Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Transmission dynamics of multidrug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from an Indian hospital","authors":"Mamta Puraswani ,&nbsp;Ashita Ashita ,&nbsp;Neha Kumari Ambashta ,&nbsp;Richa Aggrawal ,&nbsp;Kapil Dev Soni ,&nbsp;Subodh Kumar ,&nbsp;Sushma Sagar ,&nbsp;Amit Gupta ,&nbsp;Kamran Farooque ,&nbsp;Purva Mathur","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100848","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100848","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Object</h3><div>The dissemination of <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> is becoming a major concern, as this organism is responsible for a significant proportion of hospital acquired infections. Due to complexity of this organism adequate knowledge on the epidemiology and infection control practices associated with the dissemination is highly required. Therefore, this study designed to include consecutive samples from environment and patients to assess the similarity pattern among isolates from different sources.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>We included patients with hospital acquired infections with <em>K. pneumonaie</em> and environment isolates. To obtain the complete sequence forty-eight isolates were sequenced on Illumina MiSeq 250 2 × 250 bp paired end (Illumina, USA) and Nanopore (Oxford). These includes 30 BSI cases, 13 environment and 5 from water. Assembly of good quality reads were prepared using Unicycler. AMR gene detection was done using Resfinder of Abricate and sequence similarity was observed by SNP based phylogenetic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The most common sequence type of organism among all was ST 231 and ST 395. ST 29 was common between water and clinical isolates. Average (range) number of AMR genes present in clinical isolates were 16 (3–24). The antimicrobial genes belong to 41 classes and fosA was highly prevalent. The frequency of <em>blaNDM</em> was present 55.4 % (27/48) and <em>blaOXA</em> in 61.6 % (30/48). The strain ST 395 and ST 16 carried highest no. of replicons n = 10 and n = 9. The predominant plasmid replicon Col440I (N = 58) followed by IncFII_1_pKP91 (N = 34) and ColRNAI (N = 29). The phylogenetic analysis showed high similarity between clinical and environmental samples.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study concludes that environment play essential role in disseminating the infectious strains of organism resulting in increased rates of hospital acquired infections. Therefore, there is an imperative necessity for implementing infection control practices to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100848"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pertussis in India: Vaccine-driven evolution, waning immunity, and the urgent need for Tdap boosters","authors":"Madhumathi Irulappan ,&nbsp;Jobin John Jacob ,&nbsp;Jayaprakasam Madhumathi ,&nbsp;S. Lydia Jennifer ,&nbsp;Vedhagiri Kumaresan ,&nbsp;Rajesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Balaji Veeraraghavan ,&nbsp;Lucky Sangal ,&nbsp;Sangeetha Nithiyanandam ,&nbsp;Ankur Mutreja","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pertussis, once controlled by whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccines, has resurged due to the shift to acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines, waning immunity, antigenic variation, and macrolide resistant Bordetella pertussis strains. Despite high DTwP coverage, India continues to face a significant burden and this review synthesizes current knowledge and advocates for enhanced surveillance, updated vaccination strategies, and targeted interventions to reduce the clinical and public health impact of pertussis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Epidemiological data, genetic studies, and immunological insights from global and Indian contexts were reviewed. Information was obtained from PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and WHONET. Particular attention was given to genomic surveillance, vaccine-induced antigenic shifts, and real-world outcomes of DTwP and aP vaccines.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Despite high DTwP vaccine coverage, India accounts for 26.5 % of global pertussis cases, driven by waning immunity, low booster uptake, and the spread of vaccine-escaped <em>ptxP3</em> strains. The emergence of macrolide resistance further challenges disease control, with selective pressures influencing genetic shifts in <em>B. pertussis</em>. While wP vaccines provide long-lasting immunity, aP vaccines offer shorter protection and induce linked-epitope suppression, contributing to the resurgence of pertussis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>There is an urgent need for Tdap booster programs in adolescents and adults to address waning immunity and evolving strains. Strengthened genomic and immunological surveillance, alongside innovative vaccine formulations and delivery systems, are critical forsustainable pertussis control in India.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100846"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HPV vaccines – A game changer for preventing HPV-related cancers","authors":"John Dickson Calvin Devadasan ,&nbsp;Karthick Nithyanandhan ,&nbsp;Gnanadurai John Fletcher,&nbsp;Rajesh Kannangai,&nbsp;Priya Abraham","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100847","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100847","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause almost all cervical cancer cases globally, with the high-risk genotypes 16/18 causing at least 70 % of cancers, of which most cases occur in low-to-middle-income countries. Prophylactic vaccination plays a major role in the prevention of cervical cancer, which could effectively prevent the incidence of HPV infection. The L1 protein, which, when assembled into virus-like particles, induces HPV-type-specific neutralizing antibodies, which form the basis of all currently licensed HPV vaccines. There are six approved prophylactic HPV vaccines. All these vaccines are designed to prevent HPV 16 and 18-associated cervical precancers, thereby preventing approximately 70 % of the cancers. This review looks at the current HPV prophylactic vaccines, their mechanism of action, vaccination schedules, and the cost of different vaccines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100847"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143855113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Rapid identification of carbapenemases and in vitro synergy testing of ceftazidime-avibactam with aztreonam in extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens: Establishing the realm of promise”","authors":"Debasish Biswal ,&nbsp;Maitrayee Narayan ,&nbsp;Sarita Mohapatra ,&nbsp;Hitender Gautam ,&nbsp;Benu Dhawan ,&nbsp;Bimal Kumar Das ,&nbsp;Virinder Kumar Bansal ,&nbsp;Naveet Wig ,&nbsp;Seema Sood","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100834","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the effectiveness of ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) alone and in combination with aztreonam (ATM) against 50 extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) isolates using disk stacking method. New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM) was the predominant carbapenemase, detected in 50% of isolates showing synergy. The CZA-ATM combination demonstrated synergy in 40% of isolates, with 75% of patients receiving this combination achieving microbiological clearance. This simple, rapid synergy testing method can guide effective therapeutic decisions in resource-limited settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100834"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and evaluation of real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay for fast identification of Rhizopus arrhizus","authors":"Vinaykumar Hallur ,&nbsp;Mukund Sable ,&nbsp;Pradipta Parida ,&nbsp;Supriya Sahu ,&nbsp;Malati Tudu ,&nbsp;Subhasmita Bahinipati ,&nbsp;Malaya Sahoo ,&nbsp;Ashutosh Lenka ,&nbsp;Rumita Dey ,&nbsp;Pritika Gahlot ,&nbsp;Saurav Sarkar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100845","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Timely diagnosis of mucormycosis is challenging as the disease is rare and confusing to laboratory physicians without experience or expertise. Molecular tools like real-time PCR have been developed to diagnose mucormycosis and can circumvent these issues. However, their use requires an expensive thermocycler. Hence, there is a need for an alternative rapid, sensitive, and specific low-cost molecular test. Here, we developed and evaluated a real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) based test for detection of <em>R. arrhizus</em><em>,</em> the principal cause of mucormycosis in patient samples with and without COVID-19 associated mucormycosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Primers and probes targeting <em>Rhizopus arrhizus</em> for RPA-based assay were designed using PrimedRPA and screened per the manufacturer's guidelines. DNA from 40 clinically relevant bacteria and molds were used to determine the analytical specificity of the assay, and probit regression analysis using plasmid DNA standards were used to determine the analytical sensitivity of the assay. The developed assay was evaluated on 110 tissue samples from patients with suspected mucormycosis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The developed assay was able to detect 9 mucorales viz. <em>R. arrhizus, R. microsporus, R. stolonifer, R. homothallicus, S. racemosum, M. indicus, M. circinelloides, A. variabilis</em> and <em>Cunninghamella</em> spp. and did not cross-react with the remaining 31 molds or bacteria. Its limit of detection at 95 % probability was 18.58 copies. The test demonstrated a sensitivity of 96 % (95 % CI: 86.3 %–99.5 %) and specificity of 95 % (95 % CI: 86.1 %–98.9 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The developed RPA assay for <em>R. arrhizus</em> demonstrates high diagnostic sensitivity(96 %), specificity(95 %), and low detection limit(18.58 copies). While initial testing using stored unfixed tissue showed promise, comprehensive clinical validation studies are needed to establish the assay's diagnostic utility across diverse clinical settings and specimen types.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100845"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visceral Leishmaniasis/HIV co-infection in Sudan: isolation of parasites from peripheral blood and documentation of 7 cases","authors":"Elwaleed Elamin ,&nbsp;Moawia Mukhtar ,&nbsp;Musa Kheir","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leishmaniases, caused by over 20 species, are parasitic diseases resulting from female phlebotomine sandfly bites. Various clinical forms are existed. Visceral form is the most serious one and constitute a major health concern in Sudan. When linked to HIV, it poses a diagnostic challenge and suggest anthroponotic transmission of leishmania in Sudan as previously suggested by several authors. Seven HIV patients suspected of having VL in this investigation had positive DAT and an effective parasite culture. Patients were treated according to Sudan Ministry of Health protocols for both HIV infection and leishmania. Two patients died, and five experienced infection relapses. The presence of leishmania in blood suggests potential anthroponotic transmission. HIV coinfection did not reduce antibody responses to the leishmania parasites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100832"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143795215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measles outbreak in Morocco: Current situation and remedial measures","authors":"Hanane El Hafa","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100844","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100844"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Omadacycline as a promising tetracycline alternative for treating community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: Indian experience","authors":"Yamuna Devi Bakthavatchalam ,&nbsp;Yuvasri Manokaran ,&nbsp;Ranjan Adhiya ,&nbsp;Kamini Walia ,&nbsp;Balaji Veeraraghavan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Omadacycline, a novel tetracycline that has been approved for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSIs). In the present study, we evaluated the <em>in-vitro</em> activity of omadacycline against bacterial pathogens causing CABP. Non-duplicate isolates of methicillin susceptible <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MSSA) (n = 105), methicillin resistant <em>S</em>. <em>aureus</em> (MRSA) (n = 102), <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> (n = 100) and <em>Moraxella catarrhalis</em> (n = 102) were included. The minimum inhibitory concentration of omadacycline and other comparators were determined using the broth microdilution method. Overall, omadacycline potently inhibited MSSA (MIC₉₀ 0.25 mg/L), MRSA (MIC₉₀ 0.5 mg/L), <em>S. pneumoniae</em> (MIC₉₀ 0.06 mg/L) and <em>M. catarrhalis</em> (MIC₉₀ 0.12 mg/L) isolates. This finding reiterates that omadacycline could be a potential treatment alternative for treating severe CABP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100833"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First reported case of phaeohyphomycotic bursitis due to Paraconiothyrium estuarinum","authors":"Mohamed Asarudeen S ,&nbsp;Latha Ragunathan ,&nbsp;Kavitha Kannaiyan ,&nbsp;Pramodhini Subramanian ,&nbsp;V. Vignesh ,&nbsp;Aravind C. Sasi ,&nbsp;Sherief Shebeena ,&nbsp;Jaishma Rajni ,&nbsp;R. Jenifer Raj","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 51-year-old male presented with right knee swelling with persistent pain for the past two weeks. Radiograph of the knee showed no bone abnormalities. Bursectomy was performed and the aspirated fluid was sent for laboratory analysis. Gram staining revealed fungal filaments, and culture on Sabouraud's dextrose agar yielded blackish-brown pigmented fungal colonies. Histopathological examination showed slender, septate hyphae. PCR sequencing identified <em>Paraconiothyrium estuarinum</em> as the causative agent. The patient was treated with itraconazole for 3 months with regular follow-up, resulting in clinical improvement. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges and therapeutic considerations in managing fungal bursitis caused by <em>Paraconiothyrium estuarinum.</em></div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100826"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143751904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An evaluation of antibiotic prescription pattern and drug rationality analysis among outpatients at public health setting, India","authors":"Vinay Modgil ,&nbsp;Nusrat Shafiq ,&nbsp;Amandeep Gondara ,&nbsp;Rashmi Surial ,&nbsp;Harpreet Singh ,&nbsp;Vivek Karol ,&nbsp;Manmeet Kaur ,&nbsp;Helen Lambert ,&nbsp;Neelam Taneja","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Antibiotic resistance (AMR) is a significant worldwide health problem, with inappropriate antibiotic prescription being a major contributing factor. Prudent antibiotic use is essential for enhancing health outcomes and reducing AMR. This study assesses antibiotic prescribing practices and their logic in a public community health facility catering to 12,900 urban and rural populations in North India.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Cross-sectional research was performed from August 2021 to August 2022, examining 1219 outpatient antibiotic prescriptions. The data encompassed medication kind, dose, duration, adherence to therapeutic criteria, and rationale evaluated by ID specialists and clinical pharmacologists. The evaluation was conducted in accordance with standard procedures, including those from NCDC and PGIMER. Demographics, antibiotic classifications, WHO AWaRe categories, diagnoses, and compliance with the essential drug list (EDL) were evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results indicated that 45.9 % of prescriptions were for males and 54 % for females, predominantly involving individuals aged 20–40 years. Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (27.2 %) was the most often given antibiotic, followed by metronidazole (13.4 %) and azithromycin (10.3 %). The WHO AWaRe categorization revealed that 49.7 % of antibiotics were categorized as “Access,” 27.3 % as “Watch,” and none as “Reserve.” An examination of rationality indicated that 57 % of urinary tract infection prescriptions were justified, but just 29 % of respiratory tract infection prescriptions were deemed logical. Diarrhea and respiratory tract infections were recognized as primary targets for minimizing superfluous antibiotic consumption.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The research underscores the necessity for enhanced antibiotic prescription protocols in outpatient environments. Specialized education for healthcare professionals, improved prescription oversight, and compliance with evidence-based protocols are essential for fostering judicious antibiotic utilization and addressing AMR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 100829"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143742776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}