IBRO Neuroscience Reports最新文献

{"title":"IL-4Rα signalling influences behavioural and immune responses in Trypanosoma brucei-infected mice: Evidence for iloprost as a neuroprotective agent","authors":"OS Olaolu ,&nbsp;H. Davids ,&nbsp;GB Dealtry ,&nbsp;A.S. Abubakar ,&nbsp;ET Obishakin ,&nbsp;B. Iliyasu ,&nbsp;IA Azeez ,&nbsp;DC Ajonijebu","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the effects of <em>Trypanosoma brucei</em> infection on neuroinflammation, immune response, and behaviour in both wild-type (WT) and IL-4Rα inhibited (IL-4Rα<strong>┴</strong>) mice. To achieve this, 9-week-old WT and IL-4Rα<strong>┴</strong> mice were infected with <em>T. brucei</em> intraperitoneally (5 ×10² parasites) and the treated groups received 200 μg/kg/day of Iloprost intraperitoneally. Results from infected animals showed that behavioural activity and inflammation were reduced in animals treated with Iloprost. Euthanasia was performed on 12 days post-infection (dpi), and prefrontal cortex (PFC), Hippocampus (HPC) and blood were collected. PCR confirmed the presence of <em>T. brucei</em> in the brain and blood, demonstrating its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. CXCL10, a key chemokine implicated in neuroinflammation, was elevated in infected mice, particularly in IL-4Rα<strong>┴</strong> mice, which lack the ability to initiate protective type 2 immune responses. Treatment with Iloprost suppressed CXCL10 expression and reduced inflammation. Behavioural assessments revealed that <em>T. brucei</em> infection induced anxiety-like behaviours and hypoactivity. Interestingly, IL-4Rα inhibition appeared to reduce anxiety-like behaviours in infected mice, while Iloprost treatment had an anxiolytic effect. Locomotor deficits were observed in infected mice, with IL-4Rα<strong>┴</strong> mice showing more pronounced hypoactivity. However, both Iloprost and Diminazine improved locomotor activity. At the molecular level, IL-4Rα inhibition resulted in upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and elevated nitric oxide levels, contributing to CNS inflammation. Iloprost treatment reduced these markers and supported anti-inflammatory pathways. These findings highlight the complex interplay between immune regulation, neuroinflammation, and behaviour in trypanosome infection, with IL-4Rα signalling playing a critical role in modulating disease outcomes. Therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways, such as Iloprost, may offer neuroprotective benefits in African trypanosomiasis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Pages 543-561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain-wide mapping of acute hypoxia-induced neuronal activation in mice: A c-Fos immunofluorescence study","authors":"Xingyao Yu ,&nbsp;Pai Pang ,&nbsp;Tao Liu ,&nbsp;Xiufang Jiang ,&nbsp;Jiayi Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiangpei Yue ,&nbsp;Jianjun Guo ,&nbsp;Xiang Cheng ,&nbsp;Tong Zhao ,&nbsp;Yongqi Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhonghua Dai ,&nbsp;Lingling Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acute hypobaric hypoxic exposure, defined as rapid ascent to high altitude with brief sojourn, triggers profound physiological adaptations while increasing risks of acute mountain sickness (e.g., gastrointestinal distress, pulmonary/cerebral edema). Beyond these somatic manifestations, cognitive deficits frequently emerge under hypoxic stress, yet the neural substrates mediating these impairments remain poorly mapped. To systematically characterize hypoxia-induced brain activation patterns, we conducted whole-brain mapping of neuronal activity changes in mice exposed to acute hypobaric hypoxia versus normoxic controls using c-Fos immunofluorescence, a robust marker of neuronal activation. Our functional analysis focused on key brain regions governing: cardiorespiratory homeostasis, attention, memory, emotional processing, motivation and reward. Quantitative c-Fos mapping revealed increased neural activity in several brainstem nuclei and repressed neural activity in higher-order forebrain after exposure to 24 h-6000 m hypobaric hypoxia. These datas establish the first brain-wide map of hypoxia-responsive neural networks, providing mechanistic insights into physiological adaptation and cognitive vulnerability after acute hypobaric hypoxic exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Pages 519-531"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impaired glymphatic function in relation to cumulative blood glucose exposure: A population-based cohort study","authors":"Yufan Zhang ,&nbsp;Jing Sun ,&nbsp;Sihui Guo ,&nbsp;Ying Hui ,&nbsp;Xiaoshuai Li ,&nbsp;Jing Li ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Pengfei Zhao ,&nbsp;Shuohua Chen ,&nbsp;Shouling Wu ,&nbsp;Zhenchang Wang ,&nbsp;Han Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The relationship between prolonged blood glucose exposure and glymphatic system function of the brain remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the association between cumulative blood glucose levels and neuroimaging metrics associated with glymphatic function.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study was conducted in a multicenter, community-based cohort study. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were collected once between 2020 and 2022. The assessment of brain glymphatic function can be conducted using the diffusion tensor imaging analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index. Cumulative fasting blood glucose (FBG) values from 2014 to 2018 were calculated for each participant as a prolonged exposure, while a single measurement of FBG at the same time of MRI acquisition represented a short-term exposure. A generalized linear model was used to evaluate the association of blood glucose exposure and DTI-ALPS index.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 251 subjects were included. Prolonged hyperglycemic exposure with FBG ≥ 7.0 mmol/L was significantly associated with lower average DTI-ALPS index (β = -0.058, 95 % confidence interval, -0.096 to -0.019). These findings remained significant among participants over 60 years old and those not taking hypoglycemic medication. No significant associations were observed in single measurement.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Prolonged exposure to hyperglycemia is significantly associated with a lower average DTI-ALPS index, potentially playing a crucial role in the impairment of glymphatic function, especially among older adults. A well controlled blood glucose level may demonstrate a protective effect on glymphatic function, indicating better brain health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Pages 437-444"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of isoflavones in multiple sclerosis","authors":"V. Anushya vardhini ,&nbsp;S. Sowmiya ,&nbsp;S. Abdul Sameer ,&nbsp;R. Sakthi ,&nbsp;R. Divya ,&nbsp;A. Monisha","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Myelin degeneration is a hallmark of multiple sclerosis, a chronic, autoimmune neurological condition that alters Central Nervous System communication. Despite the fact that the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis is multifactorial and not fully understood, new research indicates that reducing oxidative stress and inflammation may have therapeutic advantages. A class of phytoestrogens called isoflavones, which are mostly present in soy and other legumes, have drawn interest because of their possible anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. A comprehensive literature review was performed covering the period from 2000 to 2024, utilizing various databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. This process involved the use of specific search terms and Boolean operators, including “isoflavones” AND “multiple sclerosis,” “phytoestrogens” AND “neuroprotection,” and “soy isoflavones” AND “autoimmune diseases,” to locate relevant articles. The function of isoflavones in multiple sclerosis is examined in this review, with particular attention paid to their mechanisms of action, which include immune response modulation, antioxidant effects, and possible influence on neurodegenerative processes. This review discusses the preclinical data that currently supports isoflavones' capacity to lower inflammation, enhance myelin repair, and slow the progression in MS models. Future research directions are proposed, highlighting the challenges and limitations in implementing these findings in clinical practice. Even though isoflavones are still being studied, their promising role in MS treatment highlights the need for more research to assess their potential as supplemental therapies in managing MS symptoms and progression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Pages 456-470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research hotspots and trends in the interaction mechanisms of neuroinflammation and sleep disorders: A bibliometric analysis based on WOS","authors":"Nan Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhao-qiong Zhu ,&nbsp;Qihai Gong ,&nbsp;Rui Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to analyze the research hotspots and trends regarding neuroinflammation in sleep disorders over the past 30 years through bibliometric and review analyses. Relevant publications were sourced from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). We utilized VOSviewer and CiteSpace for the visualization and quantitative analysis of the literature to provide an objective presentation and predictions. A total of 2545 publications related to neuroinflammation and sleep disorders were identified, with the overall number of publications showing a continuous upward trend. Most of the publications originated from the United States and China. The University of Toronto, Harvard Medical School, and the University of California, Los Angeles, are leading institutions in this field. David Gozal and Michael R. Irwin are recognized as prominent figures in this area. The <em>International Journal on Molecular Sciences</em> and <em>Brain Behavior and Immunity</em> are the journals with the highest publication volume. Keywords and clustering analyses indicate that the current research in this field has developed a multidisciplinary integration pattern, with core trends focusing on the multi-axis regulation of neuroimmune interaction mechanisms, as well as individualized targeted intervention strategies based on biomarkers and gene editing. Additionally, the development of emerging technologies such as organoids and the establishment of multidisciplinary collaborative networks bring new hope for exploring the interactions between neuroinflammation and sleep disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Pages 445-455"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycated hemoglobin levels and geriatric depression impact cognitive status in an Indian urban elderly community","authors":"Bhaktee Dongaonkar ,&nbsp;Arman Deep Singh ,&nbsp;Swathi B. Hurakadli ,&nbsp;Ashwini Godbole","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explored the cognitive status of community-dwelling Indian older adults. Our objective was to observe the association of age-related cognitive change with other physiological health parameters like, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and vitamin B12 in older adults in India. Urban community dwelling, consenting older adults (55–85years, n = 123), with no clinical history of cognitive or neurological problems participated in the study. The participants underwent a detailed demographic documentation and cognitive assessment comprising of tests from different cognitive domains and blood-based assessment of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and vitamin B12. As expected, performance in all cognitive domains declined with increasing age. HbA1c levels correlated inversely with processing speed and executive function. Vitamin B12 levels did not correlate with performance on any cognitive test. Interestingly, geriatric depression correlated inversely with visuospatial abilities. A stepwise multiple regression revealed that HbA1c and geriatric depression contributed to 28 % variance on Montreal Cognitive Assessment while age did not qualify as a significant contributor. Using Petersen’s criteria, Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) was observed in 17 % of participants. Participants classified as MCI had higher levels of HbA1c and geriatric depression, and lower performance in all cognitive domains compared to non-MCI participants. In conclusion, although cognitive performance declined with age, HbA1c and geriatric depression had a greater role in cognitive decline than age. With a high incidence of diabetes in India, this study highlights the prevalence of metabolism-linked changes in cognition, which are often ignored in community dwelling older adults in India.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Pages 426-436"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Astrogliopathology: A core pathogenic factor in diabetic neuropathic pain","authors":"Bingyan Wang ,&nbsp;Yulei Xie ,&nbsp;Xinyue Zheng ,&nbsp;Junwei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is one of the most common chronic complications in diabetic patients, severely impacting the quality of life, physical and mental health, while imposing economic burdens on patients. Due to the limited understanding of the complex pathogenesis of DNP, current prevention and treatment approaches remain inadequate. Astrocytes, as the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), play a critical role in pain regulation. Recent studies have demonstrated that various pathological changes in astrocytes contribute to the development and progression of DNP; importantly, reversing these astrogliopathological changes can alleviate pain and mitigate diabetes-associated neuropathy. This review systematically summarizes the primary physiological functions and key cellular structures of astrocytes in the CNS, and categorizes their pathological phenotypes, including reactive astrogliosis, astrodegeneration with astroglial atrophy and loss of function, and astroglial pathological remodelling. Furthermore, we elaborated on common astrogliopathological phenotypes observed in DNP, explored their specific roles in DNP pathogenesis, evaluated the efficacy of existing astrocyte-targeted therapeutic strategies, and highlighted outstanding questions and future research directions. This study aims to synthesize recent advances in astrogliopathological changes and DNP, providing novel insights for improving disease management and pain relief in DNP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Pages 507-518"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional homogeneity differences between the brains of young men and young women: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study","authors":"Xiaoci Li ,&nbsp;Lingling Sun ,&nbsp;Ziyu Zeng ,&nbsp;Shihong Yan ,&nbsp;Abao Rui ,&nbsp;Jian Cai ,&nbsp;Qingyu Wang ,&nbsp;Jian Mei ,&nbsp;Yun Yu ,&nbsp;Yue Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of the study was to investigate gender differences in the brains of young healthy adults, by calculating the regional homogeneity (ReHo) values of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Thereby providing candidate imaging biomarkers for risk stratification of neurodegenerative diseases and offering a basis for their early screening and targeted intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Forty-two (42) healthy young adults (21males and 21females) were examined using resting-state fMRI. We employed the statistical method of regional homogeneity (ReHo) to compare the brains of males and females.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The female group exhibited higher activity intensity in the right supramarginal gyrus, but significantly lower activity intensity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the right frontal eye field, the right premotor cortex and the right superior temporal gyrus compared to the male group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Males have greater advantages in working memory, conscious decision-making behavior, visual-motor skills, physical reaction speed, rhythmic perception and language perception, while females show better episodic memory and visual imagination. High ReHo in the left DLPFC of men is a screening marker for high-risk groups of men with AD. High ReHo in the right superior marginal gyrus of women is an early warning biomarker for PTSD or depression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Pages 417-425"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Khaya grandifololia exerts multitarget neuroprotective potential against neurodegenerative disorders: In vitro and in silico studies","authors":"Fils Armand Ella,&nbsp;Bruno Dupon Akamba Ambamba,&nbsp;Frederic Nico Njayou,&nbsp;Paul Fewou Moundipa","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Treatment for complex multifactorial neurological disorders may benefit more from multifunctional chemicals. Dysregulation of monoaminergic pathways and neuroinflammation are typical confluence points in a range of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative illnesses. Polypharmacological medications that affect neuroinflammatory and monoaminergic pathways were investigated as potential targets for these diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in silico</em> multi-target neuroprotective activity of <em>Khaya grandifololia</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Decoction and hydro-ethanolic extracts were prepared and screened for their ability to inhibit enzymes related to inflammation (15-lipoxygenase, LOX), neurodegeneration (monoamine oxidase, MAO), and protein glycation and fibrillation using enzymological fluorimetric assays and docking simulations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All extracts were able to strongly inhibit the activity of MAO as well as the glycation and fibrillation activities. Also, these extracts moderately inhibited 15-LOX activity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These results extend the knowledge on the potential use of <em>Khaya grandifololia</em> to combat multifactorial disorders, giving new approaches into therapeutic avenues for neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer’s disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Pages 400-408"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How the gut microbiome shapes learning and memory: A comprehensive review","authors":"Firoozeh Alavian ,&nbsp;Motahareh Safaeian","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cognitive functions, such as learning and memory processes, are closely related to the gut microbiome. The gut<img>brain axis (GBA), a complex network of bidirectional communications between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract, plays an important role in regulating these functions. This study aims to investigate the impact of the gut microbiome on learning and memory and to provide new insights into the role of the GBA in these cognitive processes. This narrative review explores various mechanisms through which the gut microbiome affects cognitive functions by reviewing scientific articles related to the gut microbiome, GBA, learning, and memory. The focus is on studies that have investigated the relationship between the gut microbiome, changes in microbial composition, and cognitive functions. The results indicate that the gut microbiome influences brain function and behavior through various mechanisms, such as vagus nerve signaling, effects on the enteric nervous system, the production of neurotransmitters, the regulation of inflammation and the immune system, and the production of metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota affects hippocampal function, learning, and stress regulation. Additionally, probiotics and prebiotics, along with nutritional status, affect the composition and function of the gut microbiome; therefore, maintaining the balance of the gut microbiome and paying attention to the GBA may lead to improved cognitive functions and the prevention of learning and memory-related disorders. Microbiome-based interventions, such as probiotics and dietary changes, have the potential to increase performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":"19 ","pages":"Pages 491-506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}