Hydrometallurgy最新文献

{"title":"Complete gold extraction and recovery from double refractory gold ores by thiourea after bio-oxidation","authors":"Keiko Sasaki ,&nbsp;Ikumi Suyama ,&nbsp;Ryusei Takimoto ,&nbsp;Kojo Twum Konadu ,&nbsp;Hirofumi Ichinose ,&nbsp;Jacques Eksteen","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cyanidation, a conventional process to extract gold from gold ores, has been used for over 130 years in industrial mining because of the high efficiency and rate of formation of Au(CN)₂⁻ and the high recovery efficiency by adsorption of Au(CN)₂⁻ on activated carbon. However, carbonaceous refractory gold ores are not targeted because Au(CN)₂⁻ is easily adsorbed on carbonaceous matter in the ores, resulting in high recovery loss. In this study, the flotation concentrates of a carbonaceous refractory gold ores was subjected to biooxidation at 45 °C using a mixed culture containing iron-oxidizing and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, followed by gold extraction using thiourea under strongly acidic conditions. The gold extraction efficiency reached ∼100% in 12 h without re-adsorption. Finally, the quantitative recovery of the Au(CS(NH₂)₂)₂⁺ complex was confirmed by adsorption on strongly cationic exchange resin. Biooxidation reduced the amount of Fe-containing metal sulfides, which minimized the decomposition of thiourea, and the Au(CS(NH₂)₂)₂⁺ complex had a low affinity toward carbonaceous matter, different to Au(CN)₂⁻. Since the process described in this study does not require roasting to remove carbonaceous materials in pretreatment and does not use cyanide for gold extraction, it is environmentally friendly and should be considered for practical applications in carbonaceous gold ore-producing mines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 106330"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141068424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Separation and recovery of sulfur from direct leach residue of zinc oxygen pressure leaching by dissolution in n-decane and recrystallization","authors":"Lijie Chen ,&nbsp;Shenghui Wen ,&nbsp;Ao Gong ,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Yu ,&nbsp;Jiacong Xu ,&nbsp;Qin Yi ,&nbsp;Lei Tian ,&nbsp;Ruixiang Wang ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effective recovery and utilization of elemental sulfur in the direct leach residue (DLR) from zinc oxygen pressure leaching poses a significant challenge. This study analyzes the distribution characteristics of sulfur in DLR and determines its solubility in <em>n</em>-decane at various temperatures. Results indicate a gradual increase in sulfur solubility with temperature, reaching a maximum of 6.84 g/100 mL at 150 °C Utilizing the Apelblat model, a fitting equation of ln<em>X</em> = 88.3–7155.9/<em>T</em> − 12.0ln<em>T</em> is derived. Under conditions of 130 °C, a liquid–solid ratio of 8:1, a reaction time of 3 min, and a stirring speed of 300 rpm, 99.2% of sulfur in the residue can be dissolved in <em>n</em>-decane. Additionally, this separation process naturally enriches other valuable elements in the residue. The cooling rate significantly influences sulfur purity, with elemental sulfur forming high-quality crystals exhibiting a positive octahedral rhombic morphology at a cooling rate of 0.018 °C/s. Finally, the dissolution mechanism of sulfur in <em>n</em>-decane involves sulfur complexation, and the reliability of the sulfur solubility model is verified.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 106319"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140918116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the leaching of lithium from lithium-poor clay-type ore using tartaric acid by calcination and water leaching","authors":"Yanling Tian ,&nbsp;Xianquan Ao ,&nbsp;Min Yang,&nbsp;Yuchun Yang,&nbsp;Junyu Wei,&nbsp;Fengyuan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study focuses on the ore characteristics and occurrence status of lithium in lithium-poor clay-type ores by employing activation pretreatment by calcination followed by leaching with tartaric acid. This study investigates the influence of factors such as calcination temperature, calcination time, and leaching temperature on the leaching yield of Li. The findings show the optimal leaching conditions for Li extraction as follows: calcination temperature, 600 °C; calcination time, 5 min; leaching temperature, 100 °C; ore-tartaric acid mass ratio, 5:7; leaching time, 5 h; and ore-water ratio, 1:3 (g/mL), resulting in a leaching yield of Li of 85.0%. According to the results of the three-cycle leaching experiments, the Li concentration in the leach liquor increased from 40.2 mg/L to 125 mg/L, indicating efficient utilization of tartaric acid and successful Li enrichment. Moreover, the XRD, SEM, TG-DSC, and FTIR analyses of the samples reveal that tartaric acid dissociates into C₄H₅O₆⁻ and C₄H₄O₆²⁻, which then form complexes with ions such as Li⁺, Al³⁺, Ca²⁺, and Fe³⁺ that are dissolved during the ore leaching process. With an increase in leaching time, complexes involving Al, Ca, Fe, and tartaric acid radicals result in precipitation, leading to a reduction in the content of these ions in the leach liquor. This increases the selectivity of Li extraction, which is beneficial for the subsequent separation and extraction of Li.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 106335"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141040182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of batch and semi-batch reactors for leaching battery cathodes (LiCoO2) under controlled addition of HCl and H2O2","authors":"Maria del Mar Cerrillo-Gonzalez,&nbsp;Maria Villen-Guzman,&nbsp;Alvaro Rivas-Bascon,&nbsp;Jose Miguel Rodriguez-Maroto,&nbsp;Juan Manuel Paz-Garcia","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recovery of cobalt and lithium from end-of-life Li-ion battery wastes have been evaluated in batch and semi-batch leaching systems. In this preliminary study, HCl and H₂O₂ were used as leaching and reducing agents, respectively. The comparison of batch and semi-batch processes was carried out, obtaining an improvement from 40% to 70% in the metal mass extracted (<em>i.e.</em> Co and Li) for semi-batch experiments under the same experimental conditions. Effects of the initial concentration of reducing and leaching agents were evaluated for a semi-batch system in which the acid was continuously fed to maintain a constant pH value. From experimental results, it was found that the concentration of H₂O₂ plays an important role in the leaching process in terms of selectivity. For the experiments carried out using 0.1 M of HCl and 1 M of H₂O₂, the percentage of Li and Co extracted was 90% for a leaching time of 30 min. The double-controlled addition of HCl and H₂O₂ to the semi-batch system allows the reduction of the H₂O₂ concentration to 0.5 M. The optimization of reactants entails not only the decrease of their consumption but also maximize the selectivity of the reactions desired, which represents promising results for the environmental sustainability of the process. Further work will examine the fate of chloride ions in the process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 106334"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304386X24000744/pdfft?md5=3e6d24b99504ffed2e4c55717b4a0d2c&pid=1-s2.0-S0304386X24000744-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141037721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery of valuable metals from manganese purification sludge (SPS) containing Mn-Ni-Co sulfide and preparation of battery-grade Ni-Co-Mn sulfate solution","authors":"Leiting Yue ,&nbsp;Mingyu Wang ,&nbsp;Jia Li ,&nbsp;Wenjuan Guan ,&nbsp;Qinggang Li ,&nbsp;Zuoying Cao ,&nbsp;Shengxi Wu ,&nbsp;Guiqing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The manganese production industry produces a large amount of sulfide purification sludge (SPS) every year, representing a hazardous solid waste but also a valuable secondary resource for Ni, Co, and Mn. In this paper, the recovery of Ni, Co, and Mn from the SPS was achieved by (i) leaching with a solution of hydrogen peroxide, (ii) selectively extracting nickel, cobalt and manganese, (iii) solvent extraction for zinc removal, and finally obtained the battery-grade Ni-Co-Mn sulfate solution. During the hydrogen peroxide solution leaching stage, the leaching efficiency of Co, Mn, and Ni reached 98.5%, 98.6%, and 95.6%, respectively. A synergistic extraction system (SES) consisting of decyl 4-picolinate and dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid was used to selectively extract Ni, Co, and part of Mn, and the extraction of Ni and Co was &gt;99.8% and 95.5%, respectively. The loaded organic was subjected to four-stage countercurrent scrubbing using a 5 g/L H₂SO₄ solution, resulting in nearly 100% removal of Ca and Mg. After that, 150 g/L H₂SO₄ was used to strip Ni, Co, and Mn from the loaded organic to obtain a crude Ni-Co-Mn sulfate solution. Finally, D2EHPA was utilized for the extraction of impurity Zn from the stripping solution to obtain a battery-grade Ni-Co-Mn sulfate solution with &lt;5 × 10⁻⁴ g/L of Zn. Compared to traditional technology, the novel process not only enables the recovery of valuable Ni, Co, and Mn in SPS but also facilitates their direct preparation into battery-grade nickel‑cobalt‑manganese sulfate solution, which has the advantages of a short process and high added value.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 106331"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140822217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale modeling of reactive flow in heterogeneous porous microstructures","authors":"Akhilesh Paspureddi ,&nbsp;Rafael Salazar-Tio ,&nbsp;Ganapathi Raman Balasubramanian ,&nbsp;Abhijit Chatterjee ,&nbsp;Bernd Crouse","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106333","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106333","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents a multiscale reactive flow model to simulate in-situ leaching of copper in heterogeneous porous microstructures. The introduced workflow combines fluid flow simulation with advection-diffusion-reaction simulation, both required to model reactive flow. The proposed workflow can include the fluid flow in resolved and unresolved pore structures and utilizes required parameters from molecular simulation (ionic diffusivity) and reaction databases (reaction rate parameters). The modeling approach is validated by comparing results to other open-source codes for a model calcite dissolution on acid injection. This model is applied to copper mining by leaching to analyze the reactive flow through a fractured digital rock model of a subsurface sample. Results are analyzed by tracking the concentration distribution along the pore space structure and calculating the outlet concentration of copper to conform the leaching path. Several sensitivity studies are performed to show the robustness of the modeling framework as well as to investigate the importance of each of these parameters on copper production. The complexity of the model is systematically increased from a single scale surface reaction model, to consider the influence of competitive bulk solution reactions, and finally to include flow through porous media to model multiscale reactive flow. This study shows that a multi-scale flow model with homogeneous bulk and heterogeneous surface reactions is required to accurately model copper leaching.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"228 ","pages":"Article 106333"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141252933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction and separation of strategic precious Ag from low-grade Mn-Ag ores in China: A short review of co-leaching and selective leaching processes","authors":"Bingbing Liu ,&nbsp;Chunyu Han ,&nbsp;Yizhuang Wang ,&nbsp;Shengpeng Su ,&nbsp;Yanfang Huang ,&nbsp;Hu Sun ,&nbsp;Guihong Han","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Silver-bearing manganese ore (Mn-Ag ore) is an important resource for the extraction of the precious metal Ag. However, the efficient and economical utilization of low-grade Mn-Ag ore poses challenges due to its polymetallic co-occurrence, complex associated mineral structures, and lower Ag grade compared to an industrial Ag grade of 80 g/t. In contrast, the Ag grade of commercially viable concentrate, achieved through physicochemical beneficiation, generally exceeds 1000 g/t. This work briefly discusses the metallogeny and resource characteristics and the processing technologies of Mn-Ag ore to produce high grade Ag concentrates. Based on the metallogeny characteristics of Mn-Ag deposits, this work delves into the challenges and difficulties in the physical separation of Ag and Mn. By regulating the differences in the chemical properties of Mn and Ag constituents, chemical beneficiation processes, including unit operations of pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, result in favorable Ag and Mn enrichment and separation. The chemical principles, technical parameters, Mn-Ag separation efficiency, and advantages and disadvantages of chemical beneficiation (blast furnace smelting, chlorination roasting, one-step leaching, and two-step leaching) were systematically summarized and discussed. This work can provide theoretical and technical guidance for the effective treatment of low-grade Mn-Ag ores.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 106316"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140807938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase diagrams of CoSO4-H2O and CoSO4-H2SO4-H2O systems for CoSO4·nH2O (n = 6,7) recovery by cooling and eutectic freeze crystallization","authors":"Yiqian Ma ,&nbsp;Mohammadreza Akbarkermani ,&nbsp;Michael Svärd ,&nbsp;Xiong Xiao ,&nbsp;Suchithra Ashoka Sahadevan ,&nbsp;James Gardner ,&nbsp;Richard T. Olsson ,&nbsp;Kerstin Forsberg","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper reports the solid-liquid phase equilibria of the CoSO₄-H₂O and CoSO₄-H₂SO₄-H₂O systems at low temperatures. Binary and ternary phase diagrams, including the stable solid phases CoSO₄·6H₂O and CoSO₄·7H₂O were established using experimental data and thermodynamic modeling applying the mixed-solvent electrolyte (MSE) model. The results showed that the addition of H₂SO₄ shifts the eutectic temperature and concentration to lower values for cobalt sulfate and ice crystallization. The trends obtained from the experimental data and the modeling are consistent for the binary CoSO₄-H₂O system with good agreement, but the ternary CoSO₄-H₂SO₄-H₂O system shows some deviations. In general, the MSE model is shown to be reliable for inferring and establishing the phase diagram of the low-temperature system. The phase diagrams are helpful for designing the pathways of cooling crystallization and eutectic freeze crystallization and assessing the performance of the low-temperature crystallization process in the production of CoSO₄ hydrates. In addition, some practical examples of cooling crystallization and eutectic freeze crystallization of CoSO₄ solutions are provided.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 106332"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304386X24000720/pdfft?md5=74dc62e7f516b2e7f315451f2c999410&pid=1-s2.0-S0304386X24000720-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141066935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waste reduction and high value utilization of jarosite-alunite residue (JAR) produced from the recovery of spent lithium-ion battery","authors":"Wenke Liu ,&nbsp;Ping Li ,&nbsp;Qingwei Qin ,&nbsp;Wei Zhao ,&nbsp;Hailin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yunwu Han ,&nbsp;Feijie Wu ,&nbsp;Qiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Shili Zheng ,&nbsp;Guangqiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The residue known as jarosite-alunite (JAR) is produced when the leach solution of spent lithium-ion battery is neutralized. This residue typically consists of Fe, Al, Na₂SO₄, Ni, Co, and Mn. It is classified as both a hazardous solid waste and a secondary resource. A unique hydrometallurgical technique was implemented to recover Na₂SO₄ and use Al extracted from JAR in high value applications. This extraction process involves phase transformation and NaOH leaching, with the pH adjusted in the range from 10.9 to 14. Initially, the JAR compound underwent dissociation to isolate SO₄²⁻ as Na₂SO₄ by means of NaOH at a moderate pH, while the other metals were preserved as a hydroxide residue. Afterwards, aluminum in the hydroxide residue was selectively leached with NaOH leaving Ni, Co, and Mn in the remaining residue. The results indicated that over 93% of Na₂SO₄ and 86% of Al in JAR were effectively recovered as Na₂SO₄ and high value-added γ-AlOOH, respectively. Additionally, the enriched Ni, Co, and Mn in the alkaline leach residue were selectively recovered by H₂SO₄ leaching. The suggested procedure led to a significant decrease in waste by more than 67%, offering a fresh approach to effectively reduce waste and recover metals from JAR.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"228 ","pages":"Article 106322"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140782224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a conceptual direct solvent extraction (DSX) route and a flowsheet to produce purified concentrated cobalt and nickel solutions representing sulfuric acid leach liquor of laterite","authors":"Alexandre Silva Guimarães ,&nbsp;Georgio Patrício de Souza Resende ,&nbsp;Iranildes Daniel dos Santos ,&nbsp;Marcelo Borges Mansur","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2024.106321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Direct solvent extraction (DSX) was applied to produce purified concentrated Ni and Co solutions from a synthetic sulfuric liquor containing Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, and Zn as impurities, which simulates the solution obtained by the sulfation-roasting-leaching process after precipitation of Fe, Al, and Cr. The commercial extractants Versatic 10, Cyanex 272, D2EHPA, TBP were used in 3 solvent extraction circuits. In the first circuit, operated at 40 °C, Versatic 10 (0.5 M) fully extracted Cu, Zn, Ni, and Co in 3 stages at O/A = 2:1, and pH 6.5, leaving remaining Mn (54% was extracted) and most of the Ca and Mg in the raffinate. The co-extracted Ca and Mg were fully scrubbed off the loaded Versatic 10 in 2 stages at O/A = 5:1, and pH 6.5. The other metals were stripped out of the Versatic 10 extract using a synthetic Ni spent electrolyte (60 g/L Ni, 2 M H₂SO₄) in 2 stages at O/A = 9:1. This loaded strip liquor was subjected to a second circuit with Cyanex 272 (0.64 M) operated at 50 °C. Three stages were required to fully extract Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn (O/A = 2:1, pH 4), whereas the raffinate containing 82 g/L Ni was deemed suitable for electrowinning. The co-extracted Ni(II) was fully scrubbed off the loaded Cyanex 272 in only 1 stage at O/A = 5:1, and pH 4. All Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn were stripped out from the scrubbed loaded Cyanex 272 in 2 stages at O/A = 10:1 using a synthetic Co spent electrolyte (45 g/L Co, 1 M H₂SO₄). The raffinate containing 58.4 g/L Co was submitted to a third circuit using a D2EHPA (0.6 M) + TBP (0.73 M) synergistic system operated at 50 °C. Zinc(II) was fully extracted by the D2EHPA + TBP system in 2 stages at pH 2 and O/A = 1:3, while Mn(II) and Cu(II) were fully extracted from the Zn-depleted raffinate in 2 stages at pH 3.5 and O/A = 2:1. The raffinate containing 58.3 g/L Co was deemed suitable for electrowinning. Copper(II), Mn(II), and Zn(II) were stripped out from the loaded D2EHPA + TBP in 3 stages at O/A = 2.5:1 using 1 M H₂SO₄. The real number of moles of extractants involved in the extractions and apparent equilibrium constants were estimated for all circuits. A flowsheet of the purification conceptual route is presented.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 106321"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140645016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}