Autism Research最新文献

{"title":"Atypical Predictive Processing Is Associated With Sensory Over-Responsivity in Autism","authors":"Bar Yosef,&nbsp;Valerie Burgess,&nbsp;Megan Banchik,&nbsp;Joshua Ceballos,&nbsp;Mirella Dapretto,&nbsp;Shulamite Green","doi":"10.1002/aur.70283","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.70283","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Autism is characterized by sensory processing atypicalities including sensory over-responsivity (SOR), a heightened negative response to sensory stimuli. Although the neural mechanisms underlying SOR are not fully understood, SOR has been associated with sensory-limbic hyper-reactivity during sensory stimulation. Altered predictive processing may play a key role in atypical sensory processing but few studies have directly probed the relationship between SOR and prediction, particularly using aversive stimuli that bother autistic individuals in everyday life. Here, we examined whether visual cues signaling the onset of aversive sensory stimuli would either (a) reduce neural hyper-reactivity in autism by making stimuli less unexpected or (b) show limited effects in autism due to atypical predictive processing hindering the use of the cue to attenuate responses. Fifty-five autistic (ASD; 30 female, mean age 21.01 ± 3.49) and 28 typically developing (TD; 16 female, mean age 19.76 ± 3.00) adolescents and young adults underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they were exposed to mildly aversive auditory and tactile stimulation. Stimulus blocks were either presented with a visual cue representing the upcoming sensory stimulus (Predictable), or no cue (Unpredictable). Results showed sensory cortical hyper-reactivity in ASD compared to TD in the Unpredictable condition, but responses to Predictable stimuli were overall similar between groups. In addition, expected stimuli were associated with increased frontal activity in autism, suggesting that visual cues facilitated regulation of sensory responses. Notably, within the autism group, SOR was associated with <i>increased</i> responses to expected stimuli in relevant sensory cortices, suggesting that reduced expectancy suppression may be specifically related to SOR within ASD rather than being a general autistic trait.</p>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"19 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aur.70283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148102408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“People Think I'm a Fraud”: A Shared Autistic Experience Across Vastly Different Profiles","authors":"Mary Doherty","doi":"10.1002/aur.70292","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.70292","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"19 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148260670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor Disorders in Autism: From Comorbidity to Core Criterion","authors":"Mohamed Jaber","doi":"10.1002/aur.70293","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.70293","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While repetitive movements are recognized as a diagnostic hallmark of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in frameworks such as the DSM and ICD, other motor disturbances, including gait atypicalities and postural control difficulties, have historically been overlooked or framed as secondary comorbidities. This discrepancy persists despite growing evidence that motor signs in ASD are fundamental rather than incidental. Some of these motor and gait signs may be discernable early and could potentially forecast subsequent communication outcomes in certain cohorts. The current focus on observable behaviors in diagnostic systems may thus benefit from integration of motor dimensions, which could enhance early identification and support tailored interventions. Available experimental and clinical findings converge to indicate that motor dysfunctions in ASD are neither epiphenomena nor peripheral. They map onto cerebellar and basal ganglia dysfunction, impaired multisensory integration, and disrupted emotion–motor coupling that may impact cognitive and social outcomes. Future directions must go beyond the current phenotypical characterization of ASD. Motor screening could be integrated into early pediatric surveillance, and interdisciplinary motor-based interventions embedded into individualized care. More factually, we contend that motor and gait signs, beyond restricted and repetitive movements, should be incorporated into future revisions of DSM and ICD as diagnostic criteria for ASD. This would not only improve sensitivity to early and mild ASD phenotypes but also realign autism diagnosis with its neurological foundation. Recognizing motor specificities as an integrated part of ASD demands a paradigm shift: pediatricians and psychiatrists must embrace an embodied, motor-informed model of autism, bridging it with neurology to transform both diagnosis and care.</p>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"19 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aur.70293","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148260753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Auditory Sensitivity in Autism: A Systematic Review of Mismatch Negativity and Mismatch Field Responses","authors":"Sara Cacciato-Salcedo,&nbsp;Shreya Jaokar,&nbsp;Neil J. Ingham,&nbsp;Manuel S. Malmierca,&nbsp;Marija M. Petrinovic","doi":"10.1002/aur.70275","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.70275","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Auditory mismatch responses—mismatch negativity (MMN) and mismatch fields (MMF)—are well established electrophysiological markers of automatic auditory discrimination supported by short-term sensory memory. These responses, typically elicited using passive oddball paradigms, are increasingly used to investigate sensory and language processing in autism. This systematic review synthesizes findings from 55 studies comparing MMN and MMF responses in autistic and typically developing (TD) individuals across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Using the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) framework, we identified consistent evidence for smaller MMN amplitudes and reduced MMF power in autistic children and adolescents relative to TD peers, particularly in response to frequency, duration, and speech-based deviants. Studies also frequently reported longer mismatch latencies in autistic participants and associated these delays with language difficulties and heightened auditory sensitivity. Although some studies reported age-related convergence in MMN and MMF measures between autistic and TD groups in later childhood or adolescence, greater right-hemisphere lateralization in autistic individuals emerged as a consistent finding across both speech and non-speech paradigms, suggesting differences in hemispheric weighting for auditory processing of linguistic and non-linguistic cues. To explain interindividual and developmental variability in mismatch responses, we propose a precision-weighted predictive coding account, in which divergent assignment of confidence to sensory prediction errors may contribute to autism-related differences. While study quality was generally fair, methodological heterogeneity, underrepresentation of females, and limited cross-cultural sampling constrain generalizability. Future research should prioritize longitudinal, sex-stratified, and culturally diverse designs, using standardized protocols and collaborative data practices. MMN and MMF responses hold promise as non-invasive translational biomarkers of early-stage sensory prediction and neurodevelopmental variation in autism.</p>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"19 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aur.70275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147965868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural Correlates for Anticipating and Observing Goal-Directed Actions in Autism","authors":"Manon A. Krol,&nbsp;Tereza Skodova,&nbsp;Tjeerd Jellema","doi":"10.1002/aur.70272","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.70272","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We investigated possible atypicalities in activation of cortical motor-related circuits in young adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) and typical-development (TD) when observing others' actions. Activation of these circuits is reflected by suppression of power in EEG-Mu oscillations (8-13 Hz). Despite strong indications for functional distinctions between the upper (10.5-13 Hz) and lower (8–10.5 Hz) Mu-subbands, their separation remained unchartered territory in ASC research. Recordings were made from central, sensorimotor and occipital areas, while goal-directed actions that varied in the extent of both social interaction and biological motion were presented in video-clips. Anticipatory Mu suppression in response to upcoming actions was found exclusively at the sensorimotor site, in both groups. That is, during the presentation of a color signal embedded in the videos, which indicated whether or not an action would ensue, significantly more Mu-suppression occurred when the signal indicated an upcoming action. No such anticipatory activity occurred at central and occipital sites. During action observation, both groups showed significantly larger Mu suppressions in (<i>i</i>) the lower compared to the upper Mu band, and at (<i>ii</i>) sensorimotor compared to occipital and central sites. Extent of social interaction and biological motion of the actions did not significantly affect responses in either group. The groups did not differ significantly from each other in either band, condition or hemisphere. At the sensorimotor site, there was an overall tendency—though no significant evidence—for less desynchronisation to observed actions, and for more synchronization to no-action events (still image), in ASC compared to TD.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"19 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148007669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking Brain Morphometry to Psychometric Measures and Energy-Metabolic Biomarkers in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder","authors":"Eleonora Esposto,&nbsp;Kathrin Nickel,&nbsp;Dominique Endres,&nbsp;Kimon Runge,&nbsp;Katharina Domschke,&nbsp;Thomas Lange,&nbsp;Marco Reisert,&nbsp;Anke Schumann,&nbsp;Cinzia Niolu,&nbsp;Ludger Tebartz van Elst,&nbsp;Simon Maier","doi":"10.1002/aur.70288","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.70288","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with differences in neurodevelopment and altered metabolism, yet the interplay between brain morphometry, mitochondrial and energy metabolism biomarkers, and autistic traits in adults remains poorly understood. This study investigates the link between brain structure, psychometric measures, and both central and peripheral metabolic biomarkers in adults with ASD. We studied 145 adults, including 74 with ASD and 71 control participants (CON) using high-resolution 3-Tesla MRI to assess cortical thickness, subcortical and global brain volumes. Central energy metabolism was indexed by the posterior-cingulate lactate + threonine (Lac⁺) peak quantified with proton-MRS. We examined associations between biomarkers of mitochondrial function and energy metabolism (including lactate, pyruvate, creatine kinase, and multiple acylcarnitines). Psychometric evaluations included measures of ASD and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom severity, as well as other psychiatric comorbidities. Between-group differences and correlations were assessed using robust statistics, controlling for age, sex, image quality, and total intracranial volume. Adults with ASD showed significantly larger bilateral caudate volumes compared to CON. Within the ASD group, higher ADHD symptom severity in childhood correlated with reduced cortical thickness in multiple frontal and temporal regions. Among metabolic markers, acylcarnitine C5:1 was positively associated with right insular cortex thickness, while C18:1-OH and C18:2 levels correlated positively with caudate volume. Caudate nucleus volume is associated not only with an ASD diagnosis but also with specific peripheral energy-metabolism blood markers, such as specific acylcarnitines. Alterations in cortical thickness were also correlated with acylcarnitine levels and, to a greater extent, with co-occurring ADHD symptoms. While alterations in cortical thickness and basal ganglia structure have been previously described in ASD and comorbid ADHD, the linkage between mitochondrial and energy metabolism biomarkers with neuroanatomical alterations in ASD is, to our knowledge, a novel observation that warrants further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"19 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aur.70288","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148165797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reframing Body Representations in Autistic Individuals: A Systematic Review","authors":"Joanna Mourad,&nbsp;Kim Daniels,&nbsp;Katleen Bogaerts,&nbsp;Britt Sourbron,&nbsp;Siebe Meekers,&nbsp;Anaïs Vanbuel,&nbsp;Robbe Van Beers,&nbsp;Marlies Mattheeussen,&nbsp;Martin Desseilles,&nbsp;Bruno Bonnechère","doi":"10.1002/aur.70254","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.70254","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Body representations (BR) are multidimensional constructs that shape everyday functioning, autonomy, and quality of life. They include body schema (BS): the action-oriented representation of the body that supports movement and sensorimotor regulation, and body image (BI): the conscious perceptual, affective, and cognitive experience of the body. In autism, alterations in BR have been linked to sensory processing, motor coordination, social interaction, self-perception, and identity, yet the overall structure of these components remains unclear. This systematic review aimed to define a conceptual framework for BR in autism, identify the domains most consistently reported as different from non-autistic comparison groups, and synthesize current evidence on assessment approaches and clinical implications. Following PRISMA guidelines, we reviewed 54 studies published between 2000 and 2025, comprising 2982 participants. The findings showed a marked predominance of research on BS (81% of studies), particularly sensorimotor dimensions such as interoception (9 studies), proprioception (4 studies), and multisensory integration (3 studies). By contrast, BI was substantially less investigated, despite emerging evidence linking it to body dissatisfaction, body dysmorphic concerns, and identity-related difficulties. Across studies, BR differences were most often described in relation to bodily awareness, movement regulation, emotional processing, and self-referential perception. The review also highlighted major methodological limitations, including heterogeneity of constructs and an overreliance on self-report tools. Overall, BR emerges as a clinically relevant but still underdeveloped domain in autism research, underscoring the need for more comprehensive, developmentally sensitive, and multimodal assessment approaches.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147640823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autism and Cortical Thickness Deviation From Neurotypical Controls: Evidence for a Spatial Association With Serotonin Receptors","authors":"Livio Tarchi,&nbsp;Arne Doose,&nbsp;Julius Hennig,&nbsp;Fabio Bernardoni,&nbsp;Joseph A. King,&nbsp;Tiziana Pisano,&nbsp;Giovanni Castellini,&nbsp;Valdo Ricca,&nbsp;Inge Kamp-Becker,&nbsp;Stefan Ehrlich","doi":"10.1002/aur.70243","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.70243","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cortical thickness (CT) differences between autistic individuals (AI) and neurotypical controls have been consistently reported, yet the neurochemical mechanisms underlying these differences remain insufficiently understood. Neurotransmitter receptor systems exhibit distinct spatial distributions across the cortex and influence synaptic maturation, plasticity, and cortical organization. Consequently, mapping CT deviations onto these receptor density gradients provides a biologically informed framework for investigating the potential underlying neurochemical architectures of observed structural patterns in autism. A total of 1035 structural MRIs (AI <i>n</i> = 505, neurotypical controls <i>n</i> = 530) were included from Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE). Group contrasts and individual-level deviations from age-predicted CT patterns were computed. These spatial patterns were correlated with neurotransmitter receptors cortical density distributions (D1, D2, 5HT1a, 5HT2a, 5HT4, 5HT6, mGluR5) from previous PET studies. Widespread vertex-wise deviations in CT were observed in AI in comparison to neurotypical controls. At the group level, CT differences were spatially aligned with the cortical density of serotonin receptors (5HT1a: <i>r</i> = 0.22, FDR-<i>p</i> = 0.032; 5HT4: <i>r</i> = 0.21, FDR-<i>p</i> = 0.032). At the individual level, greater deviations from predicted CT, if mapped onto specific neurotransmitter receptor density gradients, correlated with greater difficulties in the social and communication domains. The findings provide novel evidence that serotonin receptors may play a role in shaping cortical structural brain differences between AI and neurotypical controls. The link between CT differences and spatial distributions of the serotoninergic system offers a translational perspective for future targeted support strategies focused on serotonergic pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aur.70243","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147596497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disparities in Physical Activity and Sport Participation Among Transition-Age Youth With Autism and Intellectual Disability","authors":"Daniel E. Lidstone","doi":"10.1002/aur.70277","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.70277","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Physical activity is critical for health, yet many adolescents do not engage in regular activity. Youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) may be at heightened risk due to motor, sensory, and social barriers, but less is known about complete disengagement. Using nationally representative data from the 2021–2023 National Survey of Children's Health, this study examined disparities in (1) any weekly physical activity and (2) participation in organized sport among transition-age youth (14–17 years) with ASD only, ID only, or ASD + ID, compared with youth without ASD or ID. Survey-weighted multiple logistic regression models estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for each outcome, controlling for sex, race, household poverty ratio, metropolitan residence, and age. Compared to youth without ASD or ID, all diagnostic groups had significantly lower odds of engaging in any weekly physical activity (ASD only: aOR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.24–0.44; ID only: aOR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.31–0.76; ASD + ID: aOR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.30–0.88; all <i>p</i> ≤ 0.02) and organized sport (ASD only: aOR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.15–0.27; ID only: aOR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.19–0.51; ASD + ID: aOR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.14–0.41; all <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Across both models and diagnostic groups, female sex, lower household income, and increased age were associated with lower physical activity and sport participation (all <i>p</i> ≤ 0.02), whereas non-metropolitan residence was associated with higher odds of sport participation-only (<i>p</i> = 0.005). These findings identify substantial disengagement among youth with ASD and/or ID and highlight the need for accessible, adapted physical activity and sport opportunities during adolescence to reduce risk of long-term inactivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aur.70277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147936266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing the Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR) to 40-Hz and 27-Hz Click Trains in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and First-Degree Biological Relatives: An Electroencephalographic (EEG) Study","authors":"Megan Darrell,&nbsp;Theo Vanneau,&nbsp;Dennis Cregin,&nbsp;Tringa Lecaj,&nbsp;John J. Foxe,&nbsp;Sophie Molholm","doi":"10.1002/aur.70246","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aur.70246","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Altered auditory processing likely contributes to core social and attentional impairments in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The auditory steady-state response (ASSR), a neural measure of auditory processing and cortical excitatory-inhibitory balance, has yielded mixed results in ASD. This study uses electroencephalography (EEG) to evaluate ASSR in ASD and unaffected siblings to clarify neural mechanisms underlying auditory deficits in autism. High-density 70-channel EEG was recorded in children (8–12 years, IQ &gt; 80) with ASD (<i>n</i> = 53), typically developing (TD) peers (<i>n</i> = 35), and unaffected biological siblings (<i>n</i> = 26) during 500-ms binaural click trains (27- and 40-Hz) in an active oddball task. The ASSR was evaluated using data from frontocentral sensors, where the grand averaged response was greatest. No group differences were observed in frequency-following responses (FFR) to 27- or 40-Hz stimuli, although higher 40-Hz power and ITPC were associated with older age and better behavioral performance in ASD. The broad-band response from 180 to 250 ms was reduced in ASD for both stimulation frequencies—particularly in the low-frequency (&lt; 8 Hz) range—and significantly correlated with IQ and age. Siblings showed intermediate broad-band responses. While FFRs appeared intact in ASD, we observed reduced broad-band response in the transition period to the steady state FFR, which was specific to low (&lt; 8-Hz) frequencies. Intermediate responses in first-degree relatives suggest that this is related to genetic vulnerability for ASD and highlights its clinical relevance. These findings suggest intact sensory processing in ASD alongside possible top-down auditory feedback deficits, which may serve as a heritable neurophysiological marker.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":131,"journal":{"name":"Autism Research","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147628848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}