Indian Journal of Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Selective Synergy Between Phages and Antibiotics Improves Treatment Outcomes in Staphylococci Infections.","authors":"Medhavi Vashisth, Monika Kumari, Karan Bhutani, Prexha Kapoor, Bidhan C Bera, Nitin Virmani, Rajesh K Vaid, Taruna Anand","doi":"10.1007/s12088-026-01551-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01551-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An indiscriminate use of antibiotics in treatment of animal diseases has lead to emergence of antimicrobial resistance in <i>Staphylococcus</i> genus. Bacteriophages are a promising alternative, but it seems challenging to completely replace their use so the current study was undertaken to explore lytic bacteriophages against circulating <i>Staphylococcus</i> species obtained from animal farms and to assess their synergy with antibiotics. Five myophages (φBPA112-116) were isolated and assessed for their growth characteristics, host range, stability at varied physiological conditions of temperature and pH and for carriage of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)<i>.</i> Only one isolate (φBPA116) was observed to be a broad range phage which was biologically active against (67.92%) of <i>Staphylococcus</i> isolates. Bacteriophages were found to show selective synergy with antibiotics as assessed by antibiotic-disc embedded double-layered agar method. The combined application of phages and cephalothin (0.5 µg/ml) lead to a significant inhibition of bacterial growth (<i>p</i> < 0.001) in liquid cultures compared with controls at all the multiplicity of infections (MOIs) tested and reduced the biofilm formation in a dose dependent manner in suboptimal antibiotic concentration supplemented media. These findings illustrate the potential therapeutic value of phages and support further clinical development of \"Phage-Antibiotic synergy\" as a treatment option for <i>Staphylococcus</i> infections prevailing in animal farms.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01551-x.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 5","pages":"1217-1231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149169565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidative Defence Mechanisms in Tomato Plants Induced by Biopriming with <i>Trichoderma virens</i> and Jasmonic Acid Against Fusarium Wilt and Damping-Off.","authors":"Monika Sood, Vipul Kumar, Sarvjeet Kukreja","doi":"10.1007/s12088-026-01572-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01572-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In plants, pathogenic infection causes oxidative damage to the host plants and eventually leads to the destruction of the plant's metabolism due to the oxidation of essential biomolecules. In this investigation, we monitored the effects of fusarium wilt and damping-off mediated generation of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their effective disposal by the antioxidative defence system in tomato plants. The main aim of the current research work was to assess the seed priming remedial effects of <i>Trichoderma virens</i> (Tv) (1 × 10⁷ spores/mL) as a biocontrol agent and jasmonic acid (JA) (1 μM) as a chemical inducer against the pathogen- induced oxidative stress in diseased plants. Thirty days old primed and unprimed tomato seedlings were inoculated with <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>lycopersici</i> (Fol) (1 × 10⁶ spores/mL) and <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> (Rs) (2% w/v) in a different set of treatments, and after thirty days of pathogen inoculation, leaf sampling was done for twelve treatments randomly to record various physiochemical parameters. A significant increase in the oxidative stress markers measured in terms of MDA (Malondialdehyde) and H₂O₂ contents was observed in <i>Fol</i> and Rs-infected tomato plants compared with non-inoculated ones. Moreover, pre-treatment of tomato seeds with ameliorative agents lowered the extent of oxidative damage in the case of both pathogens. Consequently, to combat these ROS in comparison to the control, a marked enhancement in the antioxidative defence system was observed, as evidenced by increased ascorbic acid (AsA), tocopherol, glutathione (GSH), phenolic, and flavonoid contents, and hence, free radical scavenging activity. This physicochemical analysis further revealed that seed priming with <i>T. virens</i> and JA in combination in pathogenically stressed plants in the treatments, T8 (Fol + Tv + JA) and T12 (Rs + Tv + JA) has the most remedial influences when compared with non- primed pathogen-inoculated plants under the treatments, T5 (Fol) and T9 (Rs). These findings support the priming-induced disease suppressive influences of <i>T. virens</i> and JA on tomato plants through the enhanced activation of antioxidative defence mechanisms against Fusarium wilt and damping off diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 5","pages":"1240-1256"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653909/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149168411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serological Screening of <i>Coxiella burnetii</i> Phase II IgG Antibodies for the First Trimester of Ante-natal Women Using ELISA and Immunofluorescent Assay (IFA).","authors":"J Pradeep, R Prabha, G Vinoj, Selvaraj Stephen","doi":"10.1007/s12088-026-01574-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01574-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Coxiella burnetii</i> is a deadly causative agent of Q fever and still this disease is underestimated in India as well as in developing countries. Pregnant women are usually asymptomatic. Prevalence of Q fever in pregnant women is still unknown India. The aim of the research is to detect the prevalence of <i>C. burnetii</i> IgG Ph II antibodies in ante-natal women using ELISA and IFA assay. This laboratory based retrospective study was carried out with serum samples collected from the first trimester of pregnant women (n = 150). In our examination, one sample (0.7%) tested positive for <i>C. burnetii</i> antibodies in IgG Ph II ELISA and also exhibited a significant IFA Ph II IgG titre 1:256, indicating an active or recent infection. All other samples tested negative for <i>C. burnetii</i> antibodies. Q fever infection in early pregnancy can lead to miscarriages and/or spontaneous abortions in women. <i>C. burnetii</i> antibodies in pregnant women have been very low. Molecular Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) approach will be helpful to confirm the diagnosis and thus prevent recurrent abortions/miscarriages during early pregnancy.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-026-01574-4.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 5","pages":"1263-1266"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653886/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149164215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into Phylum Asgardarchaeota: Analysis of Two Novel MAGs Within Class Njordarchaeia.","authors":"Parthkumar Prajapati, Bupesh Giridharan, Chandrashekar Mootapally, Neelam Nathani","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01524-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12088-025-01524-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The exploration of early evolutionary processes, particularly focusing on archaea, provides valuable insights into the beginnings of life on Earth. Archaea, one of the three domains of life, have significantly shaped our understanding of evolution. Within archaea, the phylum Asgardarchaeota stands out for its crucial role in understanding the origins of eukaryotes and for its unique genomic and metabolic traits that make it an essential piece of the evolutionary puzzle. The study of these archaea is still in its early stages, but they have the potential to change our understanding of cellular evolution. Among the diverse groups within Asgardarchaeota, the class c__Njordarchaeia stands out as particularly intriguing yet underexplored due to its exceptional thermotolerance and metabolic flexibility. This study aims to fill the gaps in our knowledge by using advanced genomics and bioinformatic techniques to explore the genetic makeup, metabolic capabilities, and ecological roles of c__Njordarchaeia archaea in their natural habitats. Specifically, we have identified two previously unknown archaeal genomes from the deep-sea sediments of the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat, India, belonging to the same class within Asgardarchaeota. This discovery sheds light on their evolutionary significance and ecological functions in this unique marine environment. Through comprehensive genomic analysis, including pan-genomics, pathway module profiling, functional gene characterization, and examination of metabolic pathways, as well as basic statistical analysis of genome properties, this study represents a significant advancement in our understanding of the Njordarchaeia class within Asgardarchaeota. It provides deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these newly discovered genomes within the same evolutionary lineage.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-025-01524-6.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 4","pages":"966-981"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447648/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148689187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerobactin: A Multifaceted Siderophore.","authors":"Subho Ghosh","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01509-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12088-025-01509-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Different bacteria produce different iron(III) chelating small molecules called siderophores to fetch iron(III) from the surrounding environment. Aerobactin is a hydroxamate siderophore discovered in <i>Aerobacter aerogenes</i> in 1969. Aerobactin synthesizing and importing proteins are encoded by <i>iuc-iutA</i> operon which was found to confer growth advantage in pColV bearing pathogenic strains of <i>Escherichia coli</i> in case of human and animal infections. Being an important virulence factor in pathogenic <i>Escherichia</i>, <i>Shigella</i>, <i>Klebsiella</i> and <i>Yersinia</i>, aerobactin export and import mediating proteins like ShiF and IutA respectively as well as its synthesizing enzymes are potential therapeutic targets. Aerobactin encoding machinery can be horizontally transferred to many other bacteria leading to niche diversification of pathogens. So, keeping track of its spread is medically very important. Knowledge about different regulators of aerobactin expression helps to further diversify the therapeutic approaches. Iron sequestration function of aerobactin is used by different bacteria for competition in the environment, formation of multicellular structures like swarming colonies and biofilm as well as predation. Suitable modification and conjugation of aerobactin may lead to potential beneficial applications. Unfortunately, this area is far less developed in aerobactin compared to other siderophores. Progress in development of specific inhibitors for different steps of aerobactin synthesis is wanted. Also, development of sensitive, easy to handle inhibitor assay methods are needed. Hence, it is important to draw attention to the different aspects of this siderophore. So, using data from several published literatures, this review is discussing aerobactin from its synthesis, regulation of expression, functions in different bacteria, ways of potential modifications and future directions of this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 4","pages":"843-861"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447637/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148689094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) as Potential Antibiotics: Classification, Development and Future Prospects in Combating Multi-drug Resistant Pathogens.","authors":"Vrushali Raka, Hemraj Nandanwar","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01510-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12088-025-01510-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are emerging as promising candidates for developing novel antibiotics in response to the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These naturally occurring molecules, found across diverse organisms, play a crucial role in innate immunity and exhibit broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The present review focuses on AMPs as antimicrobial agents due to the unique mechanisms that bacteria struggle to develop resistance against them. This review aims to promote innovations in the field of drug development for AMR, such as developing better drugs by synthetic and engineered peptides. To set up a shared foundation to ensure a coherent approach to AMP development. Here, we discuss the classification of AMPs based on their structure, origin, and mode of action, highlighting their versatility and unique mechanisms compared to conventional antibiotics. The development of AMPs as therapeutic agents faces challenges such as stability, toxicity, and production costs, which are being addressed through advancements in peptide engineering, formulation strategies, and synthetic biology. Regulatory and economic challenges in AMP development are also addressed. Furthermore, this review examines the potential of AMPs to overcome AMR, their synergistic use with existing drugs, and their role in personalized medicine. Lastly, it outlines future prospects, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary approaches and regulatory frameworks to accelerate the clinical translation of AMPs as next-generation antibiotics, a critical step towards managing antibiotic-resistant infections in the post-antibiotic era.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 4","pages":"862-878"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447635/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148689098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial Metalloproteases in Host-Pathogen Interactions.","authors":"Susan Babu Merrin, Elumalai Rajalakshmi, Mohandass Ramya","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01536-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12088-025-01536-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial infections pose a significant risk to global health, with virulence factors playing a crucial role in the development of diseases. Metalloproteases have been recognised as essential enzymes that selectively interact with and degrade vital components of the host, thus increasing vulnerability to infections. They promote breakdown of extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen, fibrin, and laminin, thereby undermining structural integrity and facilitating tissue penetration and establishment of infection. In addition to structural damage, metalloproteases interfere with immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides, and complement proteins, aiding pathogens in evading the host's immune responses. To combat bacterial infections and the growing issue of antibiotic resistance, developing advanced treatments requires understanding those enzymes. By providing a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms by which bacterial metalloproteases facilitate host-pathogen interactions, this review explores current and potential therapeutic strategies, including targeted inhibitors. For therapeutic applications, understanding virulence and immune evasion allows researchers to target bacterial metalloproteases more effectively.</p><p><strong>Graphical abstract: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 4","pages":"912-924"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447633/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148689101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering Complex Carbohydrate Degrading Potential of Local Hot Spring Isolate <i>Brevibacillus agri</i> MX26 from Tuwa, Gujarat: Purification, Characterization and Genome Annotation.","authors":"Krishna Bharwad, Satyamitra Shekh, Amrutlal Patel, Duggirala Srinivas Murty, Chaitanya Joshi, Niraj Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01529-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12088-025-01529-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hot springs are a treasure of valuable biological substances due to unique microbial diversity. <i>Brevibacillus agri</i> MX26, a thermophilic bacterium, was isolated from the Tuwa hot spring (63-64 °C, pH 8.2-9.0) and showed a multiple complex carbohydrate degrading capability, such as cellulose, starch, pectin, mannan, agar, xylan, and alginate. Its metabolic versatility was confirmed by substrate-specific induction of carbohydrases. Biochemical characterization, strengthened by partial purification via ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography, and the enzymes demonstrated their activity over a broad temperature (37-90 °C) and pH range (3.0-10.0), confirming their thermostable nature. Whole genome analysis revealed that like other extremophiles <i>Brevibacillus agri</i> MX26 contains 177 contigs with an average GC content of 53.9 percent. Among 5572 annotated contig sequences (CDSs) 144 encodes CAZymes, crucial for the breakdown of complex carbohydrate-containing materials. The clustering of the CAZyme genes indicates that complex carbohydrate utilization pathways are operated in harsh conditions. While amylase, xylanase and cellulase activities have been reported in other strains of <i>B. agri</i>, the present study is the first to report mannanase, pectinase and alginate lyase activity in <i>B. agri</i> MX26. This combined genomic and biochemical method identifies <i>B. agri</i> MX26 as a promising candidate for industrial use, especially in the production of animal feed products, the breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass, and other industries needing strong and thermostable carbohydrate-active enzymes.</p><p><strong>Graphical abstract: </strong></p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-025-01529-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 4","pages":"1017-1032"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447625/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148689104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Xylitol: A Promising Sweetener Produced by <i>Candida</i> sp.","authors":"Diana Carolina Tusso Pinzón, Margareth Andrea Patiño Lagos, Ricardo Andrés Tusso Pinzón, Liseth Suárez Osorio, Andrés Mauricio Pinzón Velasco, Mario Enrique Velásquez Lozano","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01456-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12088-025-01456-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Xylitol is a sugar alcohol that has low-glycemic sweetener suitable for diabetics. It prevents cavities, functions as a prebiotic, and has emollient and moisturizing properties. Xylitol uses as a food additive, sweetener, and dental products. Although the global xylitol market is growing, driven mainly by the chewing gum industry, its production depends on expensive and unsustainable chemical methods, which has motivated the development of biotechnological alternatives. This review examines biotechnological xylitol production in <i>Candida</i> species. These yeasts convert efficiently xylose-containing biomass into xylitol, presenting a more economical and eco-friendly alternative to traditional extraction methods. The review will discuss xylitol applications, microbial production, advantages, production parameters, specific strains used, advantages and challenges.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-025-01456-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 4","pages":"833-842"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447656/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148689209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Potential Herbicidal Activity of Actinomycetes Isolated from Western Ghats Soil, India.","authors":"C V Babu, B N Ramesh, P Bhavani, B S Lalitha","doi":"10.1007/s12088-025-01539-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12088-025-01539-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic herbicides have yet to be fully explored. Global research into the herbicidal activity of microorganisms remains crucial. The Western Ghats of India, a hub for rich biodiversity, are home to various microorganisms whose potential as herbicidal agents has yet to be investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate actinomycetes from the Western Ghats as a natural source of bioherbicides. A total of 20 isolates were isolated. Ten actinomycete isolates were selected based on pigment production and standardized to 5 × 10⁷ cells/mL for assessment of herbicidal activity. The isolates were identified through <i>16S rRNA</i> gene amplification and sequencing. Pre-emergence assays revealed, among the isolates, Isolate '20' exhibiting the highest herbicidal activity (22 ± 0.78%), followed by Isolate '15' (20 ± 0.72%) and '10' (19.6 ± 0.82%). Post-emergence treatments leading to significant wilting and necrosis in pigweed within 7 days, further demonstrating their bioherbicidal potential. Electrolytic leakage assays revealed higher membrane disruption by isolates 4 and 20 (up to 1.5 and 1.2 µS/cm, respectively), while isolates 3, 9, 10, and 17 showed lower leakage values (0.8-1.3 µS/cm). Chlorophyll analysis indicated significant reductions by isolates 10, 11, 12, 19, 15, 17, and 3, with levels ranging from 0.094 ± 0.0006 µg/mL to 0.157 ± 0.0006 µg/mL. Notably, isolate 17 showed the greatest reduction (0.094 ± 0.0006 µg/mL), followed by isolate 3 (0.106 ± 0.0006 µg/mL). PCR amplification of the <i>nlp</i> gene confirmed the presence of non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis linked to phytotoxicity. Optimal culture conditions were also established to enhance herbicidal activity.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-025-01539-z.</p>","PeriodicalId":13316,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Microbiology","volume":"66 4","pages":"1069-1080"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447646/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148689030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}