, ¹H-NMR and GC–MS. The results showed that the presence of fucopyranose in sulfated polysaccharide was attached to the <i>O</i>-<i>acetyl</i> groups confirmed by ¹H-NMR analysis. Further <i>P. pavonica</i> was carried out for the antioxidant profiling of sulfated polysaccharide through various standard assays. Bioactive principles of sulfated polysaccharides in medicinal fields were confirmed by anticancer activity on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and wound healing activity in four groups of albino rats. The hepatoprotective activity of sulfated fraction was determined based on their biochemical parameters. Emulsification activity of sulfated polysaccharide was also evaluated. Also, it has antimicrobial properties. Our report has pointed out that the supplementation of sulfated polysaccharides would prevent the formation of cancer and oxidative damage of biomolecules.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140635919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial Activity, Phytochemical Analysis of C. coggygria Leaf Extracts Against S. typhi, and Computational Studies to Screen Potential Drug Candidates","authors":"Ankit Negi, Pooja Pant, Shalini Mathpal, Disha Tewari, Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, Subhash Chandra, Rishendra Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s12088-024-01283-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01283-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Typhoid fever is a serious infectious disease caused by <i>Salmonella typhi</i> and <i>Salmonella</i> <i>Paratyphi A.</i> Although there are several drugs available for the treatment of <i>Salmonella</i> infection, however, the rising cases of bacterial resistance against common drugs necessitate new drug discovery against <i>S.</i> <i>typhi.</i> So Typhoid fever can be managed in a better way. Therefore we carried out the phytochemical analysis of <i>Cotinus coggygria</i> by FTIR and GC–MS analysis followed by antibacterial activity against <i>S. typhi.</i> Moreover, We also conducted molecular docking to find out important phytochemicals; methanol (48 compounds) and ethyl acetate (66 compounds) and 6 molecular targets; glycosidehydrolase (PDB Id: 4hzm), OmpF (PDB Id; 4kra), DNA gyrase (PDB Id;5ZTJ), AvrA (PDB Id; 6BE0), RamR (PDB Id; 6IE9), and tryptophan Synthase (PDB Id; 7L03). Results show that the ethyl acetate extracts of <i>C. coggygria</i> have the highest antibacterial activity against <i>S. typhi</i>, with inhibition zones ranging from 23 ± 2.8 to 18 ± 0.5 mm at different concentrations as compared to methanol extracts. Based on the docking score, DNA gyrase (5ZTJ) was found as the most suitable molecular target. DNA gyrase (5ZTJ). Further molecular dynamics simulation study resulted in 7 potential inhibitors from ethyl acetate extract and 5 potential inhibitors from methanol extracts as they had lower free binding energy than the reference drug ciprofloxacin. Based on this study we conclude that the top four phytochemicals that may be used for therapeutic purposes and drug development against <i>salmonella</i> activity are Lanosterol, Lup-20(29)-en-3-one, 9,19-Cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol, (3. beta.)-), and Periplogenin acetate.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140626032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Proficiency of Amlodipine: Investigating its Impact on Pseudomonas spp. in Urinary Tract Infections","authors":"Pooja Sharma, Aakanksha Kalra, Abhay Dev Tripathi, Vivek K. Chaturvedi, Bharti Chouhan","doi":"10.1007/s12088-024-01280-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01280-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Antibiotic resistance in urinary tract infections (UTIs) is a growing concern due to extensive antibiotic use. The study explores a drug repurposing approach to find non-antibiotic drugs with antibacterial activity. In the present study, 8 strains of <i>Pseudomonas spp.</i> were used that were clinically isolated from UTI-infected patients. Amlodipine, a cardiovascular drug used in this study, has shown potential antimicrobial effect in reducing the various virulence factors, including swimming and twitching motility, biofilm, rhamnolipid, pyocyanin, and oxidative stress resistance against all the strains. Amlodipine exhibited the most potent antimicrobial activity with MIC in the range of 6.25 to 25 µg/ml. Significant inhibition in biofilm production was seen in the range of 45.75 to 76.70%. A maximum decrease of 54.66% and 59.45% in swimming and twitching motility was observed, respectively. Maximum inhibition of 65.87% of pyocyanin pigment was observed with the effect of amlodipine. Moreover, a significant decrease in rhamnolipids production observed after amlodipine treatment was between 16.5 and 0.001 mg/ml as compared to the control. All bacterial strains exhibited leakage of proteins and nucleic acids from their cell membranes when exposed to amlodipine which suggests the damage of the structural integrity. In conclusion, amlodipine exhibited good antimicrobial activity and can be used as a potential candidate to be repurposed for the treatment of urinary tract infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140626141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solithromycin in Combination with Other Antimicrobial Agents Against the Carbapenem Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP)","authors":"Kusum Rani, Shyam Tripathi, Amit Sharma, Shingini Sharma, Poornima Sheba, V. Samuel Raj","doi":"10.1007/s12088-024-01188-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01188-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> is considered as the most common pathogen of hospital-acquired pneumonia. <i>K. pneumoniae</i> has emerged as the superbug which had shown multidrug resistance (MDR) as well as extensively drug resistance. Carbapenem resistant <i>K. pneumoniae</i> (CRKP) has become a menace for the treatment with monotherapy of the patients mainly admitted in intensive care units. Hence, in the present study we collected total 187 sputum isolates of <i>K. pneumoniae</i> and performed the antimicrobial susceptibility testing by using the automated Vitek-2 system and broth micro-dilution method (67 CRKP). The combination study of solithromycin with meropenem, colistin, cefotaxime, piperacillin and tazobactam, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, curcumin and nalidixic acid was performed by using checkerboard assay. We observed the high rate of resistance towards ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime and aztreonam. The colistin and tigecycline were the most sensitive drugs. The CRKP were 36%, maximum were from the patients of ICUs. The best synergistic effect of solithromycin was with meropenem and cefotaxime (100%), colistin and tetracycline (80%). So, these combinations can be a choice of treatment for the infections caused by MDR CRKP and other Gram-negative bacteria where the monotherapy could not work.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140617030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}