IBRO Neuroscience Reports最新文献

{"title":"Khat-induced conditioned place preference, extinction, and reinstatement in female mice","authors":"Caroline K. Murithi ,&nbsp;Jacques M. Kabaru ,&nbsp;Nilesh B. Patel","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.11.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.11.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Khat (<em>Catha edulis</em> Forsk), the natural source of cathinone and other psychoactive agents, is chewed by millions of persons in eastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula for its psychostimulant effect. Using the conditioned place preference paradigm, this study tested fresh khat extract for place preference induction, extinction, and reinstatement. Female mice treated with 100 and 250 mg/kg of khat extract showed conditioned place preference, which was extinguished following a 16-day khat-free period. However, the place preference was reinstated following the first priming dose of the khat extract but not with the second priming dose done 35 days after the last conditioning treatment. The results show that khat has a rewarding/reinforcing property and can also lead to relapse behavior in persons attempting to stop khat use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"18 ","pages":"Pages 1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143093732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of demographic prevalence of mild cognitive impairment using Montreal cognitive assessment: A cross-sectional pilot study in the Cape Coast Metropolis, Ghana.","authors":"David Larbi Simpong ,&nbsp;George Nkrumah Osei ,&nbsp;Richeal Odarko Mills ,&nbsp;Christopher Amaleyele Anyebem ,&nbsp;Benjamin Kofi Aikins ,&nbsp;Charlotte Gyanwaa Melfah ,&nbsp;Bridget Amoanimaa Osei ,&nbsp;Ansumana Bockarie","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.11.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Global prevalence of dementia is projected to rise, particularly in low and middle-income countries like Ghana. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), an intermediate phase between normal cognitive aging and dementia, is characterized by an objective and subjective decline in cognitive abilities. Individuals with MCI have a greater likelihood of progression to dementia.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>There is a paucity of studies focused on assessing the prevalence, risk factors and characteristics of mild cognitive impairment within the Ghanaian population. This study assessed the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and explored its relationship with various sociodemographic factors.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A prospective cross-sectional analytical study within Cape Coast, Ghana, evaluating the cognition of 100 participants using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) tool. The prevalence of MCI was determined using simple descriptive measures. The two-way ANOVA was used to determine risk factors for developing MCI. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between educational level and MoCA score.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A majority (65.4 %) of participants within the age group 40–49 years had mild cognitive impairment. 42.86 % of male and 40.54 % of female participants had MCI (MoCA score &lt; 26). There was a significant correlation (r= 0.608, p= 0.0001) between the educational level of participants and the MoCA score. Participants classified as having MCI based on their MoCA score, performed significantly poorer in visuospatial, attention, language, abstraction and delayed recall domains compared to those with normal cognition.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The MoCA tool is a useful for detecting MCI, particularly among Ghanaians with at least 7 years of formal education. The prevalence of MCI among individuals aged 40–49 years in the Cape Coast Metropolis represents an important health burden.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 480-484"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11665373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142881901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotective effects of Apigenin on prenatal Valproic acid-induced autism spectrum disorder in rats","authors":"Mitra Farbin ,&nbsp;Anahita Hejazi ,&nbsp;Nahid Fakhraei ,&nbsp;Yaser Azizi ,&nbsp;Soraya Mehrabi ,&nbsp;Razieh Hajisoltani","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Valproic acid (VPA) demonstrates teratogenic effects during pregnancy. Prenatal exposure to VPA may result in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) -like phenotypes. Apigenin, a natural flavonoid, has been shown to have neuroprotective impacts due to its antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of apigenin in prenatal Valproic acid-induced autism in rats. Female rats (220–240 g, 2–3 months) received a single dose of VPA (600 mg/kg, i.p.) on the 12.5th day of gestational. The male offspring were given oral apigenin (50 mg/kg, p.o.) or the vehicle for 30 days. Behavioral tests, biochemical assessments for oxidative stress markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines were performed. VPA-treated rats exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior, and repetitive behavior. Social interaction was reduced, and detection of the novel object was impaired. Also, VPA-treated rats have shown higher levels of oxidative stress malondialdehyde (MDA) and lower GPX and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Furthermore, IL-6 and TNF-α increased in the prefrotalcortex decreased. On the other hand, apigenin-treated rats restored the cognitive consequences and lowered oxidative stress and inflammation in the prefrotalcortex.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Chronic apigenin treatment restored the behavioral and biochemical abnormalities caused by prenatal VPA exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 493-502"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11667072/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142885817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of SGK1 in neurologic diseases: A friend or foe?","authors":"Xiuze Chen ,&nbsp;Haixian Kang ,&nbsp;Yechen Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), a member of the AGC family of serine/threonine protein kinases, is one of the most conserved protein kinases in eukaryotic evolution. SGK1 is expressed to varying degrees in various types of cells throughout the body, and plays an important role in hypertension, ion channels, oxidative stress, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular regulation. In recent years, a number of scholars have devoted themselves to the study of the role and function of SGK1 in neurological diseases. Therefore, this article reviews the role of SGK1 in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, stroke and other neurological diseases in recent years, and puts forward some insights on the role of SGK1 in neurological diseases and its relationship with disease activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 503-512"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11683284/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anticonvulsant effects of pentoxifylline on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole and maximal electroshock in male mice: The role of the nitrergic pathway","authors":"Mohammad Keshavarzi ,&nbsp;Moein Ghasemi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Amin Manavi ,&nbsp;Ahmad Reza Dehpour ,&nbsp;Hamed Shafaroodi","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.11.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.11.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Epilepsy remains a challenge, with one-third of patients experiencing refractory seizures despite current anti-seizure medications. The nitrergic system, which involves nitric oxide (NO) and NO synthase (NOS) enzymes, plays a complex role in seizure pathophysiology. Pentoxifylline (PTPh), an FDA-approved phosphodiesterase inhibitor, has anticonvulsant effects; however, its relationship with the pathway is unclear. This study focused at how the nitrergic system could be involved in PTPh’s anticonvulsant effects.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Seizures were induced in male mice by intravenous pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) infusion (absence-like seizures), intraperitoneal PTZ injection, and maximal electroshock (generalized tonic-clonic seizures). PTPh was administered at various doses, alone or in combination with the NO precursor L-arginine, as well as non-selective (L-NAME) and selective NOS inhibitors (nNOS inhibitor 7-NI and iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine). Seizure thresholds, latencies, incidence, and mortality were assessed. Moreover, in the next paradigm, using maximal electroshock model, we evaluate possible protective effects of PTPh against generalized tonic-clonic seizures and subsequent mortality.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the intravenous PTZ model, PTPh (≥150 mg/kg) increased the seizure threshold, potentiated by L-arginine but reduced by L-NAME and 7-nitroindazole. In the intraperitoneal PTZ model, 150 mg/kg PTPh decreased tonic seizure frequency, which was mitigated by aminoguanidine. However, PTPh failed to prolong clonic seizure latency. In the maximal electroshock test, 100 mg/kg PTPh protected against tonic seizure incidence (reduced by aminoguanidine). Although PTPh could not reduce mortality, its combination with L-NAME or 7-nitroindazole increased mortality compared with the vehicle-treated group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>PTPh exerted anticonvulsant effects against absence-like and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, likely through modulation of the nitrergic system involving neuronal, endothelial, and inducible NOS isoform. These findings provide novel insights into the complex interplay between NO signaling and the anticonvulsant actions of PTPh, highlighting the potential therapeutic implications of targeting the NO pathway in epilepsy management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 485-492"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11664280/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142881899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-stroke effects of IC87201 on neurobehavioral function and brain injuries: A stereological study","authors":"Maryam Mohammadian ,&nbsp;Aminollah Bahaoddini ,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Namavar","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.11.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.11.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Stroke is the second leading cause of global death and is characterized by excitotoxic neuronal death caused by NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate) receptor overactivation. The present study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic potential of IC87201, a novel small molecule interfering with the NMDA receptor intracellular signaling pathway, in reducing the extent of ischemic stroke-induced brain damage.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>Cerebral ischemia was induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method in 24 anesthetized adult male rats for one hour. The animals were randomized into sham, MCAO, MCAO+ DXM (Dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate) as an NMDA antagonist, and MCAO+ IC87201 groups which in the last two groups, DXM (50 mg/kg) and IC87201 (10 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally after ischemia. The neurobehavioral scores were appraised for 7 days and after that, brain tissue was appropriately prepared to perform the stereological evaluations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The administration of IC87201 significantly recovered post-ischemia damages, including neurobehavioral function, reduction of volume of the total hemisphere, cortex, and striatum in rat brain, and the percentage of infarcted areas. Additionally, in the striatum region, IC87201 caused an increase in the total number of neuronal and non-neuronal cells as well as a decrease in the total number of dead cells. Some of these parameters were improved by DXM, but in general, IC87201 outperformed that.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>IC87201 was successful in minimizing ischemia-induced damage, especially in the striatal region. In addition, IC87201, as a molecule that acts on the intracellular signaling cascade of the NMDA receptor, performed better than DXM, as an antagonist of this receptor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 463-470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causes and countermeasures for the increased infection and COVID-19 mortality rates in patients with schizophrenia","authors":"Zhen-Ying Li ,&nbsp;Yu-Qian Li ,&nbsp;Jing-Ru Zhou ,&nbsp;Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Kun-Ze Liu ,&nbsp;Peng Wang ,&nbsp;Chun-Mei Gong ,&nbsp;Han Wang ,&nbsp;Yu-Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Yu Cao ,&nbsp;Yue Gu ,&nbsp;Han-Bo Zhang ,&nbsp;Hui Lu ,&nbsp;Li-Fang Lu ,&nbsp;Ren-Jun Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.11.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a common psychiatric disorder that has a complex pathological mechanism. During the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, patients with SCZ had substantially higher rates of infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, as well as higher COVID-19 mortality relative to patients with other mental disorders. However, the reasons for these increased rates in patients with SCZ remain unknown. In this review, we hypothesize that certain molecular pathways exhibit abnormal function in both COVID-19 and SCZ, with a focus on those related to energy metabolism dysregulation, immune system disruption, and abnormalities of the central nervous system. We review that dysregulation of energy metabolism can result in disruptions to the immune system and abnormalities within the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, immune system disturbances may also contribute to CNS abnormalities in both SCZ and COVID-19. We also discuss macro-factors associated with the high infection and mortality rates of COVID-19 in patients with SCZ, including sociodemographic factors, reduced access to psychiatric healthcare, structural barriers to COVID-19 vaccination, and proposed approaches to mitigate these macro-factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 456-462"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alterations in Neuroligin-2 and BDNF proteins associated with anxiety-like behavior in salicylate-induced tinnitus rats","authors":"Saeid Mahmoudian ,&nbsp;Ali Fathi Jouzdani ,&nbsp;Ahmadreza Nazeri ,&nbsp;Kasra Bagherian ,&nbsp;Mohadeseh Beiranvand ,&nbsp;Zeinab Akbarnejad","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given the high prevalence of tinnitus and anxiety among patients, understanding the mechanisms that increase anxiety is crucial. Neuroligin 2 (NLGN2) is an anxiety-related protein that has received much attention in recent years. On the other hand, the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) affects various neurotransmitter systems, neuropeptides, and intracellular signaling pathways. These are neurochemical systems that, if out of balance, could lead to anxiety behavior. This is the first study to investigate whether changes in protein expression in the amygdala nucleus are associated with high anxiety in tinnitus. After inducing and confirming tinnitus in rats using gap-prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (GPIAS) and Pre-pulse inhibition (PPI), the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and the Open Field Test (OFT) were used to assess anxiety levels in both groups. Subsequently, amygdala tissue samples were collected from both groups and analyzed for NLGN2 and BDNF protein expression. The GPIAS score decreased following sodium salicylate administration in the tinnitus group, while the PPI score did not change. Additionally, the tinnitus group exhibited higher anxiety levels than the control group in both behavioral tests. Moreover, NLGN2 protein expression was increased in the amygdala nucleus of sodium salicylate-induced tinnitus rats compared to controls, while BDNF protein expression was reduced. These findings suggest that increased NLGN2 and decreased BDNF protein levels in the amygdala nucleus contribute to tinnitus-related anxiety and identify these proteins as potential therapeutic targets for tinnitus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 407-414"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the influence of digital technology on human cognitive functions: A narrative review","authors":"Eugénia Correia de Barros","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the era of rapid digitalization, the widespread integration of digital technology into various aspects of daily life has sparked significant interest in understanding its impact on cognitive mental processes. While the emerging data suggests that its influence may be positive or negative, the depth of evidence regarding neurobiological mechanisms remains limited. This review aims to synthesize previously published studies and develop a comprehensive framework that systematically categorizes digital technologies, the cognitive functions they impact, and developmental stages around the concept of neuroplasticity, while clearly illustrating their interconnections. Despite acknowledged limitations, through an exhaustive approach, this paper intends to offer a dynamic perspective on the effects of digital media on the human brain, before the onset of addiction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 415-422"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neonatal maternal separation impairs cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in adult male CD-1 mice","authors":"Zhen-Yu Hu ,&nbsp;Ru-Meng Wei ,&nbsp;Fei-Hu ,&nbsp;Ke Yu ,&nbsp;Shi-Kun Fang ,&nbsp;Xue-Yan Li ,&nbsp;Yue-Ming Zhang ,&nbsp;Gui-Hai Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maternal separation (MS) increases the risk of occurrence of anxiety, depression, and learning and memory impairment in offspring. However, the underlying molecular biological mechanisms remain unclear. In the current study, offspring CD-1 mice were separated from their mothers from postnatal day 4 to postnatal day 21. At 3 months of age, the male offspring were selected for the evaluation of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and learning and memory function. Western blotting and RT-PCR were used to examine the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tyrosine kinase receptor B, postsynaptic density-95, and synaptophysin. Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) were recorded at Schaffer collateral/CA1 synapses. Furthermore, basal synaptic transmission was evaluated via the recording of the frequency and amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). The results showed that adult offspring CD-1 mice displayed anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors as well as impaired spatial learning and memory abilities. Electrophysiological analysis indicated that MS impaired LTP, enhanced LTD, and reduced the frequency of mEPSCs in pyramidal neurons in the CA1 region. Our findings suggested that MS can lead to anxiety, depression, and cognitive deficits, and these effects are associated with alterations in the levels of synaptic plasticity-associated proteins, consequently, also synaptic plasticity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"17 ","pages":"Pages 431-440"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}