Hydrometallurgy最新文献

{"title":"Advancements in siderophore-based technologies for metal biorecovery","authors":"Nazanin Bahaloo-Horeh,&nbsp;Farzaneh Sadri","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Siderophores are low-molecular-weight, metal-chelating biometabolites that exhibit the ability to bind iron and other metal ions with high selectivity. Over 500 structurally distinct siderophores have been identified, offering diverse coordination mechanisms for potential metal complexation. Recent research has investigated their use in extracting metals from both primary and secondary sources, including ores, mine tailings, electronic waste, and industrial effluents—primarily under laboratory conditions. This review critically examines reported findings across various metal–siderophore systems, evaluating factors such as leaching parameters, synergistic use with co-lixiviants, and integration into hybrid approaches. However, no commercial applications currently exist, and significant economic and technical barriers—particularly high production costs and scalability challenges—limit practical viability. This review aims to consolidate current scientific understanding, highlight existing limitations, and outline realistic future research directions focused on overcoming technical and economic constraints to broader implementation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106554"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect and implication of impurities on the calcination of α spodumene for lithium extraction","authors":"Mark G. Aylmore,&nbsp;Martin A. Wells,&nbsp;Zakaria Quadir,&nbsp;William D.A. Rickard,&nbsp;Kai Rankenburg,&nbsp;Brent I.A. McInnes","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106570","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A suite of spodumene samples from albite-spodumene type pegmatites, mined for their lithium content, in the Archaean North Pilbara and Yilgarn Cratons regions of Western Australia, were examined to assess the influence of trace element impurities in spodumene and associated gangue phases on the thermal transformation of spodumene. Calcination of spodumene is required to convert the natural, monoclinic α-spodumene form into the tetragonal β-spodumene form, which is more amenable to recovering lithium during hydrometallurgy processing.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Spodumene contains minor concentrations of Fe (500–10,000 mg/kg), Mn (200–1400 mg/kg) and other trace element impurities incorporated within the crystal structure. Primary gangue mineralogy comprises quartz, Na/K-feldspar and mica, with secondary alteration predominantly as ‘sericitic’ phyllosilicates (muscovite-lepidolite, chlorite/cookeite mixtures) variably enriched in Fe, Mn, Mg and K relative to spodumene.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Primary and secondary mica undergo thermal dehydroxylation at temperatures (&lt;950 °C) below the spodumene transformation temperature (970–1100 °C). Decomposed micas form melts that coat the surface and partially encapsulate the calcined spodumene grain surfaces. Feldspar decomposition at 1060 to 1200 °C, coincides with spodumene transformation, and can also result in melt formation, depending upon the composition of the feldspars (K-feldspar, albite). The thermal degradation of other mineral contaminants, such as biotite, pyroxene and amphibole from the presence of country rock (mafic, ultramafic) in the concentrate also coincides with the α- to β-spodumene phase transformation. The generated melts that coat grains can reduce the rate of α-β spodumene conversion and the subsequent ability to extract lithium from calcined spodumene.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Primary Fe and Mn impurities in spodumene, and those hosted by mica impurities within spodumene have a marked effect in decreasing the temperature of the α-γ-β spodumene conversion. Spodumene is not a strong conductor of heat, and the highly exothermic reaction of Fe and Mn oxidation within both mica and spodumene during thermal alteration affects thermal conductivity, leading to increased heat transfer within spodumene particles, which promotes the thermal transformation of spodumene at a lower temperature.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;However, calcined spodumene particles with high Fe and Mn contents (&gt; ∼ 0.5 wt%) showed black, open sintered regions, accompanied by the generation of fine (&lt;5 μm) particles, and exsolution of Fe/Mn-oxides particles. The sintering and the generation of fines in the calciner will lead to reduced lithium recovery from calcined products.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This study illustrates the importance of minimising micaceous and feldspar components in the concentrate during the beneficiation stage, which can potentially lead to a decrease in lithium recovery during the extraction process. However, the fine-integrated nature of micas associat","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106570"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable copper recovery from chalcopyrite: Eutectic solvent as a green medium for leaching, in situ electrodeposition, and platform for adsorbent modification: Preliminary attempt for a zero-waste process","authors":"Ueslei G. Favero ,&nbsp;Ygor R. Guimarães ,&nbsp;Nayara T.P. Martins ,&nbsp;Nathan P. Viana ,&nbsp;Guilherme M.D. Ferreira ,&nbsp;Renê C. Silva ,&nbsp;Tiago A. Silva ,&nbsp;Maria C. Hespanhol","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pyrometallurgical process for extracting copper from chalcopyrite has disadvantages related to energy consumption and pollution due to toxic gas emissions, necessitating the adoption of more sustainable approaches for copper extraction. This study proposes a circular methodology for hydrometallurgy-based leaching of chalcopyrite concentrate, using deep eutectic solvents (DES) composed of methanesulfonic acid and choline salts as green leaching agents, focusing on waste minimization. Evaluation of leaching efficiency was performed varying the anion in the choline salt (chloride, bitartrate, or dihydrogen citrate), the solid/liquid ratio (R_S-L of 0.04 and 0.02 g g⁻¹), and the DES water content (0, 10, and 30 %). After in situ copper electrodeposition directly from the leachate obtained from chalcopyrite leaching, the residue remaining was combined with an agro-industrial biomass waste to prepare a high-performance adsorbent for removing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from aqueous media. The DES formed with choline chloride, methanesulfonic acid, and 30 % water, used at R_S-L of 0.04 g g⁻¹, enabled the leaching of 75 % of the copper from chalcopyrite. The redox behavior of the dissolved copper in the DES leachate was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, and copper was recovered by electrodeposition as metallic copper with purity of 99 %. The adsorbent exhibited a superior 2,4-D removal capacity of 170 mg g⁻¹, compared to other materials reported in the literature. The proposed process is a proof-of-concept that the use of DES can reduce the number of steps required for recovery of high-purity copper from chalcopyrite. This is a sustainable method that integrates material and energy flows, safely disposes of potentially harmful elements, and achieves zero-waste mining by applying combined circular hydrometallurgy principles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 106555"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of arsenic(V) and bismuth in the recovery of antimony by hydrolysis and precipitation from eluates produced during copper electrorefining","authors":"E. Díaz-Gutiérrez ,&nbsp;J. Hernández-Saz ,&nbsp;José A. Maldonado Calvo ,&nbsp;J.M. Gallardo ,&nbsp;A. Paúl","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recovery of antimony from side stream is challenging due to impurities like arsenic and bismuth which affect extraction efficiency and product quality. This study examines the individual and combined effects of As and Bi on antimony hydrolysis from eluates produced during copper electrorefining. Synthetic and process eluates were analysed to optimise operating conditions and understand impurity interactions. Hydrolysis experiments across pH values (0.25–0.9) revealed an optimal pH range (0.6–0.7) for maximizing antimony recovery (&gt;90 %) in impurity-free conditions. Arsenic reduced the antimony recovery by 8 %–13 %, destabilising precipitates and forming amorphous phases. Bismuth caused a smaller reduction (3 %–7 %) but had a diminished effect in the presence of As, which dominated the system's chemistry. Process eluates exhibited greater variability, particularly in extraction yields, underscoring the need to validate findings based on synthetic solutions against industrial matrices. This study provides insights into optimizing antimony recovery through impurity management and highlights the value of combining the analyses of synthetic and process eluates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"237 ","pages":"Article 106548"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries based on a green and efficient leaching system of dimethyl-β-propionic acid thiophene (DMPT)","authors":"Huiying Shi ,&nbsp;Yi Luo ,&nbsp;Ying Deng ,&nbsp;Jianhao Dai ,&nbsp;Jianfei Zhang ,&nbsp;Leming Ou","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) represents the terminal phase of the new energy industry chain and plays a pivotal role in resource conservation and environmental protection. Despite increasing attention, the development of green and efficient recycling strategies remains a substantial challenge. In recent years, various environmentally benign solvents—including supercritical fluids, deep eutectic solvents (DES), and ionic liquids (ILs)—have been explored to promote the sustainable recycling of LIBs. Among these, the application of biomass-derived reagents (BDRs) has emerged as a promising approach due to their renewability and low environmental impact. In this study, a novel leaching strategy employing the natural organic molecule dimethyl-β-propionic acid thiophene (DMPT) is proposed for the efficient and environmentally friendly recovery of valuable metals from spent ternary LIB cathodes. Leveraging the synergistic action of carboxyl functional groups and chloride ions inherent in the DMPT structure, leaching efficiencies of Li, Ni, Co, and Mn reached 98.7 %, 97.2 %, 97.8 %, and 98.3 %, respectively. The leaching reactions and products were systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Compared with conventional hydrometallurgical processes, this DMPT-based method eliminates the need for strong acids, bases, or additional reducing agents, thus minimizing secondary pollution. The proposed approach offers a green, sustainable, and effective alternative for the recovery of critical metals from spent LIBs, and holds significant potential for future industrial application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"237 ","pages":"Article 106551"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144828658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An investigation into the sodium molybdate leaching of molybdenum calcine","authors":"Jiayu Mi ,&nbsp;Xingyu Chen ,&nbsp;Ailiang Chen ,&nbsp;Xuheng Liu ,&nbsp;Jiangtao Li ,&nbsp;Lihua He ,&nbsp;Fenglong Sun ,&nbsp;Zhongwei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ammonia leaching-purification-crystallization process is the conventional treatment method of molybdenum calcine. This process generates large amounts of nitrogen-containing wastewater and exhaust gases. Based on the self-coordination principle of Mo, where MoO₃ with low-polymerization ability combines with Na₂MoO₄ into highly polymerized polymolybdates, this study proposes a novel, green leaching process using Na₂MoO₄ for the selective extraction of Mo from molybdenum calcine. Leaching conditions were optimized, and the reaction mechanism was elucidated through the identification of solids using XRD, EDS mapping, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. Results show that under optimal conditions, the leaching efficiency reached 98.6 %. Molybdenum from MoO₃, PbMoO₄, and FeMoO₄ phases in the calcine was effectively extracted, while Fe and Pb oxides remained in the leach residue as PbO and Fe₂O₃·1.2H₂O, respectively. In the leachate, Mo existed primarily as Mo₇O₂₄⁶⁻, HMo₇O₂₄⁵⁻, and MoO₄²⁻. This study presents an environmentally friendly process for extracting Mo from molybdenum calcine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"237 ","pages":"Article 106553"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced gallium and germanium recovery from zinc pressure leachate via zinc powder cementation","authors":"Dongfeng Zhou ,&nbsp;Shuai Rao ,&nbsp;Xingbin Li ,&nbsp;Niangao Teng ,&nbsp;Zhigan Deng ,&nbsp;Hongyang Cao ,&nbsp;Dongxing Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Ma ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industrial extraction of Ga and Ge from zinc concentrate has been achieved; however, their recoveries remain relatively low because of dispersion during various procedures. This study thoroughly investigated the distribution behavior and precipitation mechanism of Ga and Ge from zinc pressure leachate into refinery residue. Process mineralogical investigations demonstrated that Ga primarily precipitated through the formation of jarosite, while Ge enrichment was driven by reduction using zinc powder. Controlling the terminal acidity within the range of 6.0–7.0 g/L during pre-neutralization effectively minimized jarosite formation, thereby reducing Ga loss to below 2.0 mg/L. The cementation process was further improved by introducing secondary zinc oxide, followed by zinc powder in a sequential manner. Strategic adjustment of the pH profile—beginning at 1.9–2.1 and concluding at 3.0–3.5—led to residual Ga and Ga concentrations of less than 2.0 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L, respectively. These conditions enabled production trials to achieve recovery efficiencies above 85 % for Ga and over 96 % for Ge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"237 ","pages":"Article 106549"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Lithium extraction via ionic liquid coupled electrochemical methods","authors":"Xinyuan Lan ,&nbsp;Rong Liu ,&nbsp;Liyan Xue ,&nbsp;Minzhong Huang ,&nbsp;Meiying Xie ,&nbsp;Hongye Wang ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Fan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The efficient recovery of lithium (Li⁺) from salt lakes has become a pressing issue for the lithium battery industry. In this study, an electrochemically enhanced extraction system with industrialization potential was developed, which increased the separation efficiency of Li⁺ by coupling an electric field with ionic liquid extraction. A promising 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-2-thiophenecarbonyl trifluoroacetone ([C₄mim][TTA]) extraction agent was developed. Furthermore, the functionalized ionic liquid (FIL) was dissolved in an ionic liquid mixture to further increase its extraction capacity. The separation performance and mechanisms of Li⁺ through [C₄mim][TTA] liquid–liquid extraction were investigated. The results showed that within a pH range greater than 2, [C₄mim][TTA] had a very high separation efficiency for Li⁺. Additionally, liquid–liquid extraction in solutions simulating the concentrations of Li⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ found in salt lakes revealed very high Li⁺ separation coefficients of β_Li/K = 3746 and β_Li/Na = 1287. Under an applied electric field of 2.4 V, the electrochemically enhanced extraction system achieved separation coefficients of β_Li/K = 6678 and β_Li/Na = 3068 within 2 h, which represent the highest reported values to date. In this study, a novel electrochemically coupled ionic liquid extraction system with potential for industrialization is proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"237 ","pages":"Article 106539"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of rare earth element extraction from coal byproducts using supercritical CO2","authors":"Uthej Veerla ,&nbsp;Long Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for rare earth elements (REEs) in modern technologies has led to growing interest in their efficient recovery from alternative sources. Coal ash, a waste product from coal combustion, has been identified as a potential reservoir of valuable REEs, with concentrations ranging from 270 to 1480 mg/kg. This study investigates the recovery of REEs from various ranks of coal ashes using environmentally benign supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) with tributyl phosphate (TBP) and nitric acid (HNO₃) as complexing agents. It suggests the optimal extraction conditions for potential industrial application. Experimental results indicate that sub-bituminous coal ash exhibits the highest REE recovery (60 %), followed by bituminous (48 %) and anthracite (38 %). The extraction mechanism involves three key steps: (1) dissolution of metal oxides into metal ions using HNO₃, (2) complexation of metal ions with TBP, and (3) extraction and dissolution of metal complexes in SC-CO₂. The optimum extraction conditions were determined at 60 °C, 2175 psi (15 MPa), a solid-to-chelating-agent ratio of 10:1, 120-min residence time, and TBP-HNO₃ ratio of 1:5. Under these conditions, anthracite ash achieved a recovery of 120 mg/L, bituminous ash 330 mg/L, and sub-bituminous ash 180 mg/L. The five-stage purification process that effectively purified REEs by reducing impurities such as Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg and Mn with minimal environmental impact due to CO₂ recyclability. This research highlights supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) as a green, scalable alternative for REEs recovery, supporting circular economy principles and offering an estimated $4.3 billion annual economic potential from U.S. coal ash.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"237 ","pages":"Article 106550"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissolution of scheelite under soft acidic conditions via the formation of polyoxotungstate: kinetics and mechanism supported by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to identify and quantify H3PW12O40","authors":"Valentin Legrand,&nbsp;Stéphanie Szenknect,&nbsp;Olivier Diat,&nbsp;Luc Girard,&nbsp;Pierre Bauduin","doi":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hydromet.2025.106538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The decomposition of scheelite in a synergistic H₂SO₄-H₃PO₄ mixture is an effective method for extracting tungsten from mining concentrates. The driving force behind the dissolution of scheelite in the H₂SO₄-H₃PO₄ mixture is the formation of a soluble Keggin-type polyoxotungstate, H₃PW₁₂O₄₀, which prevents the formation of very low solubility tungstic acid. In this work, a multiparametric study of scheelite dissolution kinetics was carried out in a synergistic acid mixture. In particular, the independent contributions of temperature, acid concentration, and W:P molar ratio on scheelite dissolution kinetics and H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ formation yield were evaluated. To this end, a method based on the use of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was developed to identify and quantify H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ under different operating conditions. The results provide a better understanding of the stability range of H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ in terms of H₂SO₄ concentration and stoichiometric W:P ratio. These findings led to the selection of optimized, soft-leaching conditions that ensure rapid dissolution of scheelite while avoiding surface passivation by the precipitation of secondary phases. A comparison with speciation calculations using thermodynamic data reported in the literature reveals an absence of a self-consistent thermodynamic dataset. Thus, measuring the concentration of H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ in the leachate was necessary to optimize the dissolution conditions. From this perpective, SAXS appears to be a suitable quantitative method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13193,"journal":{"name":"Hydrometallurgy","volume":"237 ","pages":"Article 106538"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144664784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}