Autism Research最新文献

{"title":"Idiosyncratic pupil regulation in autistic children","authors":"Isabel H. Bleimeister,&nbsp;Inbar Avni,&nbsp;Michael C. Granovetter,&nbsp;Gal Meiri,&nbsp;Michal Ilan,&nbsp;Analya Michaelovski,&nbsp;Idan Menashe,&nbsp;Marlene Behrmann,&nbsp;Ilan Dinstein","doi":"10.1002/aur.3234","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.3234","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent neuroimaging and eye-tracking studies have suggested that children with autism exhibit more variable and idiosyncratic brain responses and eye movements than typically developing (TD) children. Here, we extended this research to pupillometry recordings. We successfully acquired pupillometry recordings from 111 children (74 with autism), 4.5-years-old on average, who viewed three 90 s movies, twice. We extracted their pupillary time-course for each movie, capturing their stimulus evoked pupillary responses. We then computed the correlation between the time-course of each child and those of all others in their group as well as between each autistic child and all children in the TD group. This yielded an average inter-subject correlation value per child, representing how similar their pupillary responses were to all others in their group or the comparison group. Children with autism exhibited significantly weaker inter-subject correlations than TD children in all comparisons. These differences were independent of previously reported differences in gaze inter-subject correlations and were largest in responses to a naturalistic movie containing footage of a social interaction between two TD children. The results demonstrate the utility of measuring the idiosyncrasy of pupil regulation, which can be performed with passive viewing of movies even by young children with co-occurring intellectual disability. These findings reveal that a considerable number of children with autism have significantly less stable, idiosyncratic pupil regulation than TD children, indicative of more variable, weakly regulated, underlying neural activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"17 12","pages":"2503-2513"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11638892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142395680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative effectiveness trial: Modular behavior approach for young autistic children compared to comprehensive behavioral intervention","authors":"Cynthia Anderson,&nbsp;Samantha Hochheimer,&nbsp;Zachary Warren,&nbsp;Eric Butter,&nbsp;Susan L. Hyman,&nbsp;Hongyue Wang,&nbsp;Lisa Wallace,&nbsp;Lynne Levato,&nbsp;Ryan Martin,&nbsp;Kevin G. Stephenson,&nbsp;Megan Norris,&nbsp;Wynn Jacqueline,&nbsp;Tristram Smith,&nbsp;Cynthia R. Johnson","doi":"10.1002/aur.3240","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.3240","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This 24-week single-blind trial tested a modular approach for young autistic children (MAYAC) that was delivered for fewer hours per week and modified based on child progress and parental input compared to comprehensive behavioral intervention treatment as usual (CBI, TAU). Participants were autistic children, ages 18–60 months of age. MAYAC was initially 5 h of intervention per week, one of which was parent training and the other four direct therapy focusing on social communication and engagement, but additional modules could be added for up to 10 h per week. Comprehensive behavior intervention was delivered for ≥15 h per week. Outcome measures included the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales; VABS, the Ohio Autism Clinical Improvement Scale – Autism Severity; OACIS – AS and the Pervasive Developmental Disorder Behavior Inventory – Parent; PDDBI-P. Implementation and parent satisfaction measures were also collected. Fifty-six children, mean age of 34 months, were randomized. Within-group analysis revealed significant improvements from baseline to week 24 for both MAYAC (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001) and CBI, TAU (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001) on the VABS. The noninferiority test was performed to test between group differences and MAYAC was not inferior to CBI, TAU on the VABS (<i>p</i> = 0.0144). On the OACIS – AS, 48.0% of MAYAC and 45.5% of CBI were treatment responders there were no significant changes on the PDDBI-P, for either group. Treatment fidelity was high for both groups (&gt;95%) as was parent satisfaction. Findings from this small trial are promising and suggest MAYAC may be an alternative for some young autistic children and their families to CBI, TAU.</p>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"17 11","pages":"2430-2446"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aur.3240","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142395679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultivating the imagination: Caregiver input during pretend play with toddlers at elevated likelihood for autism","authors":"Kathryn B. Altman,&nbsp;Samantha N. Plate,&nbsp;Emily Roemer Britsch,&nbsp;Jana M. Iverson","doi":"10.1002/aur.3244","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.3244","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Toddlers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may exhibit less pretend play than their neurotypical counterparts. Previous research suggests that caregivers' input during play influences children's play behavior, and children's behavior may in turn prompt caregivers of differently developing children to talk about play in different ways. Caregiver input about pretend play during toy play at home was examined at 18- and 36-months in toddlers with an older sibling with ASD, who are at elevated likelihood (EL) for ASD (<i>n</i> = 40), and toddlers with typical likelihood (TL) for ASD (<i>n</i> = 12). EL toddlers were classified into three outcome groups: EL-ASD (<i>n</i> = 10), EL-no diagnosis (EL-ND; <i>n</i> = 14), or EL-language delays (EL-LD, <i>n</i> = 16). Caregiver utterances were categorized according to the types of pretend and non-pretend play suggested (e.g., pretending with inanimate objects vs. using objects for their intended function). Pretend utterances were further categorized as <i>related</i> or <i>unrelated</i> to the child's own actions. All caregivers produced proportionately more utterances about complex types of pretend play over time. At 36 months, caregivers of autistic toddlers produced proportionately fewer pretend play utterances, and proportionately fewer pretend play utterances were related to EL-ASD toddlers' actions compared to their neurotypical peers. These findings highlight bidirectional effects between caregivers and toddlers during play. While EL-ASD toddlers may provide less frequent opportunities for caregivers to talk about complex types of pretend play, the current study highlights caregivers' high levels of attunement to their toddlers' play skills.</p>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"17 12","pages":"2588-2601"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye-tracking training improves visuospatial working memory of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder","authors":"Agnes S. Chan,&nbsp;Pui-Ying Leung,&nbsp;Tiffany Wing-Yin Pang,&nbsp;Sophia L. Sze","doi":"10.1002/aur.3238","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.3238","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Given the close connection between eye movement and frontal lobe functions and some evidence supporting the effect of eye-tracking training on enhancing cognitive performance mediated by the frontal lobe, this study aimed to explore if after-school eye-tracking training can improve the visuospatial working memory (VSWM) and cognitive flexibility performance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study is a non-randomized cluster trial. Forty children from eight primary schools were selected, half receiving eye-tracking training for 20 sessions over 9 months, while the other half served as a waitlist control. They were matched on demographic characteristics and baseline cognitive performance. Their VSWM and cognitive flexibility were assessed at the beginning and end of the study. Results showed that children who received eye-tracking training, but not those on a waitlist, exhibited significant improvements in the total score and working memory span of the VSWM tests, and the correct responses in cognitive flexibility tests. Specifically, VSWM performance at higher span levels (5 or above) yielded a greater improvement. The findings suggest that eye-tracking training can be a feasible and effective after-school program for improving working memory and cognitive flexibility performance in children with ADHD and ASD. This study was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/, trial number: NCT05428657).</p>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"17 11","pages":"2244-2260"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aur.3238","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142373669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal change in symptom severity in children with ASD: Results from the ELENA cohort","authors":"Florine Dellapiazza,&nbsp;Cécile Rattaz,&nbsp;Cécile Michelon,&nbsp;Hugo Peyre,&nbsp;Marie-Christine Picot,&nbsp;Amaria Baghdadli","doi":"10.1002/aur.3242","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.3242","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition and understanding the changes in autism symptoms over time is crucial for tailoring support and interventions. This study therefore aimed to investigate the changes in symptom severity in a large cohort of children with ASD over a three-year follow-up period and identify factors that influence these changes. The study included 575 children diagnosed with ASD, ranging in age from 2 to 12 years, who were assessed at baseline and again 3 years later using the Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule-2 (ADOS-2). ASD severity changes were investigated using the ADOS calibrated severity score (CSS) scores for total, social affect (SA) and restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRB). Results highlight four distinct patterns: stable high, stable low, increased, and decreased severity. The ADOS CSS total score changed for half of the sample, reflecting an increase in ASD severity for 21.9% and a decrease for 29.1% of children. For the other half, the ADOS CSS score remained stable, either high (34.4%) or low (14.6%). While the majority of previous studies reported stability in ASD severity, our findings revealed significant variability with frequent improvements in SA symptoms whereas RRBs remained stable or worsened. Our findings also showed that an improvement in SA was associated with the youngest group and early diagnosis. However, no clinical or sociodemographic factors were linked to changes in RRB, emphasizing the necessity for RRB-specific therapies. The third six-year follow-up point of the ongoing ELENA cohort study will map the long-term trajectories of the severity of ASD symptoms and their potential risk factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"17 11","pages":"2405-2417"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fast updating of stimulus history reveals weak internal representations of faces in autism","authors":"Marissa Hartston,&nbsp;Tal Lulav-Bash,&nbsp;Yael Goldstein-Marcusohn,&nbsp;Galia Avidan,&nbsp;Bat-Sheva Hadad","doi":"10.1002/aur.3236","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.3236","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Atypical perception has been widely reported in autism spectrum disorders, and deficits in face recognition, specifically, are argued to be closely associated with social impairment experienced by these individuals. However, it is still debated (a) whether deficits are perceptually based, and (b) what the role is of experience-based refinements of perceptual face representations in autism. We investigated the effect of short- and long-term experienced stimulus history on face processing. Autistic and non-autistic individuals performed same-different judgments in a serial discrimination task where two consecutive faces were drawn from a distribution of morphed faces. Use of stimulus statistics was measured by testing the gravitation of face representations towards, the mean of a range of morphed faces around which they were sampled (regression-to-the-mean). The results show that unlike non-autistic individuals, representations of own- and other-race faces were equally biased by stimulus statistics in autistic individuals. Moreover, autistic individuals used the most recently exposed faces without forming a strong internal representation based on the overall experienced faces, indicating a weaker internal model of the “typical” averaged face. This accumulated history of faces may underlie typical face specialization, and thus may account for the reduced specialization for own-race faces shown in autism. The results shed light on the way autistic people process and recognize faces, and on the basic mechanisms underlying atypical face perception.</p>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"17 11","pages":"2232-2243"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aur.3236","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142333634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autism is associated with in vivo changes in gray matter neurite architecture","authors":"Zachary P. Christensen,&nbsp;Edward G. Freedman,&nbsp;John J. Foxe","doi":"10.1002/aur.3239","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.3239","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Postmortem investigations in autism have identified anomalies in neural cytoarchitecture across limbic, cerebellar, and neocortical networks. These anomalies include narrow cell mini-columns and variable neuron density. However, difficulty obtaining sufficient post-mortem samples has often prevented investigations from converging on reproducible measures. Recent advances in processing magnetic resonance diffusion weighted images (DWI) make in vivo characterization of neuronal cytoarchitecture a potential alternative to post-mortem studies. Using extensive DWI data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development^sm (ABCD®) study 142 individuals with an autism diagnosis were compared with 8971 controls using a restriction spectrum imaging (RSI) framework that characterized total neurite density (TND), its component restricted normalized directional diffusion (RND), and restricted normalized isotropic diffusion (RNI). A significant decrease in TND was observed in autism in the right cerebellar cortex (<i>β</i> = −0.005, SE =0.0015, <i>p</i> = 0.0267), with significant decreases in RNI and significant increases in RND found diffusely throughout posterior and anterior aspects of the brain, respectively. Furthermore, these regions remained significant in <i>post-hoc</i> analysis when the autism sample was compared against a subset of 1404 individuals with other psychiatric conditions (pulled from the original 8971). These findings highlight the importance of characterizing neuron cytoarchitecture in autism and the significance of their incorporation as physiological covariates in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"17 11","pages":"2261-2277"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aur.3239","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142333633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dysregulated plasma autoantibodies are associated with B cell dysfunction in young Arab children with autism spectrum disorder in Qatar","authors":"Samia M. Ltaief,&nbsp;Wared Nour-Eldine,&nbsp;Nimshitha Pavathuparambil Abdul Manaph,&nbsp;Ti-Myen Tan,&nbsp;Nur Diana Anuar,&nbsp;Ilham Bensmail,&nbsp;Jilbin George,&nbsp;Houari B. Abdesselem,&nbsp;Abeer R. Al-Shammari","doi":"10.1002/aur.3235","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.3235","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, as well as the occurrence of stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. Previous studies have provided solid evidence of dysregulated immune system in ASD; however, limited studies have investigated autoantibody profiles in individuals with ASD. This study aims to screen plasma autoantibodies in a well-defined cohort of young children with ASD (<i>n</i> = 100) and their matched controls (<i>n</i> = 60) utilizing a high-throughput KoRectly Expressed (KREX) i-Ome protein-array technology. We identified differential protein expression of 16 autoantibodies in ASD, which were correlated with differential gene expression of these markers in independent ASD cohorts. Meanwhile, we identified a distinct list of 33 autoantibodies associated with ASD severity; several of which were correlated with maternal age and birth weight in ASD. In addition, we found dysregulated numbers of circulating B cells and activated HLADR+ B cells in ASD, which were correlated with altered levels of several autoantibodies. Further in-depth analysis of B cell subpopulations revealed an increased frequency of activated naïve B cells in ASD, as well as an association of resting naïve B cells and transitional B cells with ASD severity. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed disrupted MAPK signaling in ASD, suggesting a potential relevance of this pathway to altered autoantibodies and B cell dysfunction in ASD. Finally, we found that a combination of eight autoantibodies associated with ASD severity showed an area under the curve (ROC-AUC) of 0.937 (95% CI = 0.890, 0.983; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), which demonstrated the diagnostic accuracy of the eight-marker signature in the severity classification of ASD cases. Overall, this study determined dysregulated autoantibody profiles and B cell dysfunction in children with ASD and identified an eight-autoantibody panel for ASD severity classification.</p>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"17 10","pages":"1974-1993"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aur.3235","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142309234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep disturbance and other co-occurring conditions in autistic children: A network approach to understanding their inter-relationships","authors":"Amanda L. Richdale,&nbsp;Amy M. Shui,&nbsp;Linnea A. Lampinen,&nbsp;Terry Katz","doi":"10.1002/aur.3233","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.3233","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Autistic children frequently have one or more co-occurring psychological, behavioral, or medical conditions. We examined relationships between child behaviors, sleep, adaptive behavior, autistic traits, mental health conditions, and health in autistic children using network analysis. Network analysis is hypothesis generating and can inform our understanding of relationships between multiple conditions and behaviors, directing the development of transdiagnostic treatments for co-occurring conditions. Participants were two child cohorts from the Autism Treatment Network registry: ages 2–5 years (<i>n</i> = 2372) and 6–17 years (<i>n</i> = 1553). Least absolute-shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regularized partial correlation network analysis was performed in the 2–5 years cohort (35 items) and the 6–17 years cohort (36 items). The Spinglass algorithm determined communities within each network. Two-step expected influence (EI2) determined the importance of network variables. The most influential network items were sleep difficulties (2 items) and aggressive behaviors for young children and aggressive behaviors, social problems, and anxious/depressed behavior for older children. Five communities were found for younger children and seven for older children. Of the top three most important bridge variables, night-waking/parasomnias and anxious/depressed behavior were in both age-groups, and somatic complaints and sleep initiation/duration were in younger and older cohorts respectively. Despite cohort differences, sleep disturbances were prominent in all networks, indicating they are a transdiagnostic feature across many clinical conditions, and thus a target for intervention and monitoring. Aggressive behavior was influential in the partial correlation networks, indicating a potential red flag for clinical monitoring. Other items of strong network importance may also be intervention targets or screening flags.</p>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"17 11","pages":"2386-2404"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aur.3233","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142302311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of formal language as a strong sign of verbal autistic children in diglossic communities: The case of Arabic","authors":"Konstantinos Francis,&nbsp;Nasser Alshammari,&nbsp;Nailah Alsulaihim,&nbsp;Suja Aboukhamseen,&nbsp;Mohammad El Dardiri,&nbsp;Fawzeiah AlRashidi,&nbsp;Hashem Almutaz Ridha,&nbsp;Mada AL-Hassan,&nbsp;Arhonto Terzi","doi":"10.1002/aur.3237","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.3237","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The current study aimed to investigate whether the use of formal language (Modern Standard Arabic [MSA]) by young children in diglossic Arab communities offers diagnostic insights, especially for verbal autistic children and to further explore this phenomenon. We used a cohort study design, with 4–6-year-old fluent first language Arabic-speaking children attending Arabic Kindergartens in two representative Kuwait governates. Reported cases for MSA use were assessed via a computer-based structured language test and corroborated cases were further assessed for exposure to sources of MSA, verbal IQ, temperamental characteristics, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Four children from the same class without developmental difficulties were selected for each MSA user as control group. The frequency of MSA use among verbal pre-schoolers was 0.46%. Use of MSA did not correlate with parents' education, amount of exposure to MSA, verbal IQ, but with severity of ASD. Predicted probability of ASD in the presence of MSA was 0.86. Executive functions of ASD-MSA users were similar to those of the control group and significantly higher than unselected autistic peers in the literature. The use of MSA has the potential to serve as a strong sign for the diagnosis of verbal autistic children, often missed or delayed in being diagnosed. We also discuss strategies via which language is acquired in ASD.</p>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"17 12","pages":"2579-2587"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11638891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142302312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}